This document discusses the state of laser applications in dermatology. It notes that due to technological advances, the range of laser applications in dermatology has expanded rapidly. A variety of benign skin disorders can now be treated with lasers, targeting lesions originating from epithelial, adnexal, vascular or other tissue elements. Modern laser technology improves conditions by using appropriate wavelengths to target vascular or pigmented lesions or by laser ablation to remove superficial disorders or for skin resurfacing purposes in photodamaged skin areas. As a result, lasers can now be used to treat a broad number of dermatological indications.

1. Medical Laser Application 20 (2005) 103–109
Lasers in dermatology – State of the art
Roland KaufmannÃ
Zentrum der Dermatologie und Venerologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universita¨t, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 69590 Frankfurt am
Main, Germany
Received 11 March 2005; accepted 14 March 2005
Abstract
Owing to the increasing diversity of technological developments and to the resulting versatility of treatment options,
the range of laser applications in dermatology has been expanding rapidly. A large variety of benign skin disorders
originating from diverse epithelial, adnexal, vascular or other tissue elements, but also many disease-related or
acquired cutaneous lesions as well as signs of aged skin or disorders of hair growth can be amenable to laser light
treatment. In fact, modern laser technology does improve the majority of such cases either by means of appropriate
wavelengths targeting vascular or pigmented lesions or by laser ablation widely utilized to superficially remove
circumscribed disorders and moreover for skin resurfacing purposes mainly in photodamaged skin areas. As a
consequence, we meanwhile face a broad number of potential indications in Dermatology. Nevertheless, also non-
ablative skin rejuvenation techniques using intense pulsed light sources (IPL technology) or radiofrequency (RF)
devices for a non-optical energy delivery as well as the introduction of photodynamic therapy have noticeably
influenced today’s concepts especially with regard to skin rejuvenation purposes.
r 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Skin disorder; Laser therapy; Review
Introduction
Advances in laser technology as well as an increasing
demand for the removal of unsightly or disturbing skin
lesions appearing throughout life have both contributed
to a rapidly expanding field of laser use in Dermatology.
Consequently, we today are facing not only a growing
range in versatile laser systems, but also an extremely
broad spectrum of potential candidate lesions [1]. As
compared to other treatment options, the use of lasers
aims at a selective removal of diseased target structures
with maximum sparing of uninvolved adjacent skin.
This selectivity can at least to some degree be achieved
by choosing the appropriate laser light wavelength and
pulse duration responsible for the amount of heat
diffusion. Continuous-wave (cw) laser beams are used
for coagulation or vaporization of skin lesions and
largely depend on the penetration depth of heat energy
into the skin. On the other hand, selective photother-
molysis combines short pulses (avoiding relevant tissue
heating) of laser light with wavelengths selectively
absorbed by target chromophores (better focusing the
delivered energy to target structures) thus contributing
to a more specific treatment in both pigmented (melanin
as a target chromophore) and vascular lesions (hemo-
globin in blood vessels as chromophore), but moreover
also in ablative procedures (tissue water as target). For
superficial epidermal, vascular and pigmented lesions,
several laser systems can be used alternatively with
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2. preference depending on the depth, volume and type of
diseased or disturbing tissue structures. Lasers typically
employed in destructing vascular or pigmented skin
lesions are summarized in Table 1. Apart from lasers
specifically targeting vascular or pigmented disorders
and those achieving a circumscribed removal of super-
ficial lesions, some systems are used in an attempt to
either ablate or vaporize larger surface areas (e.g.
resurfacing of sun-damaged skin and wrinkles) or to
thermally influence the dermal tissue while sparing the
epidermal surface by subablative energy delivery (sub-
surfacing of textural changes and fine wrinkles in
elastotic skin changes). Nevertheless, also non-ablative
skin rejuvenation techniques by means of intense pulsed
light sources (IPL technology) or employing radio-
frequency (RF) devices for a non-optical energy delivery
as well as the introduction of photodynamic photo-
rejuvenation have noticeably influenced the concepts of
using light sources, especially with regard to laser skin
resurfacing of photo-aged skin. A survey is given in
Table 2.
