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This document discusses various aspects of language and communication. It defines language as a symbol system used to represent reality and trigger meaning in others. It outlines rules of language including semantic, syntactic, pragmatic, and grammatical rules. It presents the triangle of meaning to show the relationship between things, thoughts, and communicators. It discusses assumptions that the map is not the territory, words are not things, and meanings exist in people not words. It also covers topics like denotative and connotative meanings, language barriers, and guidelines for effective communication.
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Linguistics
The document discusses definitions of language provided by different linguists, including Sapir, Bloch and Trager, and Chomsky. It also notes defects in each definition. Sapir defined language as a human method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires using voluntarily produced symbols. Bloch and Trager defined language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for social cooperation. Chomsky defined language as a set of finite sentences constructed from a finite set of elements. However, each definition was found to neglect important aspects of language, such as its communicative function.
Modes of communiction
Communication takes many forms between individuals and groups, both verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication includes spoken language which uses symbols and grammar, while nonverbal aspects like facial expressions and body language also convey significant meaning. Effective communication is important for organizations to function well, as all members need to properly convey information to achieve shared objectives. Misalignment between communicators can limit understanding.
Language, society and culture
Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can provoke differences in aspects of speech.
Speaking Presentation
The document outlines Dell Hymes' SPEAKING model for analyzing speech acts. The SPEAKING model examines the setting, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, genre, and norms of a speech. It then provides definitions of communication, discussing human communication as action, interaction, and transaction. It also discusses self-awareness and communication, including the components of self-concept, and understanding both verbal and nonverbal messages.
What is language?
Language involves communication, conversation, collaboration and co-creation. It allows for one-way communication where a message is sent as well as two-way communication where both sides feel understood. Language is used for thinking, planning, making decisions and joint activities. Ultimately, language is the primary method for doing things together and is the accumulation of shared meaning and common ground.
Language and gender in society
This document discusses research into differences in language use between men and women, known as sociolinguistics. It summarizes two important aspects sociolinguists study: differences in linguistic features used by each gender, and reasons for those differences. Two types of studies are described - those finding very clear gender differences, and those finding preferential use of certain speech features. Some languages have separate gender-exclusive varieties. Research also finds differences in word choice, vocabulary and morphology between genders. Women generally use more standard variants of language due to social status consciousness and their role as guardians of social values.
General and descriptive linguistics
General Linguistics concerns itself with fundamental questions about the nature of language and its relationship to other human faculties. It considers language as a cultural, social, and psychological phenomenon. Descriptive Linguistics studies how languages are structured through research on a wide variety of languages. Second Language Acquisition draws on various fields to describe how second languages are learned by individuals in different contexts and to explain the underlying biological, cognitive, and social mechanisms. Sociolinguistics focuses on how social situations affect language and language attitudes. Psycholinguistics explores linguistic competence and performance through the psychological processes involved in representing, comprehending, and producing speech and language acquisition.
Unit 1 3
This document discusses verbal and nonverbal communication across cultures. It covers key components of language including semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics. It also examines language functions like group identity and cognitive reality. Nonverbal communication styles are explored, including high and low context cultures as well as direct and indirect styles. Finally, it analyzes different types of nonverbal behaviors such as kinesics, proxemics, haptics, and paralanguage.
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Linguistics
The document discusses definitions of language provided by different linguists, including Sapir, Bloch and Trager, and Chomsky. It also notes defects in each definition. Sapir defined language as a human method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires using voluntarily produced symbols. Bloch and Trager defined language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for social cooperation. Chomsky defined language as a set of finite sentences constructed from a finite set of elements. However, each definition was found to neglect important aspects of language, such as its communicative function.
Modes of communiction
Communication takes many forms between individuals and groups, both verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication includes spoken language which uses symbols and grammar, while nonverbal aspects like facial expressions and body language also convey significant meaning. Effective communication is important for organizations to function well, as all members need to properly convey information to achieve shared objectives. Misalignment between communicators can limit understanding.
Language, society and culture
Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can provoke differences in aspects of speech.
Speaking Presentation
The document outlines Dell Hymes' SPEAKING model for analyzing speech acts. The SPEAKING model examines the setting, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, genre, and norms of a speech. It then provides definitions of communication, discussing human communication as action, interaction, and transaction. It also discusses self-awareness and communication, including the components of self-concept, and understanding both verbal and nonverbal messages.
