Language Development, Theories and Components

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP – JUL./AUG 2020
Language Development, Theories
and Components
in
Human Development and Learning
C.C 8610 - B.Ed.
Presented by:
Ch. Muhammad Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES AND COMPONENTS
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: THEORIES AND COMPONENTS
Objectives
After studying this unit, the students can be able to
1. Describe what is language and how it develops?
2. Describe different theories regarding the development of
language
3. Explain diverse components involved in the development of
language
4. Describe environmental influence on language
5. Explain development of language at preschool, kindergarten and
at elementary level
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Overview
Language is a tool that we use to communicate our feelings,
information and expression to our fellow beings. It is based upon
symbols, words, phrases and sentences. It differentiates human
being from other creatures. The process by which children
communicate and understand the language is called language
development.
Language reflects the expansion and maturity of mind. The
children initially express words and proceed towards sentences. They
produce different sounds to attract attention and recognize sounds.
Many different theories of language development were developed by
different psychologists like Skinner, Chomsky and Vygotsky. 4
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

What is Language?
We use language as the system of communication that realize
upon words and composition of words to form sentences. We share
information, opinions, whishes, dangers, promises, feelings, emotions
etc. Language can be narrated as an organized arrangement of
uniform signals. Language occurs through reading, writing,
listening, and speaking.
In short, we use language as
− We communicate our emotions with others.
− Language is a system of communication.
− Language differentiates humans from non-humans.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

What is The Language Development?
Language development is the process to understand and
communicate language. Language development up to 5 years is at
quick pace. It also reflects the growth and development of mind. In
expressive language development children discuss their emotions
and needs.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Transitions in Language Development
 Children go through the different transitions in language
development.
 These transitions help them in acquisition of language.
 Children follow different patterns in language development like
babbling, recognizing sounds, uttering one then two and then many
words.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Theories of Language Development
1-The Learning Perspective
The advocate of this viewpoint is B.F. Skinner. He says that
children copy what they see and hear. They learn from
punishment and reinforcement.
2-The Nativist Perspective:
Noam Chomsky is the main scholar connected with this point
of view. He narrates that people are naturally made to learn
knowledge. To him the people contain a language acquisition
device (LAD). It consists of grammatical rules which permit the
children to understand the principles of language which they
generally listen. 8
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

3-Interactionist Perspective
Interactionists argue that language development is both
biological and social. They say that language learning is affected
by the desire of children to communicate with others. Children
conceive language with the brain that develops gradually and
makes them to obtain new understanding which they are
convinced to report to others.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

The main scholar connected with this theory is
Vygotsky. This model concentrates on Vygotsky’s model of
collaborative learning. It helps children both psychologically and
phonetically in language development.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

We can summarize the above-mentioned theories of language
development as
▪ According to learning perspective, we learn by reinforcement and
punishment.
▪ Nativist perspective views that people are naturally inclined to
learn language.
▪ Interactionists are of the view that we learn language through our
interaction with others - in social context.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Components of Language
Phonetics- Phonology- Morphology- Syntax - Semantic- Pragmatics
Pragmatics
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
Phonetics
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

1-Phonetics / Phoneme
A Phoneme is a basic unit of phonology. It is the smallest unit
of sound that may cause of meaning within a language. It does not
have meaning by itself. For example, “hat” has three phonemes
where as “shape” has five letters but only three phonemes.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

2-Phonology
The study of verbal communication structure within the
language is known Phonology. This is the fundamental system which
a language comprised of. Phonology is distinguished from phonetics.
Phonology describes the way sounds function within a language to
encode the meaning. Phonetics belong to descriptive linguistics and
phonology to theoretical linguistics.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