Indications for lasers in dermatology
Unpleasant skin lesions suitable for laser therapy can
be present since birth (e.g. portwine stains) or might
appear later in life as acquired malformations, benign
tumors or otherwise disturbing lesions related to specific
diseases (e.g. keratotic lesions in Darier’s disease). They
can originate from a vast array of epithelial, adnexal,
vascular or other tissue elements. Many of those
occurring later in life are associated with the perception
of an aged skin (e.g. senile angioma, senile lentigines). In
addition, lasers can be indicated in disorders of hair
growth, of pigmentation or even in inflammatory skin
diseases, such as chronic plaque psoriasis. The majority
of these conditions do at least improve by the use of
appropriate laser systems available today. In some
special cases, laser therapy is best combined with other
techniques. Table 3 summarizes examples from diverse
fields of indications.
Pigmentary disorders
The advantage of laser use in Dermatology is
certainly most obvious in some of the various pigmented
disorders that cannot be removed by any other
treatment alternative [2]. One example is the transcuta-
neous destruction of exogenously incorporated pigment
in either decorative or traumatic tattoos [3]. Especially
deeper non-professional black pigments are usually
successfully lightened by diverse pigment-specific laser
types (Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG-, 694 nm Ruby-, or
755 nm Alexandrite Lasers) within only few treatment
sessions [4]. Ruby- and Alexandrite-laser wavelengths
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1. Lasers frequently used in vascular and pigmented skin lesions
Therapeutic purpose Laser type Mode Wavelength (nm)
1. Vessels
Superficial photocoagulation Argon cw 488, 514
KTP Pulsed/Q-switch 532
Diode Long pulse 910, 980
Dyed Long pulse 595, 600
Deep photocoagulation Nd:YAG cw
Long pulse 1064
Selective photothermolysis Dye Pulsed 585
2. Pigments
Selective photothermolysis Ruby Q-switch 694
Alexandrite Q-switch 755
Nd:YAG Q-switch 1064
Table 2. Lasers and light sources used for skin resurfacing
Mode Light sources
1. Ablative laser-resurfacing
Pure ablation Er:YAG laser
Vaporization Pulsed CO2 laser
Combined systems CO2/Er:YAG combination
Er:YAG laser with ablative and
thermal mode
2. Non-ablative techniques
Subsurfacing e.g. Longpulse 1320 nm Nd:YAG
laser
Er:YAG laser in thermal mode
Photorejuvenation IPL systems
Photodynamic
rejuvenation
Photosensitizer plus IPL or PDT
lamp
R. Kaufmann / Medical Laser Application 20 (2005) 103–109104

3. are also appropriate for green pigments, whereas
frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser irradia-
tion at 532 nm typically can improve red pigments [5].
From recent in vitro analysis it has been speculated, if
potentially hazardous compounds generated by pulsed
laser light cleavage from widely used tattoo dyes might
be toxic or even carcinogenic and thus bear yet
unreported risks [6].
Other frequent indications for Q-switched laser
irradiation are flat pigmented seborrhoic keratosis
clinically presented as senile lentigines, also solar
lentigines. However, these more macular type of age
spots typically also located on the dorsum of the hands
or in the area of the de´ collete´ can also be very
superficially dermabraded or ablated (mainly removal
of epithelium in a sense of a laser peeling) using an
Er:YAG laser [7]. Especially in these very delicate
locations laser ablation has to be performed with great
caution, since the photo-aged skin is not only atrophic
but in non-facial areas also might lack adnexal
structures required for re-epithelization. Among the
more critical fields of indications are melanocytic nevi.
Among these, without any doubt, patients presenting
with Nevus of Ota or acquired Ota-like dermal
melanocytosis usually experience considerable improve-
ments following Q-switched laser treatment series, also
in combination with prior ablative procedures or
bleaching agents [8]. Even incomplete clearing can be
considered a major help, since any improvement will be
suited to relieve much of the psychological trauma
usually associated with all disfiguring types of nevi. Also
it is proven that benign junctional melanocytic nevi
lasers can lighten the lesions, whereas they tend to recur
in deeper compound or dermal types of melanocytic
nevi. In larger congenital nevi, lasers have been used to
either reduce the pigment or to remove associated hair
growth [9,10]. Ablative lasers are routinely applied as
an alternative to mechanical dermabrasion of larger
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 3. Laser treatment in dermatology
Indications Photocoagulation Selective photothermolysis Ablation UV phototherapy
Pigments Vessels
Pigmentary disorders
e.g. Tattoos + +
Nevus of Ota +
Hypopigmented lesions (e.g. vitiligo) +
Vascular lesions
e.g. Teleangiectasias + +
Lip angiomas +
Senile angiomas +
Superficial varicosities + +
Varicosis of saphenous vein +a
Epithelial and adnexal lesions
e.g. Epidermal nevi +
Seborrhoic keratosis +
Viral warts +
Sebaceous gland hyperplasias +
Rhinophymab
+
Dermal lesions
e.g. Syringoma +
Xanthelasma +
Scar revision + + +
Lesions in photo-aged skin
e.g. Actinic keratosis +
Solar lentigines + +
Superficial wrinkles +
Others
e.g. Laser epilation + +
Plaque psoriasis + +
Examples of indications and involved tissue interactions.
