Application of GIS (Geographical information system)Fayaz Ahamed A P
This document discusses the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It begins by defining GIS as a collection of software, hardware, data, and personnel used to store, manipulate, analyze and present geographically referenced information. It then lists some key applications of GIS in transportation, water resource engineering, urban planning, construction, and analysis. For each application area, 1-2 examples are provided to illustrate how GIS can be used, such as analyzing transportation infrastructure and planning, modeling watershed areas and reservoir volumes for dam construction, integrating spatial and attribute data for urban planning, and performing various analyses to support design and management of infrastructure projects.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
GIS stands for geographic information system. It involves capturing, storing, manipulating, analyzing and displaying spatially referenced data on Earth. GIS is unique in that it handles spatial information referenced by location. It developed from technologies like digital cartography, CAD, and database management systems. The core components of a GIS are spatial data, hardware/software tools, and specific applications. Spatial data has characteristics like geometry, topology, location with attributes. GIS data can be stored in vector or raster models. GIS provides benefits like better information management, analysis, and scenario modeling for applications in facilities management, environmental analysis, transportation and more.
This document discusses GIS topology, which establishes rules for how geographic features share geometry and spatial relationships. Topology ensures data quality, enhances analysis, and manages coincident geometry. It has three components: connectivity between nodes and arcs, area definition using polygon boundaries, and contiguity to determine adjacent features. Topological rules prevent errors like overlaps, gaps, dangles and ensure proper containment of points and boundaries.
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
This document defines and describes Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It discusses that DEMs are 3D representations of land surface elevation from various data sources. There are two main types of DEMs - raster and vector (TIN). Data can be captured through remote sensing, photogrammetry, or land surveys. Free global DEMs are available from sources like SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS. DEMs have many applications including terrain analysis, hydrology, mapping, and more.
This presentation contains details of Geographic Information System. It focuses on definition, components of GIS, spatial and non-spatial data. This is useful for students, teachers and scholars of Geography, Environmental science and allied subjects. It is a part of 'One Week workshop on QGIS' organized by
Krantisinh Nana Patil College, Walwa (Sangli), G.D. Bapu Lad College, Kundal and Deptt of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
The document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. It discusses how GIS organizes and analyzes spatial data through data management, analysis, and visualization. It describes different data types including vector, raster, and imagery data. It also explains key concepts such as layers, modeling geospatial reality, and coding vector and raster data. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of vector and raster data models. It introduces remote sensing and describes platforms and sensors used to collect spatial data from aircraft and satellites.
Application of GIS (Geographical information system)Fayaz Ahamed A P
This document discusses the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It begins by defining GIS as a collection of software, hardware, data, and personnel used to store, manipulate, analyze and present geographically referenced information. It then lists some key applications of GIS in transportation, water resource engineering, urban planning, construction, and analysis. For each application area, 1-2 examples are provided to illustrate how GIS can be used, such as analyzing transportation infrastructure and planning, modeling watershed areas and reservoir volumes for dam construction, integrating spatial and attribute data for urban planning, and performing various analyses to support design and management of infrastructure projects.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
GIS stands for geographic information system. It involves capturing, storing, manipulating, analyzing and displaying spatially referenced data on Earth. GIS is unique in that it handles spatial information referenced by location. It developed from technologies like digital cartography, CAD, and database management systems. The core components of a GIS are spatial data, hardware/software tools, and specific applications. Spatial data has characteristics like geometry, topology, location with attributes. GIS data can be stored in vector or raster models. GIS provides benefits like better information management, analysis, and scenario modeling for applications in facilities management, environmental analysis, transportation and more.
This document discusses GIS topology, which establishes rules for how geographic features share geometry and spatial relationships. Topology ensures data quality, enhances analysis, and manages coincident geometry. It has three components: connectivity between nodes and arcs, area definition using polygon boundaries, and contiguity to determine adjacent features. Topological rules prevent errors like overlaps, gaps, dangles and ensure proper containment of points and boundaries.
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
This document defines and describes Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It discusses that DEMs are 3D representations of land surface elevation from various data sources. There are two main types of DEMs - raster and vector (TIN). Data can be captured through remote sensing, photogrammetry, or land surveys. Free global DEMs are available from sources like SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS. DEMs have many applications including terrain analysis, hydrology, mapping, and more.
This presentation contains details of Geographic Information System. It focuses on definition, components of GIS, spatial and non-spatial data. This is useful for students, teachers and scholars of Geography, Environmental science and allied subjects. It is a part of 'One Week workshop on QGIS' organized by
Krantisinh Nana Patil College, Walwa (Sangli), G.D. Bapu Lad College, Kundal and Deptt of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
The document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. It discusses how GIS organizes and analyzes spatial data through data management, analysis, and visualization. It describes different data types including vector, raster, and imagery data. It also explains key concepts such as layers, modeling geospatial reality, and coding vector and raster data. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of vector and raster data models. It introduces remote sensing and describes platforms and sensors used to collect spatial data from aircraft and satellites.
