Younger learners tend to achieve ultimately higher levels of proficiency in a second language compared to adults. However, adults have advantages in formal learning environments due to greater learning capacity and memory. When it comes to sex differences, some research indicates that females may have less asymmetrical brain organization which allows for better memorization of complex forms, while males appear better at computing rules. Learning aptitude, which includes phonemic coding ability, inductive language learning ability, grammatical sensitivity, and associative memory capacity, is an important predictor of success in both naturalistic and formal second language acquisition. Personality factors and cognitive style, like being field dependent or independent, also influence an individual's learning strategies and success in acquiring a