a
As fiber guided endoluminal procedure.
b
In combination with other techniques (shaving, elektrocauterization).
R. Kaufmann / Medical Laser Application 20 (2005) 103–109 105

4. congenital nevi early in life, especially in critical areas
(e.g. periorbital or anogential skin) [11]. However,
deeper parts or excessive hair follicles cannot be
eliminated by this approach. Thus far, no reports of
malignant transformation after such treatments have
appeared, though pseudomelanoma might result from
any incomplete nevus removal and early melanoma
lesions can easily be erroneously mistaken for benign
spots. Therefore, in all suspicious melanocytic lesions
fulfilling criteria of atypia or initial malignancy,
histology is mandatory prior to any destructive type of
treatment.
Apart from other diverse dyschromias presented
clinically as hyperpigmented lesions, lasers might also
be considered as a therapeutic tool in hypopigmented
conditions. In particular, 308 nm UV-excimer laser light
has been used successfully for repigmentation of vitiligo
[12], but also in hypopigmented scars or striae alba [13].
On the other hand, vitiligo patients treated with the
intention of complete depigmentation can be relieved of
recalcitrant pigment by the use of Q-switched lasers [14].
Vascular lesions
Vascular skin disorders have been among the first
lesions treated with lasers and today a large number of
systems are available for this ailment, providing either
superficial or deep photocoagulation as well as selective
photothermolysis of smaller delicate vessels located
within the skin surface [15]. Table 1 summarizes lasers
frequently used in vascular skin lesions. A superficial
photocoagulation is achievable in the visible spectral
range (Argon, KTP, Krypton, Diode), while light of
long pulsed or continuous wave lasers in the near
infrared (e.g. 1064 nm Nd:YAG) penetrate to a deeper
level leading to larger coagulation volumes. Pulsed laser
light of appropriate wavelengths matching the absorp-
tion peaks of oxyhemoglobin (585, 590 nm) will instead
destroy fine capillary vessels leading to initial hemor-
rhage with visible immediate bluish discoloration.
Flashlamp-pumped dye lasers are mainly indicated in
children with superficial and light-red portwine stains
[16]. In childhood hemangiomas instead, only improve-
ment of superficial components can be induced, while
deeper parts require larger volumes of tissue coagula-
tion, as with cw Nd:YAG-laser light irradiation. For
many indications in daily practice however, superficial
photocoagulation with continuous or quasi-continuous
long pulse systems will usually be adequate (e.g. facial
teleangiectasias, senile angiomas) [17]. In teleangiectatic
disorders of the lower extremities, instead, the use of
laser light sources bears a higher risk of unwarranted
side effects (atrophy, depigmentation, scarring) and the
results have not been as successful as they are in facial
skin. In superficial varicosities enhanced results might be
obtained by modified pulse durations and use of more
penetrating, longer wavelengths (e.g. long pulse
Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 nm). In varicose lesser or greater
saphenous veins, endovenous laser treatment is an
increasingly used and newly developed method to induce
thrombotic occlusion via endoluminal steam bubble
formation with subsequent heat injury of the vessel wall
[18]. Apart from diode lasers (e.g. 940 nm at pulses of
15 J) 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser light is delivered with an
optical fibre in a continuous wave mode and irradiations
of 10 s duration at 10–15 W are currently used for this
photocoagulative purpose [19,20].