Spectral signatures are the specific combination of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected at different wavelengths that can uniquely identify an object. A spectral signature depends on factors like the solar angle, view angle, surface wetness, and surrounding materials. While spectral signatures can indicate the composition of stars or distinguish between minerals based on their chemical makeup, they have limitations and may not always provide enough information, such as indicating the desired parameter for vegetation or simulating what a satellite sensor would see due to differences between laboratory and field measurements.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, manage, analyze and display spatially-referenced information. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, methods, and personnel. GIS allows users to analyze spatial relationships, patterns and trends and answer "what if" questions. Common data types in GIS are spatial data, which represents geographic features and their attributes. Vector and raster are two main data structures, with different strengths for various uses. Geoprocessing tools allow manipulation of spatial data through operations like buffers, overlays and analysis.
Interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matterAbdullah Khan
This document summarizes the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It discusses how EMR is radiated from the sun and interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. It interacts through absorption, scattering, reflection and transmission. The document outlines the different types of scattering that can occur in the atmosphere as well as atmospheric windows and absorption. It also discusses how EMR interacts with the Earth's surface through absorption, reflection and transmission and the different types of reflection. Finally, it provides examples of spectral reflectance properties of different materials like vegetation, soil and water.
The document discusses map scales. It explains that maps are scaled down representations of areas of the world so they can fit on a sheet of paper. It states that map scales show the relationship between distances on a map and actual distances on the ground. Scales allow the determination of distances between places and the sizes of landmarks. The document also provides examples of how map scales can be expressed as statements, ratios, or linear scales.
Accuracy assessment is an essential step in any remote sensing classification. It involves collecting reference data through methods like GPS ground sampling and comparing the classifications to determine accuracy. Key aspects of accuracy assessment include error matrices to calculate overall, user's, and producer's accuracies. User's accuracy indicates errors of commission while producer's accuracy reflects errors of omission. ERDAS Imagine software can be used to import reference data and generate accuracy reports to evaluate classification performance.
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information. GIS is a system for storing and analyzing spatial data and its relationships. GPS provides location data that allows features to be mapped and located using GIS. Together, GPS and GIS enable accurate mapping and analysis of geographic features and their attributes.
There are three main types of satellite orbits: synchronous, polar, and inclined. Synchronous orbits allow satellites to remain stationary over a fixed point on Earth's surface. Communication satellites are often placed in synchronous orbits 36,000 km above the equator. Polar orbits pass over the north and south poles at altitudes of 900-1000 km and are used for remote sensing. Inclined orbits can also communicate with polar regions and are used domestically in countries like Russia near the North Pole.
Digital cartography involves the generation, storage, and editing of maps using computers. It has advantages over analog cartography like easier storage, updating, and access to data. Data is collected through remote sensing, aerial photography, scanning, and digitizing. GPS is also used. Digital databases store spatial and non-spatial data. Analysis and representation of data is facilitated using GIS tools. Digital cartography has made mapping accessible to non-specialists.
GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting Earth to provide location and time information to GPS receivers. The satellites circle the planet every 12 hours across multiple orbital planes inclined at 55 degrees to the equator, ensuring signals from 8-10 satellites are visible from any point on Earth. GPS receivers triangulate their position by measuring the time delay of signals from 3 or more satellites, determining distance based on the time required for signals to travel. Factors like ionosphere delays, multipath signals, and satellite geometry can introduce errors, but parallel channel receivers maintain locks on satellites to provide accuracy within 15 meters.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system for capturing, storing, integrating, analyzing and displaying spatially-referenced data. Key components of GIS include data input, storage, management, analysis and output. GIS handles spatial data referenced by location and allows analysis of relationships based on spatial proximity. GIS has a wide range of applications in fields like government, agriculture, business, environment and research.
The document discusses the raster data model. The key points are:
- Raster data is represented as a grid of cells (pixels) organized into rows and columns. Each cell contains a value representing information.
- Common raster data types include satellite imagery, digital elevation models, and scanned maps.
- Raster data has advantages for modeling and analysis but disadvantages for representing linear features and conforming to cartographic standards due to resolution issues.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects without physical contact. It works by sensing and recording electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from targets. The key components are an energy source, sensor, platforms, and data analysis to extract information. Sensors can be optical, thermal, or microwave. Platforms include satellites, aircraft, and ground bases. Applications of remote sensing include agriculture, forestry, geology, hydrology, urban planning, and national security.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
Map Projections, Datums, GIS and GPS for EveryoneDr. Geophysics
The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) and related technologies:
- GPS uses signals from satellites to determine position based on triangulating distances to multiple satellites. Originally developed for military purposes, it is now widely used for civilian navigation.
