17. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
18.
19. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
20. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
21. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
22. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
23. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
24. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
25. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
26. Lapidoth et al. 2015. Radiofrequency in Cosmetic Dermatology
27.
28. Microneedle fractional radiofrequency increases epidermal hyaluronan and reversesage-related epidermal dysfunction. Lee HJ,
Seo SR, Yoon MS, Song JY, Lee EY, Lee SE. Lasers Surg Med. 2016 Feb;48(2):140-9. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22420. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
29. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of fractional radiofrequency microneedle treatment in acne scars and large facial pores. Cho SI,
Chung BY, Choi MG, Baek JH, Cho HJ, Park CW, Lee CH, Kim HO. Dermatol Surg. 2012 Jul;38(7 Pt 1):1017-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-
4725.2012.02402.x. Epub 2012 Apr 9.
30. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of fractional radiofrequency microneedle treatment in acne scars and large facial pores. Cho SI,
Chung BY, Choi MG, Baek JH, Cho HJ, Park CW, Lee CH, Kim HO. Dermatol Surg. 2012 Jul;38(7 Pt 1):1017-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-
4725.2012.02402.x. Epub 2012 Apr 9.
31. The efficacy in treatment of facial atrophic acne scars in Asians with a fractional radiofrequency microneedle system. Vejjabhinanta V,
Wanitphakdeedecha R, Limtanyakul P, Manuskiatti W. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014 Sep;28(9):1219-25. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12267. Epub
2013 Sep 24.
32. Treatment of acne vulgaris with fractional radiofrequency microneedling. Kim ST, Lee KH, Sim HJ, Suh KS, Jang MS. J Dermatol.
2014 Jul;41(7):586-91. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12471. Epub 2014 May 8.
33. Assessment of treatment efficacy and sebosuppressive effect of fractionalradiofrequency microneedle on acne vulgaris. Lee KR,
Lee EG, Lee HJ, Yoon MS. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Dec;45(10):639-47. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22200. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
34. Assessment of treatment efficacy and sebosuppressive effect of fractionalradiofrequency microneedle on acne vulgaris. Lee KR,
Lee EG, Lee HJ, Yoon MS. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Dec;45(10):639-47. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22200. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
35. Assessment of treatment efficacy and sebosuppressive effect of fractionalradiofrequency microneedle on acne vulgaris. Lee KR,
Lee EG, Lee HJ, Yoon MS. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Dec;45(10):639-47. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22200. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
36. The efficacy in treatment of facial atrophic acne scars in Asians with a fractional radiofrequency microneedle system.
Vejjabhinanta V, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Limtanyakul P, Manuskiatti W. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014 Sep;28(9):1219-25.
doi: 10.1111/jdv.12267. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
37.
38. Comparison of fractional microneedling radiofrequency and bipolar radiofrequency on acne and acne scar and investigation of
mechanism: comparative randomized controlled clinical trial. Min S, Park SY, Yoon JY, Suh DH. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015
Dec;307(10):897-904. doi: 10.1007/s00403-015-1601-z. Epub 2015 Oct 15.
39. Comparison of fractional microneedling radiofrequency and bipolar radiofrequency on acne and acne scar and investigation of
mechanism: comparative randomized controlled clinical trial. Min S, Park SY, Yoon JY, Suh DH. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015
Dec;307(10):897-904. doi: 10.1007/s00403-015-1601-z. Epub 2015 Oct 15.
40. Comparison of fractional microneedling radiofrequency and bipolar radiofrequency on acne and acne scar and investigation of
mechanism: comparative randomized controlled clinical trial. Min S, Park SY, Yoon JY, Suh DH. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015
Dec;307(10):897-904. doi: 10.1007/s00403-015-1601-z. Epub 2015 Oct 15.
41. A split-face comparison of a fractional microneedle radiofrequency device and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy in acne
patients. Shin JU, Lee SH, Jung JY, Lee JH. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012 Oct;14(5):212-7. doi: 10.3109/14764172.2012.720023.