Epithelial, adnexal and cutaneous lesions
Among epithelial disorders, certain variants of
epidermal nevi are well suited for laser ablative
procedures, especially in areas critically in need of
dermabrasion. Other examples of lasers being used
complementarily or as an alternative to mechanical
dermabrasion are genetically determined disorders, such
as superficial lesions in Hailey–Hailey’s or Darier’s
disease [21]. Among the more localized lesions, sebor-
rhoic keratosis (including lentigo senile as superficial
variant) are easily ablated, particularly in more delicate
areas. Among the dermal and adnexal disorders,
syringomas and xanthelasmata are candidates for a
stepwise tissue sparing laser ablation [11]. In particular,
the Erbium-YAG laser can achieve a precise and fine
ablation in this subtle indication. Moreover, in solitary
or multiple sebaceous gland hyperplasia as well as in the
condition of rhinophyma, tissue ablation or vaporiza-
tion has been used. Rhinophyma is usually associated
with rosacea, where a combined conservative and
surgical approach is required. Laser applications include
the photocoagulation of teleangiectatic components in
this disorder, while vaporization has been widely
employed as an alternative to surgical or electrocaustical
shaving techniques in rhinophyma. Laser vaporization
can avoid bleeding otherwise associated with derma-
shaving or dermabrasion. As an alternative to CO2-laser
vaporization, Erbium lasers can be used in less
angiomatous tumor formations or with systems allowing
a combined hemostasis function (dual mode Er:YAG
lasers).
Lasers in photo-aged skin
In photo-aged skin, lasers are mainly used for
resurfacing purposes, to improve superficial wrinkles
related to cutaneous elastosis, to treat cysts and
comedones in Morbus Favre Racouchot or when
removing multiple solar lentigines or actinic keratoses
in a given aesthetic unit [17]. Skin resurfacing of sun-
damaged areas can be either performed by a thermal
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R. Kaufmann / Medical Laser Application 20 (2005) 103–109106

5. vaporization (pulsed CO2 laser) [22], or by using a less
heat damaging pulsed skin ablation (Er:YAG laser) even
in a single pass fashion [23]. All laser resurfacing
procedures generate injured areas analogous to erosions
or deeper excoriations with a subsequent risk of
bacterial, viral or even fungal infections, especially in
burned surfaces after thermal vaporization. Re-epithe-
lization following initial edema, exsudation and crusting
can result in longstanding erythema and post-inflam-
matory pigmentary changes (early transient hyperpig-
mentation, late lasting depigmentation) [24].
As an alternative to laser skin ablation, non-ablative
laser systems are also used in an effort to generate heat
production within the dermal connective tissue without
necessarily removing the overlying epidermal skin sur-
face. This ‘‘subsurfacing’’ or non-ablative skin remodel-
ing can be achieved by delivering light of appropriate
wavelength capable of penetrating deeply enough
through the surface while cooling the epidermis during
the light–tissue interaction in order to prevent superficial
heat injury. It attempts to stimulate dermal inflamma-
tion and subsequent collagen formation [25]. The
induction of a controlled heat injury within the dermal
connective tissue while leaving the epidermal layer intact
also circumvents a surface wounding and consecutive
‘‘down-time’’ during the phase of tissue repair. Such a
transepidermal energy delivery has been achieved by
long-pulsed subablative laser irradiation of diverse
wavelengths within the visible and infrared spectral
range paralleled by a combined surface cooling. How-
ever, apart from some tightening initiated due to an
initial edema, the results with regards to any wrinkle
improvement are less remarkable than with tissue
ablative work unless some degree of dermal fibrosis
can be induced. As an alternative to laser systems,
polychromatic flashlamp sources (IPL systems, e.g. at
690–755 nm wavelength) are also used. The removal of
age-related vascular changes or pigmentary disorders
along with a lightening of a freckled aged skin surface by
such laser or IPL-light sources is generally referred to as
‘‘type I subsurfacing’’ while the less successful skin
tightening along with some improvement in fine wrink-
ling or textural changes is termed ‘‘type II subsurfacing’’
[26] Moreover, photodynamic treatment of larger areas
of sun-damaged facial skin can achieve some degree of
tissue tightening, which is named photodynamic facial
rejuvenation [27]. Newer alternatives combine either
IPL sources with RF energy or use RF devices (selective
electrothermolysis) for the same purpose [28].
Disorders of hair growth
Among the most rapid expanding fields of laser and
light-based technological developments within recent
years are certainly hair removal procedures [29].
Photoepilation is especially helpful in fair skin types
with dark hair leading to reduction of hair growth, as
well as lightening and thinning of remaining hairs in the
majority of individuals after repeated treatment sessions
with perifollicular pigmentary changes being the most
common adverse side effects [30]. Laser systems
commonly used include the ruby- (694 nm), alexandrite-
(755 nm), diode- (810) and Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm)
[31]. However, many physicians prefer the use of non-
coherent IPL technology for this purpose [26].