What is language?
Language involves communication, conversation, collaboration and co-creation. It allows for one-way communication where a message is sent as well as two-way communication where both sides feel understood. Language is used for thinking, planning, making decisions and joint activities. Ultimately, language is the primary method for doing things together and is the accumulation of shared meaning and common ground.
Language and gender in society
This document discusses research into differences in language use between men and women, known as sociolinguistics. It summarizes two important aspects sociolinguists study: differences in linguistic features used by each gender, and reasons for those differences. Two types of studies are described - those finding very clear gender differences, and those finding preferential use of certain speech features. Some languages have separate gender-exclusive varieties. Research also finds differences in word choice, vocabulary and morphology between genders. Women generally use more standard variants of language due to social status consciousness and their role as guardians of social values.
General and descriptive linguistics
General Linguistics concerns itself with fundamental questions about the nature of language and its relationship to other human faculties. It considers language as a cultural, social, and psychological phenomenon. Descriptive Linguistics studies how languages are structured through research on a wide variety of languages. Second Language Acquisition draws on various fields to describe how second languages are learned by individuals in different contexts and to explain the underlying biological, cognitive, and social mechanisms. Sociolinguistics focuses on how social situations affect language and language attitudes. Psycholinguistics explores linguistic competence and performance through the psychological processes involved in representing, comprehending, and producing speech and language acquisition.
Unit 1 3
This document discusses verbal and nonverbal communication across cultures. It covers key components of language including semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics. It also examines language functions like group identity and cognitive reality. Nonverbal communication styles are explored, including high and low context cultures as well as direct and indirect styles. Finally, it analyzes different types of nonverbal behaviors such as kinesics, proxemics, haptics, and paralanguage.
Language and gender
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
Language, society and culture (map)
Sociolinguistics deals with the interrelationships between language and society. It examines how social factors such as class, education, age, gender, ethnicity, and group membership influence language use. Varieties of language are used according to social values like overt prestige for recognized better ways of speaking or covert prestige attached to non-standard forms by certain subgroups. Social class and education are reflected in the way people speak through details like (h)-dropping, which is associated with lower class and less education.
Language & Communication
Language and communication can be studied from several perspectives. Language evolved from early hominid calls and gestures and allows humans to communicate about things not present. Nonverbal communication conveys meaning through signs, body language and gestures which vary across cultures. The structure of language includes phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics studies how languages have changed over long periods of time.
Defining characteristics of language
1) The document discusses the defining criteria of language and examines whether animal communication can be considered language.
2) It argues that language is uniquely human, as it allows for communication about all aspects of human life and culture, not just biological needs. In contrast, animal communication is limited to biological needs.
3) Key characteristics that make human language unique according to the document are that it is systematic, arbitrary, spoken, social, and able to catalog all things in the human environment.
The ethnography of communication
The Ethnography of Communication (EC) is a method of discourse analysis that draws on ethnography. It examines the linguistic resources people use in context, the media used to communicate, and how verbal and nonverbal signs reveal social codes. Dell Hymes founded EC and focused on communicative competence and how culture influences language use. Hymes introduced basic units for EC study, including the communication event, act, situation, and speech community. He also proposed the "S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G." model to analyze the setting, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genres involved in communication.
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This document discusses the concepts of language and communication. It defines language as an abstract system of symbols that carry prescribed meanings, which can be sounds or letters. The key characteristics of language are that it is humane, meaningful, symbolic, systematic, and flexible. Communication is defined as the process of sharing information, messages, knowledge, or feelings through a communicator, message, channel, and receiver. The relationship between language and communication is that language provides one of the primary channels for the process of communication between humans. While communication is possible without language through gestures, language helps to make communication more meaningful, reduces confusion, and facilitates thinking, aesthetic expression, and cultural exchange.
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This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to sociolinguistics. It begins by explaining that language serves a social function in helping establish relationships and convey information about speakers. It then discusses the differences between language and dialect, as well as dialect and accent. Several key concepts are defined, including speech communities, communicative competence, linguistic variables, and constraints on linguistic variation. Methods of sociolinguistic data collection and analysis are outlined. Studies examining linguistic variation related to social factors are summarized. The concepts of style shifting, accommodation theory, dialect contact and levelling are also covered.