42. A split-face comparison of a fractional microneedle radiofrequency device and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy in acne
patients. Shin JU, Lee SH, Jung JY, Lee JH. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012 Oct;14(5):212-7. doi: 10.3109/14764172.2012.720023.
43. A split-face comparison of a fractional microneedle radiofrequency device and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy in acne
patients. Shin JU, Lee SH, Jung JY, Lee JH. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012 Oct;14(5):212-7. doi: 10.3109/14764172.2012.720023.
44. A split-face comparison of a fractional microneedle radiofrequency device and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy in acne
patients. Shin JU, Lee SH, Jung JY, Lee JH. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012 Oct;14(5):212-7. doi: 10.3109/14764172.2012.720023.
45. A split-face comparison of a fractional microneedle radiofrequency device and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy in acne
patients. Shin JU, Lee SH, Jung JY, Lee JH. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012 Oct;14(5):212-7. doi: 10.3109/14764172.2012.720023.
46. Comparative study on efficacy and safety of 1550 nm Er:Glass fractional laser and fractional radiofrequency microneedle device
for facial atrophic acne scar. Chae WS, Seong JY, Jung HN, Kong SH, Kim MH, Suh HS, Choi YS. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015
Jun;14(2):100-6. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12139. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
47. Comparative study on efficacy and safety of 1550 nm Er:Glass fractional laser and fractional radiofrequency microneedle device
for facial atrophic acne scar. Chae WS, Seong JY, Jung HN, Kong SH, Kim MH, Suh HS, Choi YS. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015
Jun;14(2):100-6. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12139. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
48. Comparative study on efficacy and safety of 1550 nm Er:Glass fractional laser and fractional radiofrequency microneedle device
for facial atrophic acne scar. Chae WS, Seong JY, Jung HN, Kong SH, Kim MH, Suh HS, Choi YS. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015
Jun;14(2):100-6. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12139. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
49. Comparative study on efficacy and safety of 1550 nm Er:Glass fractional laser and fractional radiofrequency microneedle device
for facial atrophic acne scar. Chae WS, Seong JY, Jung HN, Kong SH, Kim MH, Suh HS, Choi YS. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015
Jun;14(2):100-6. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12139. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
50. Treatment of acne vulgaris with fractional radiofrequency microneedling. Kim ST, Lee KH, Sim HJ, Suh KS, Jang MS. J Dermatol.
2014 Jul;41(7):586-91. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12471. Epub 2014 May 8.
51. Assessment of treatment efficacy and sebosuppressive effect of fractional radiofrequency microneedle on acne vulgaris. Lee KR,
Lee EG, Lee HJ, Yoon MS. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Dec;45(10):639-47. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22200. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
52. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of fractional radiofrequency microneedle treatment in acne scars and large facial pores. Cho SI,
Chung BY, Choi MG, Baek JH, Cho HJ, Park CW, Lee CH, Kim HO. Dermatol Surg. 2012 Jul;38(7 Pt 1):1017-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-
4725.2012.02402.x. Epub 2012 Apr 9.
Editor's Notes
Icepick scars a) (n= 5) uniformly have a sharp, demarcated V-shaped appearance and are characterized by a
narrow diameter at the surface (usually < 2 mm) and
a vertical extension that reaches a depth corresponding to the deep dermis (Figure 1.1a–1.1b)
Boxcar scars b) (n = 5) uniformly present with a sharp demarcated U-shaped appearance and are characterized
by a superficial diameter usually ranging from 2 to 4 mm and a vertical extension that reaches a depth corresponding to the superficial or deep dermis (Figure 1.2a–1.2b).
Rolling scars c) (n= 5) uniformly appear as large (up to 5 mm) poorly demarcated depressions of the skin; these
scars are very superficial, sometimes hardly visible, with a vertical extension that is limited to a depth corresponding to the epidermal thickness (Figure 1.3a–1.3b).