Laryngotracheal stenosis is a narrowing of the upper airway between the larynx and trachea that can have serious consequences like respiratory failure. It can be caused by prolonged intubation, autoimmune diseases, infections, trauma, or idiopathic factors. Evaluation involves laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, or CT scan. Treatment depends on severity and includes endoscopic dilation, surgery, stenting, or laser therapy to restore airway patency. Endoscopic dilation is often first-line for simple stenosis while more complex cases may require surgery.
Abstract Lung Abscess is a liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and arrangement of cavitation (in excess of 2 cm) containing necrotic debris and liquid brought about by parenchymal infection. It very well may be brought about by yearning, which may happen during changed cognizance and it for the most part causes a discharge filled depression. In addition, liquor addiction is the most widely recognized condition inclining to lung abscesses. Lung abscess is viewed as essential (60%) when it comes about because of existing lung parenchymal process and is named auxiliary when it entangles another procedure, e.g., vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung. There are a few imaging strategies which can distinguish the material inside the thorax, for example, electronic tomography (CT) output of the thorax and ultrasound of the thorax. Broad Spectrum anti-biotics to cover blended vegetation is the pillar of treatment. Pneumonic physiotherapy and postural drainage are additionally significant. Surgeries are required in specific patients for pneumonic resection Keywords: Lung abscess, anti-bodies, video-assissted thoracoscopic medical procedure (VATS), thoracoscopy
Neck space infections taken from PL. DHINGRA and other sources to cover all o...lordskywalker7878
This presentation covers the important ENT topics of neck space infections with their management and image illustrations. The source is mainly PL. DHINGRA however other sources have been mentioned in the presentation, especially on the images. It is divided into superficial and deep neck infections for clear distinction between the two categories. It is an extremely important topic especially if your goal is towards surgical side of ENT.
Granulomatous diseases of the larynx- ALL DETAILS ABOUT TB, FUNGAL LARYNGITIS, SARCOIDOSIS, SYPHILIS, LEPROSY, Wegner granulomatosis, rhinoscleroma ARE GIVEN
Abstract Lung Abscess is a liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and arrangement of cavitation (in excess of 2 cm) containing necrotic debris and liquid brought about by parenchymal infection. It very well may be brought about by yearning, which may happen during changed cognizance and it for the most part causes a discharge filled depression. In addition, liquor addiction is the most widely recognized condition inclining to lung abscesses. Lung abscess is viewed as essential (60%) when it comes about because of existing lung parenchymal process and is named auxiliary when it entangles another procedure, e.g., vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung. There are a few imaging strategies which can distinguish the material inside the thorax, for example, electronic tomography (CT) output of the thorax and ultrasound of the thorax. Broad Spectrum anti-biotics to cover blended vegetation is the pillar of treatment. Pneumonic physiotherapy and postural drainage are additionally significant. Surgeries are required in specific patients for pneumonic resection Keywords: Lung abscess, anti-bodies, video-assissted thoracoscopic medical procedure (VATS), thoracoscopy
Neck space infections taken from PL. DHINGRA and other sources to cover all o...lordskywalker7878
This presentation covers the important ENT topics of neck space infections with their management and image illustrations. The source is mainly PL. DHINGRA however other sources have been mentioned in the presentation, especially on the images. It is divided into superficial and deep neck infections for clear distinction between the two categories. It is an extremely important topic especially if your goal is towards surgical side of ENT.
Granulomatous diseases of the larynx- ALL DETAILS ABOUT TB, FUNGAL LARYNGITIS, SARCOIDOSIS, SYPHILIS, LEPROSY, Wegner granulomatosis, rhinoscleroma ARE GIVEN
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Laryngotracheal Stenosis
What is it,
Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a narrowing of the
upper airway between the larynx and the trachea
with potentially devastating consequences, including
respiratory failure, cardiopulmonary arrest, and
death. The upper airway is comprised of the larynx,
glottis, subglottic region, and trachea
3. Etiology
• Recognized causes of laryngeal stenosis include:
iatrogenic (ex. complication of endotracheal intubation),
autoimmune, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic, and
idiopathic. Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus
erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis,
sarcoidosis, and scleroderma, among others, can cause
laryngotracheal stenosis. Infectious causes include
bacterial tracheitis, viral papillomatosis, and tuberculosis.
Neoplasm at the level of the larynx or trachea can also
cause narrowing of the airway, with squamous cell
carcinoma and adenoma beiNg the most common
malignancies in this setting.
• Direct injury to the trachea by trauma, inhalation burns,
or radiation are a few causes of traumatic laryngotracheal
stenosis.
4. Pathophysiology
• The most narrow part of the adult airway is at the
subglottic space at the level of the cricoid cartilage,
which extends from the inferior part of the vocal cords to
the lower part of the cricoid cartilage.
• This area is only a few centimeters in length but can be
commonly injured during endotracheal intubation, as the
endotracheal tube makes contact with the posterior
aspect of the subglottic space during intubation.
Prolonged intubation can also cause laryngotracheal
stenosis
• Prolonged intubation can also cause laryngotracheal
stenosis when the cuff pressure exceeds the mucosal
capillary perfusion pressure (approximately 35 mmHg),
which can lead to ischemia, ulceration of the posterior
mucosa, and subsequent fibrotic strictures.
5. Evaluation
Laryngotracheal stenosis can be
evaluated by laryngoscopy or
bronchoscopy. The clinician may
obtain computed tomography (CT)
scan of the neck in severe cases in
which the obstruction does not
allow for direct laryngoscopy or
patients who have a traumatic
injury to the trachea and in
planning for surgical treatment. CT
scan may demonstrate artificial
extra-tracheal stenosis, such as in a
massive goiter, owing to the
dependent position of the trachea
when obtaining such scans.
Performing spirometry on these
patients helps establish a baseline
and monitor their status over time.
6. Classification
• There are three classification systems based on
anatomic characteristics that are derived from
intraoperative findings. The Cotton-Myer
classification is based on percent stenosis (I = < 50%
obstruction; II = 51% to 70% obstruction; III = 71% to
99% obstruction; IV = Complete obstruction). The
Lano classification is based on subsite involvement (I
= one subsite involvement; II = two subsite
involvement; III = three subsite involvement, with the
subsite meaning the glottis, subglottis, and trachea).
7. Treatment / Management
• Treatment options for LTS include endoscopic
dilatation, surgery, stent placement, laser therapy, or
immunosuppression to restore airway patency,
depending on the underlying etiology as well as
degree and complexity of stenosis.
• Bronchoscopic Approach,
Bronchoscopy may be used for mechanical dilation,
laser therapy, and stenting to treat laryngotracheal
stenosis. These treatment modalities may have limited
use in subglottic stenosis due to anatomical challenges
8. Endoscopic Mechanical Dilation
• Endoscopically-guided dilation is performed using
several devices, including gum-tipped bougies,
endotracheal tubes, or balloon catheters. It could be
performed in the outpatient setting for a selected
group of patients. This route has more favorable
outcomes in regards to voice preservation compared
with patients who have stenosis less than 2 cm from
the vocal folds, or those who have stenosis in several
levels. Endoscopic dilation should be the first-line
treatment for simple stenosis, whereas more complex
stenoses require an interprofessional approach and
possible surgical evaluation. The average patient may
be able to go for approximately one year without
requiring subsequent dilations.[
9. Tracheal Stenting
• Tracheal stenting is a palliative option for patients
with advanced and unresectable cancer-causing
airway obstruction. As stated above, stenting is a
challenging and risky approach that requires a risk-
benefit conversation with the patient. Higher
performance status before surgery correlates with
better patient outcomes.