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Class research and reading assingment to compare two literacy research theories. Chose sociolinguistic and socio-cultural theories because of relationship to a workshop I'm developing.
Importance of language in communication
Language is basically a means of communication amongst the associates of society. Language is a fundamental aspect of the appearance of culture and tradition. A language is a tool that conveys our culture, values, and traditions related to group identity. It is an important part of human connection. Even though all species have their own methods of communication, humans are the ones that have proficient at cognitive language communication.
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This document provides an introduction to linguistics and language. It defines language as the study of how language is used, acquired, changes over time, and is represented in the brain. Key components of grammar are identified as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Characteristics of grammar discussed include generality, parity, universality, mutability, and inaccessibility. Linguistic competence is investigated by focusing on the mental system of grammar.
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Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties of language used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can influence differences in speech patterns between groups.
Language, society and culture
Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties of language used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can influence differences in speech patterns between groups.
Andrews Ch. 8 - Dialect
PPT used to facilitate discussion about dialect and teaching literature for ECI 430, Class 12, Fall 2012.
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Microsocial factors that influence learner language include variation between individual speakers' linguistic forms, psychological contexts, and microsocial relationships. Accommodation theory suggests native speakers tend to simplify language for second language learners. Input and interaction are important, though simplified input may omit elements and interaction is not necessary for all students to succeed.
Macrosocial factors that influence learner language include the status of first and second languages and boundaries/identities. Institutional forces constrain which languages are used in different contexts, potentially discriminating against minority languages. Social categories like age, education, gender, ethnicity, and circumstances of learning like birthplace, upbringing, and formal vs informal settings also influence language learning.
Summary of linguistic incompetence
This document summarizes the experiences and reflections of researching multilingually without full competence in the languages. It describes the difficulties in hearing, understanding and note-taking without full language skills. However, it also discusses the benefits of this "incompetence", including increased patience, humility, empathy and attention to sensory and cultural details. While not a permanent state, the document argues that initial incompetence allows for important relationship-building and learning experiences. It concludes by reframing the goal from competence to developing capabilities for beginnership, relationships, hospitality and attentiveness.
Fundamentals of logic
Language is man's greatest invention that stems from human rationality. It allows for the communication of thoughts, ideas, and feelings through symbols in both spoken and written form. Language has four key elements - symbols, referents, reference, and subjects. It serves various functions such as conveying information, producing effects, evoking emotions, performing actions, enriching social encounters, and logical reasoning.
Social language, conversations and interxtuality
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Language and Gender
1) Research has found differences in the language used by men and women, with women using more hedges, tag questions, and precise language that expresses uncertainty.
2) According to Robin Lakoff, women use both hedging and boosting language devices to lack confidence, with hedges expressing uncertainty and boosters trying to persuade others.
3) Studies have shown that in cross-sex interactions, men frequently interrupt women but women less frequently interrupt men, and men tend to dominate conversations more.
Week 3 LIN321
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how different languages categorize concepts like colors differently, using kinship terms to reflect cultural values, and acquiring communicative competence to understand social norms. While early studies by Whorf and Sapir supported the idea that language shapes thought, their work has also faced criticisms over questionable methodology. More recent experiments testing this Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have yielded mixed results.
Week 3 LIN321
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how the words used in different languages can shape perceptions of concepts like color. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language affects how its speakers think and experience the world. While early studies provided examples of this, their methods were questionable and criticisms have been made. More rigorous experiments on topics like color identification have found some support for the idea that language influences cognition, but the degree of this effect is still debated.
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This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
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Sociolinguistics deals with the interrelationships between language and society. It examines how social factors such as class, education, age, gender, ethnicity, and group membership influence language use. Varieties of language are used according to social values like overt prestige for recognized better ways of speaking or covert prestige attached to non-standard forms by certain subgroups. Social class and education are reflected in the way people speak through details like (h)-dropping, which is associated with lower class and less education.
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Language and communication can be studied from several perspectives. Language evolved from early hominid calls and gestures and allows humans to communicate about things not present. Nonverbal communication conveys meaning through signs, body language and gestures which vary across cultures. The structure of language includes phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics studies how languages have changed over long periods of time.
