Fundamentals of logic

1. Logic 001

2. Language is man’s greatest invention.
Language follows from man’s inherent
rationality.
Language is the verbal form of our thoughts
and as such it is our vehicle or tool of
communication.
Language maybe defined as a set of symbols by
which things, ideas, and thoughts or feelings
are communicated to others.

3. Spoken – makes use of sound patterns
Written – makes use of visual (physical)
patterns.
e.g. love – l-o-v-e pag-ibig = p-a-g-i-b-i-g
Sound pattern is the linguistically accepted
sound whereby an idea, feeling or thought
can be verbalized. It is the word or term that
embodies an idea or thought.
Visual pattern is the linguistically accepted
way of writing a word or term

4. Four Elements
1. Symbol – a word, name, or phrase that is
used to signify something. E.g Chair
2. Referent – that which is symbolized or
denoted e.g. the object itself chair
3. Reference – the meaning or signification
existing between the symbol and the
referent. E.g. the idea of chair
4. Subject – the individual person who uses
the symbol e.g. the speaking person

5. 1. Pragmatics – linguistic science which deals with
the origin, derivation, and root word of
symbols or terms.
E.g. philosophy – comes from Greek words
Philo – love Sophia – wisdom
democracy – comes from Greek words
Demos – people Kratus – power
2. Semantics – A linguistic convention which treats
of the formal relations between symbols and
their meanings
- the science of meanings
3. Syntactics – a science of language which deals
with the formal relations between symbols as
specified in the rules of grammar.

6. 1. Informative function – to convey information e.g.
scientific facts
2. Practical function – to produce some effects e.g.
imperative statements
3. Expressive function – to evoke emotions e.g.
exclamatory statements
4. Performative function – to report something and to
perform what is being said e.g. I love you very
much accompanied with warm hug and kisses
5. Ceremonial function – to enrich social encounters
e.g. Good morning
6. Logical function – to reason, analyze, and clarify a
problem or an argument.
7. Complex function – mixture of two or more
functions of language. E.g. speeches, campaigns,
sermons