3-Morphology
Greek term Morphology is made up of
• “Morph” – shape, form and
• “ology” - study of something.
Morphemes include base words like Ant, bat, cat, dog, goat and affixes
like
› un - unseen, unplanned, unpleasant
› Re – Re-play, Re-call, Re-open
Knowledge of morphology is related to vocabulary development and
reflects the smallest building blocks for comprehension. Some morphemes
are individual words (eat, run, water). These are free morphemes while
other morphemes are prefixes, suffixes or other linguistic Pieces that are
full words but do affect meanings such as ‘s’, ‘re’ (cats, re-play)
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

4-Syntax
Syntax is related to the structure of sentences and determines
which words to go where. It is to understand the rules about how
language works. So, syntax is a set of rules for constructing full
sentences out of words and phrases. Different languages have
different syntactic rules. In English we use noun, verb, adjective and
adverb in a sequence to form a meaningful sentence.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

5-Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings. What is meaning? How is
meaning created in language? One of the main reasons we use
language is to pass meaning from one person to another and
semantics deals with it. Semantics moves beyond the literal meaning
of words in language and is culture dependent.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

6- Pragmatics
It is the study of human actions, thoughts and linguistic signs,
(words and sentences) in real situation. Pragmatic refers to the ways
the members of a community use the language. The language used in
formal conversation may have a less resemblance to what we could
hear at a lunch with our fellow children. Pragmatics deals with
knowing the difference between the 2 styles and when to use which
style.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Summary of Components of Language
 Phoneme is the basic unit of language and is concerned with the
sounds of alphabets.
 Phonology deals with the sound in a language.
 Morphology is related to the vocabulary building.
 Syntax deals with the structure of sentences and sequence of words
in it.
 Semantic studies meaning in a language.
 Pragmatics studies human actions and their explanation by signs
in language.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON LANGUAGE
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Language development is always advancing but never static.
some language specialist say that the context in which learning
happens clearly, impacts language acquisition. It named the
behaviouristic theory advocated by B.F. Skinner.
Skinner says that operant conditioning happens in language
development when sounds are made by a youngster and reinforced
by their guardian's responses. This makes the kid repeat the word
and associate with an object or occasions. This operant conditioning
consolidates with imitation to permit quick language development to
happen.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Influence of Environment on Language Development
Summary
• Language development is an everchanging process.
• Different perspectives exist that explain the effects of environment
on language development.
• Skinner believes that language is gained in the same manner as
behaviour.
• Another perspective sees inheritance as vital in influencing
language development.
• Some views that children learn language through cognitive skills
but some other attach social context to it. 22
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Language Development at Pre School and Kindergarten
Level
 language development starts from birth when baby produces
sounds to realise it's existence to others.
 During 0-3 months children reflect their emotions by listening the
different sounds and smiles at viewing different person.
 During 4 - 6 months children show their reactions by yes or no and
produce babbling sounds.
 7- 12 months is the age of fun and the babbling of children
changes.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Language Development at Pre School and Kindergarten
Level
 between 1 - 2 years of age the children focus on Pictures. they can
indicate body parts and begin to learn some words.
 During 2 - 3 years they begin to understand compound words.
Their capacity to have words for many things develops.
 3 to 4 years of the age children can listen more clearly, and their
capacity of uttering sentences develop.
 During 4 - 5 years of age, the child can answer short questions,
appreciate tales and stories and can talk more clearly and easily.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Language Development at Elementary Level
During the primary school years, the children begin to
comprehend and utilize complex syntax. They figure out how to
utilise language in a more associated manner. So, they turn out to be
more logical in their way to deal with words.
At this stage child gains “metalinguistic capacity” which can
be categorized as Meta cognition (thinking about knowing) –
metalinguistic awareness is the capacity to think about the
utilization of language.
From 6 - 8 years most kids start to develop this very capacity.
the child is able to use language in a more concise way i.e. utilisation
of illustrations etc. 25
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Language Development at Elementary Level
Activities
 Let the children read different books and find out material of their
interest.
 Assign the children to make associations between what they
observe at school, at home and in routine life.
 Let the children pronounce different words
 Pronounce basic words and ask them to compose the same etc.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
THEORIES REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Language Development, Theories and Components

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