Defining characteristics of language
1) The document discusses the defining criteria of language and examines whether animal communication can be considered language.
2) It argues that language is uniquely human, as it allows for communication about all aspects of human life and culture, not just biological needs. In contrast, animal communication is limited to biological needs.
3) Key characteristics that make human language unique according to the document are that it is systematic, arbitrary, spoken, social, and able to catalog all things in the human environment.
The ethnography of communication
The Ethnography of Communication (EC) is a method of discourse analysis that draws on ethnography. It examines the linguistic resources people use in context, the media used to communicate, and how verbal and nonverbal signs reveal social codes. Dell Hymes founded EC and focused on communicative competence and how culture influences language use. Hymes introduced basic units for EC study, including the communication event, act, situation, and speech community. He also proposed the "S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G." model to analyze the setting, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genres involved in communication.
Language and communication ( The chemistry between the two)
This document discusses the concepts of language and communication. It defines language as an abstract system of symbols that carry prescribed meanings, which can be sounds or letters. The key characteristics of language are that it is humane, meaningful, symbolic, systematic, and flexible. Communication is defined as the process of sharing information, messages, knowledge, or feelings through a communicator, message, channel, and receiver. The relationship between language and communication is that language provides one of the primary channels for the process of communication between humans. While communication is possible without language through gestures, language helps to make communication more meaningful, reduces confusion, and facilitates thinking, aesthetic expression, and cultural exchange.
Power Point - Acquiring Knowledge for Second Language Use
This document discusses the different types of knowledge and competencies required for second language use. It distinguishes between academic competence, which prioritizes reading, listening and writing skills, and interpersonal competence, which prioritizes listening and speaking skills. The document outlines the components of language knowledge including vocabulary, morphology, phonology, syntax and discourse. It explains how these different components relate to academic versus interpersonal language use.
sociolinguistic
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to sociolinguistics. It begins by explaining that language serves a social function in helping establish relationships and convey information about speakers. It then discusses the differences between language and dialect, as well as dialect and accent. Several key concepts are defined, including speech communities, communicative competence, linguistic variables, and constraints on linguistic variation. Methods of sociolinguistic data collection and analysis are outlined. Studies examining linguistic variation related to social factors are summarized. The concepts of style shifting, accommodation theory, dialect contact and levelling are also covered.
Sociocultural And Sociolinguistic Theories Compared
Class research and reading assingment to compare two literacy research theories. Chose sociolinguistic and socio-cultural theories because of relationship to a workshop I'm developing.
Importance of language in communication
Language is basically a means of communication amongst the associates of society. Language is a fundamental aspect of the appearance of culture and tradition. A language is a tool that conveys our culture, values, and traditions related to group identity. It is an important part of human connection. Even though all species have their own methods of communication, humans are the ones that have proficient at cognitive language communication.
Intro to language
This document provides an introduction to linguistics and language. It defines language as the study of how language is used, acquired, changes over time, and is represented in the brain. Key components of grammar are identified as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Characteristics of grammar discussed include generality, parity, universality, mutability, and inaccessibility. Linguistic competence is investigated by focusing on the mental system of grammar.
Cause and effect in orality and literacy
The cause and effect in orality and literacy and the effect of oral and verbal skills on social status.
Language, society and culture
Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties of language used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can influence differences in speech patterns between groups.
Language, society and culture
Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties of language used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can influence differences in speech patterns between groups.
Andrews Ch. 8 - Dialect
PPT used to facilitate discussion about dialect and teaching literature for ECI 430, Class 12, Fall 2012.
Microsocial and macrosocial factors
Microsocial factors that influence learner language include variation between individual speakers' linguistic forms, psychological contexts, and microsocial relationships. Accommodation theory suggests native speakers tend to simplify language for second language learners. Input and interaction are important, though simplified input may omit elements and interaction is not necessary for all students to succeed.
Macrosocial factors that influence learner language include the status of first and second languages and boundaries/identities. Institutional forces constrain which languages are used in different contexts, potentially discriminating against minority languages. Social categories like age, education, gender, ethnicity, and circumstances of learning like birthplace, upbringing, and formal vs informal settings also influence language learning.
