Precised from the book "History of English language (HOEL)" By C.L Barbar. Valid for Language researches, College and University level specially for English Language and Literature students.

1. ENGLISH AS A WORLD
LANGUAGE
Wajid Hussain

2. INTRODUCTION:
( Global language / World Language ) A language which written
and spoken all over the world.
This all started from Shakespearean - confined to England and
southern Scotland only Lesly known in Ireland or even into Wales.
The great expansions:
 Growth of Population in England
 After the conquest of Normans – Million and a Half
 During the Middle Ages – four or five million
 In 1600 – Under five million
 In 1700 – Six million (and began to spread over the world included North
America)
 In 1800 – Nine Million
 In 1850 to 1900 – Over Thirty Million (Became the International Language and
United States’s mother tongue)
 In the nineteenth century that it became widely respected as a language of
culture, commerce, and international communication.

3. TODAY:
English is spoken in 5 countries Out of 195 Countries as
their Native language.
It has 360 – 400 million native speakers around the
world
750 Million peoples use this Second Language
600 – 700 million people use this as a foreign language
There are about fifteen million in Canada, twelve million
in Australia, nearly three million in New Zealand, and
over a million in South Africa.
English is not the only language with having such fame;
Arabic, French, German, Malay, Spanish, Russian and
Chinese all play an important part in certain areas.

4. DIVERGENT DEVELOPMENT
Widely spread language (English) introduced different
communities within itself like: North America, Australia,
South Africa, and so on..
Each community have some changes with reference to
others
These changes occurred due to different communities
And a certain amount of “Divergent development” has
inevitably taken place in their languages.
But it is still a single language around the world after all
these divergent developments; because the English had
already established itself pretty firmly in England before
the expansion over the world began, otherwise the
divergence might have been greater, and English might
not have survived as a single language

5. AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGE:
Australian is one of the forms of English language
It has its own pronunciation and vocabulary
It has borrowed many words from many languages
It is used as a world language

6. PRONUNCIATION:
It has its own pronunciation: for example, the long vowel in words like park
is made further forward than in Britain (more like the vowel of German
Paar), and is often slightly nasalized
Many vowels are diphthongized
Unstressed endings -es and -ed (in words like boxes and waited) are not
pronounced -iz and -id, as in Britain

7. VOCABULARY:
Words have been borrowed from the local aboriginal language, like
dingo, billabong, gunyah, and joey
New words have been invented, like outback, tuckerbag, stockman,
and cuppa
Old words have been given new meanings, like wattle (‘acacia’) and
paddock (used for any piece of fenced land)
Lost words have been retained, like larrikin (‘hooligan’), fossick (‘to
seek’)
Australian idioms and phrases have grown up

8. AMERICAN ENGLISH:
American influence has been more pervasive, and has
increased considerably in recent years, because the
Americans now form the largest, richest, and most
powerful group within' the English-speaking community.
There are differences in Spelling, Dialect /pronunciation,
grammar and vocabulary.

9. AMERICAN SPELLING:
Australia shares the same spelling system with the British
whereas the United States has a slightly different spelling
system. Here are some examples:
-or vs -our
USA UK/ AUS
color colour
behavior behaviour
humor humour

10. CONTINUE..
-ize and –yze vs –ise and -yse
USA UK/ AUS
realize realise
prioritize prioritise
analyze analyse
organize organise

11. CONTINUE..
-er vs –re
-Single L vs -Double L
USA UK/ AUS
theater theatre
meter metre
center centre
USA UK/ AUS
fulfill fulfil
enroll enrol
installment instalment

12. CONTINUE..
USA UK/ AUS
traveled travelled
traveling travelling
labeled labelled
labeling labelling
modeled modelled
modeling modelling
led + -ling VS -lled + -lling
Ok just to make this more confusing… for the following
words, American English uses one “L” and British English uses
two “LL”’s.

13. AMERICAN DIALECTS:
UnitedStates
Northern
Midland
Northern
Southern
Southern

14. CONTINUE..
For example, the r sound has been retained before
consonants and pauses (as in barn, father)
Northern Midland

15. AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION:
Americans use long vowels sounds
instead of short ones,
example: ɑː and ɒ in Politics
American: ˈp ɑː lətɪks
British: ‘p ɒ lɪtɪks

16. STRESS AND INTONATIONS:
In general, southeastern English uses more violent stress
contrasts and a wider range of pitch than American does.
Where the Englishman gives a word one heavy stress and
several very weak ones, the American often gives it a
secondary stress on one of the weak syllables.
Military
American ‘Mili tary
British Mili ‘tary
Temporary
American ‘Tempo rary
British Tempo ‘rary

17. AMERICAN GRAMMAR
American use of do have where an Englishman says have
got; of course, we also use do have in Britain ('Do you
have dances in your village ? ').
Again, American has the two forms I have got (meaning 'I
have ') and I have gotten (meaning 'I have acquired ' or 'I
have become '), where British English uses only the first
form.
An American can use impersonal one, and then continue
with his and he; for example If one loses his temper, he
should apologize. One’s loses his temper, one should
opologise (British).
Prepositions, too, are sometimes used differently: an
Englishman lives in Oxford Street, whereas an American
will usually live on it

18. CONTINUE..
Some other examples are given bellow:
USA UK/ AU
I learned I learnt
I spelled I spelt
I had forgotten I forgot
Monday through Friday Monday to Friday

19. AMERICAN VOCABULARY:
As Australian English is based on British English, most of
the vocabulary is the same - with a few exceptions such
as candy (US), sweets (UK), and lollies (AUS).
Other Examples are:
USA UK/ AUS
apartment flat
college university
vacation holiday
sweater jumper
drugstore chemist/ pharmacy
cookie biscuit

20. BORROWED WORDS
A large part of the specifically American vocabulary was
borrowed from other languages like Indians, Spanish,
French and so on..
Many of the words borrowed were the names of the
American flora and fauna, like chipmunk, hickory,
sequoia, skunk, and terrapin.
Spanish words for flora and fauna, like alfalfa,
armadillo, and cockroach.
French words for flora and fauna, like pumpkin and
gopher.
Dutch loans include food names like cookie and waffle,
and miscellaneous words like boss, boodle, dope, snoop.
German words for educational terms like semester and
seminar, and a number of miscellaneous words like

21. STANDARD LANGUAGE:
Due to divergent development one English language
diverted in multiple dialects; that made it complicated to
decide that which is the Standard language.
Standard language means a language which is commonly
used.
There is no particular answer to this Question; answer is
further divided into 2 parts: Speaking and Writing.
American dialect is the standard dialect because It has
massive speakers of all the time as compared to British.
When it comes to writing British way of writing is more
popular, infect 60% of the books in the world are written
in British English as well as other British style writings.
Example: All Sindhi, Urdu and most of the Arabic text.