Inflammatory skin diseases
Among some other inflammatory skin diseases
amenable to light therapy, in particular, psoriasis shows
a high prevalence and is a common therapeutic
challenge. It has been treated by use of ablative lasers,
but also by laser phototherapy in order to improve
chronic plaque-type lesions. Laser ablation can achieve
control of recalcitrant solitary plaques [32], whereas
308 nm UV-excimer laser light has been shown to
yield responses as expected from UVB-phototherapy
of respective circumscribed lesions and provides a
well tolerated means to clear plaques in mild to
moderate disease [33,34]. Most recently, also a non-
laser 308 nm monochromatic excimer light delivery
system has been evaluated in skin diseases for the same
purpose [35].
Scar revision
Various types of hypertrophic or depressed scar
formations, including acne or chicken pox scars, can
benefit from laser resurfacing or repetitive superficial
laser peeling. Especially in acne patients, a more
controlled and homogeneous removal of the skin surface
is possible as compared to mechanical dermabrasion.
Less pronounced cases might also be improved by using
laser light in a non-ablative technique (e.g. Nd:YAG-
laser subsurfacing) [36] Repetitive treatment sessions
and combining the procedure with other techniques,
such as punch elevations or fine excisions and subci-
sions, will add to a stepwise improvement over longer
periods. Also in keloids, laser ablation is best combined
with additional techniques (e.g. compression, steroid
injections, cryotherapy). In surgical scars laser ablation
is able to flatten uneven edges after flaps or grafts.
Moreover, in hypertrophic and teleangiectatic scars as
well as in keloids flashlamp, pumped dye lasers can be
indicated. Finally, hyperpigmented zones might benefit
from appropriate Q-switched lasers systems, and in
depigmented scars 308 nm excimer laser light has been
used successfully [13].
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R. Kaufmann / Medical Laser Application 20 (2005) 103–109 107

6. Laser-assisted procedures
In several procedures and indications, lasers are used
as adjunct devices combined with other suitable
techniques. Examples are laser-assisted grafting of
vitiligo lesions [37], laser-assisted hair grafting [38] or
laser-assisted removal of osteoma cutis [39] or sea urchin
spines [40].
Zusammenfassung
Laser in der Dermatologie – Aktueller Stand
Vielfa¨ ltige technische Entwicklungen und daraus
resultierende Therapieoptionen haben gerade in der
Dermatologie zu einer raschen und weiten Verbreitung
von Laseranwendungen gefu¨ hrt. Neben den zahlreichen
benignen Neu- und Fehlbildungen des Epithels, der
Adnexe, der Gefa¨ ße und anderer Gewebekomponenten
stellen auch viele krankheitsassoziierte oder erworbene
Hautla¨ sionen, ebenso Vera¨ nderungen der Altershaut
oder Sto¨ rungen des Haarwuchses Indikationen fu¨ r eine
Lasertherapie dar. So kann in den meisten dieser Fa¨ lle
mithilfe moderner Lasersysteme eine Besserung erzielt
werden, sei es durch den Einsatz geeigneter Wellenla¨ n-
gen bei vaskula¨ ren oder pigmentierten Hautvera¨ nde-
rungen oder durch die weit verbreitete Laserablation
zum Abtragen umschriebener La¨ sionen oder zum soge-
nannten Resurfacing, insbesondere von lichtgescha¨ digten
Hautarealen. Daher sind wir heute in der Dermatologie
mit einem besonders breiten Indikatonsspektrum fu¨ r
potentielle Laseranwendungen konfrontiert. Allerdings
haben sowohl die Einfu¨ hrung hochenergetischer Blitz-
lampen (IPL-Technologie) wie auch nichtoptischer
Radiofrequenz-Gera¨ te oder der photodynamischen
Therapie die heutigen Konzepte der Therapie insbeson-
dere auf dem Gebiet der Behandlung altersassoziierter
Hautvera¨ nderungen im Hinblick auf den Lasereinsatz
relativiert.
r 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Schlu¨sselwo¨rter: Hauterkrankungen; Lasertherapie; U¨ bersicht
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R. Kaufmann / Medical Laser Application 20 (2005) 103–109 109