Summary of linguistic incompetence
This document summarizes the experiences and reflections of researching multilingually without full competence in the languages. It describes the difficulties in hearing, understanding and note-taking without full language skills. However, it also discusses the benefits of this "incompetence", including increased patience, humility, empathy and attention to sensory and cultural details. While not a permanent state, the document argues that initial incompetence allows for important relationship-building and learning experiences. It concludes by reframing the goal from competence to developing capabilities for beginnership, relationships, hospitality and attentiveness.
Fundamentals of logic
Language is man's greatest invention that stems from human rationality. It allows for the communication of thoughts, ideas, and feelings through symbols in both spoken and written form. Language has four key elements - symbols, referents, reference, and subjects. It serves various functions such as conveying information, producing effects, evoking emotions, performing actions, enriching social encounters, and logical reasoning.
Social language, conversations and interxtuality
Social language varies based on social context and situation. A text can reference or allude to other texts through intertextuality. Conversations involve interpreting issues from different perspectives and formulating responses based on what is heard or read, with conversations composed of many interactive acts among people in specific times and places.
Language and Gender
1) Research has found differences in the language used by men and women, with women using more hedges, tag questions, and precise language that expresses uncertainty.
2) According to Robin Lakoff, women use both hedging and boosting language devices to lack confidence, with hedges expressing uncertainty and boosters trying to persuade others.
3) Studies have shown that in cross-sex interactions, men frequently interrupt women but women less frequently interrupt men, and men tend to dominate conversations more.
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This document summarizes Bernstein's theory of linguistic codes and how social class influences language use. Bernstein argued that social class determines the linguistic code acquired, with working class children having access only to restricted codes while middle class children have access to both restricted and elaborate codes. Studies found working class children used more situational references and context-dependent language compared to middle class children. The socialization practices of different social classes, especially around interpersonal relationships, help explain why class influences the code and language acquired.
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Dr. Marquita Byrd established ByMar Communication Services in 2000 to promote multicultural communication, diversity, and inclusion through educational consulting, training workshops, and keynote speaking. The company aims to educate organizations on reducing issues like racism, sexism, and bullying in order to create more productive, stress-free work cultures and improve client satisfaction. ByMar's services include needs assessments, training program development, and visualization of how clients' futures will improve through addressing human factors like communication and relationships.
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- 1. LANGUAGE: COMMUNICATING WITH WORDS Interpersonal Communication Communication Studies Department San Jose State University Dr. Marquita L. Byrd
- 2. WHAT IS LANGUAGE? ๏ข A brush that we use to paint our picture of realty ๏ข Symbol system recognized by a speech community ๏ข Means of triggering meaning in another.
- 3. RULES OF LANGUAGE 1. Semantic Rules 2. Syntactic codes 3. Pragmatic 4. Grammatical 5. Phonological
- 5. THREE ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT LANGUAGE ๏ข Map is not the territory ๏ข The word is not the same ๏ข Meanings are in people not words
- 6. MEANINGS ๏ข Denotative: dictionary how the speech community uses a word ๏ข Connotative: personal meanings ๏ข Mother: denotative ๏ข Mother :connotative
- 7. LANGUAGE BARRIERS Allness: Etc. There is always someone who knows something that you donโt Static Evaluation: Dating: past, present future, when Fact inference confusion: Speaking inference as if it is a fact. Labeling: Jr. is retarded, Jr. seems delayed in his learning Polarization: Opposites in thought and language-Hyphen Generalizations: Superscript S1, S2, S3
- 8. TIME AND PLACE AND RELATIONSHIP ๏ข Change the way you talk ๏ข Generational differences ๏ข Language itself changes: selfie, photobomb texting, sexting, the net, surfing, chill ๏ฑ Gay ๏ฑ Dyke ๏ฑ Change by Geography ๏ฑ Soda, pop, soda water flavor strawberry may be called red Rubbernecker, lookie lou
- 10. DEROGATORY LANGUAGE Fag Nigger sand dollar Dyke Rag head Geezer Breeder Chink Pigs Nigger White boy Poor cracker Zebra Greaser Whore
- 11. BYPASSING Think they understand each other Using same words but different meanings
- 12. GUIDELINES 1. Words clear 2. Appropriate 3. Concrete 4. Reflect who I am talking to and the context 5. To me rather than is 6. Respect uniqueness 7. Try to grow