- Early methods of determining position involved triangulating angles between known landmarks. GPS replaced this with satellites as reference points and measuring distances through signal travel times.
- Advances like using multiple satellites in different orbital planes and transmitting dual frequencies allowed GPS to provide global coverage and high-precision positioning anywhere on Earth.
Energy interaction with earth surface featuressuchismita11
Electromagnetic energy interacts with earth surface features through transmission, reflection, and absorption. The proportion of energy transmitted, reflected, or absorbed depends on factors like the material composition of the feature and the wavelength of the energy. Remote sensing is interested in the reflected energy, which can be specular or diffuse depending on the roughness of the surface relative to the wavelength. The spectral reflectance of a feature varies with wavelength and is characteristic of the material, showing absorption features related to constituents like water and chlorophyll in vegetation. Thermal emission or absorption also depends on the temperature of the feature relative to its surroundings.
SPOT satellites provide medium to high resolution images of Earth's surface. There have been four SPOT satellites launched since 1986, each carrying multi-spectral and panchromatic sensors. SPOT satellites orbit at an altitude of 822km, with scenes sizes of 60km by 60km or 60km by 80km. Imaging is performed in three spectral bands - green, red, and near infrared - which can be combined to produce color composite images with 20m resolution. Receiving stations in Toulouse, France and Kiruna, Sweden download telemetry from the satellites.
Knowledge Exchange mission SUSWA project 30 November – 5 December 2014, Kajia...SamSamWater Foundation
This document describes a project to improve water yields for villages in Tanzania through rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge. A 1989 water scheme was experiencing declining yields, so from 2006-2014 monitoring and pilots were conducted. A strategy of increasing groundwater recharge through rainwater infiltration was tested. A hillside dam and infiltration pits successfully recharged an estimated 2.5 million liters, increasing dry season yields from 0.3 to 0.8 liters/second. Proper maintenance and community involvement were important to the project's sustainability. While challenges remain, the results demonstrate that rainwater harvesting can significantly improve rural water supplies.
There are many options and technologies available to apply the 3R concept in a watershed. During the Knowledge Exchange mission several 3R technologies that might be applied in the Kajiado area were introduced to the participants. Sander de Haas (PWN / SamSamWater) gave a presentation on several 3R technologies.
Spectral signatures are the specific combination of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected at different wavelengths that can uniquely identify an object. A spectral signature depends on factors like the solar angle, view angle, surface wetness, and surrounding materials. While spectral signatures can indicate the composition of stars or distinguish between minerals based on their chemical makeup, they have limitations and may not always provide enough information, such as indicating the desired parameter for vegetation or simulating what a satellite sensor would see due to differences between laboratory and field measurements.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, manage, analyze and display spatially-referenced information. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, methods, and personnel. GIS allows users to analyze spatial relationships, patterns and trends and answer "what if" questions. Common data types in GIS are spatial data, which represents geographic features and their attributes. Vector and raster are two main data structures, with different strengths for various uses. Geoprocessing tools allow manipulation of spatial data through operations like buffers, overlays and analysis.
Interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matterAbdullah Khan
This document summarizes the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It discusses how EMR is radiated from the sun and interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. It interacts through absorption, scattering, reflection and transmission. The document outlines the different types of scattering that can occur in the atmosphere as well as atmospheric windows and absorption. It also discusses how EMR interacts with the Earth's surface through absorption, reflection and transmission and the different types of reflection. Finally, it provides examples of spectral reflectance properties of different materials like vegetation, soil and water.
The document discusses map scales. It explains that maps are scaled down representations of areas of the world so they can fit on a sheet of paper. It states that map scales show the relationship between distances on a map and actual distances on the ground. Scales allow the determination of distances between places and the sizes of landmarks. The document also provides examples of how map scales can be expressed as statements, ratios, or linear scales.
Accuracy assessment is an essential step in any remote sensing classification. It involves collecting reference data through methods like GPS ground sampling and comparing the classifications to determine accuracy. Key aspects of accuracy assessment include error matrices to calculate overall, user's, and producer's accuracies. User's accuracy indicates errors of commission while producer's accuracy reflects errors of omission. ERDAS Imagine software can be used to import reference data and generate accuracy reports to evaluate classification performance.
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information. GIS is a system for storing and analyzing spatial data and its relationships. GPS provides location data that allows features to be mapped and located using GIS. Together, GPS and GIS enable accurate mapping and analysis of geographic features and their attributes.
There are three main types of satellite orbits: synchronous, polar, and inclined. Synchronous orbits allow satellites to remain stationary over a fixed point on Earth's surface. Communication satellites are often placed in synchronous orbits 36,000 km above the equator. Polar orbits pass over the north and south poles at altitudes of 900-1000 km and are used for remote sensing. Inclined orbits can also communicate with polar regions and are used domestically in countries like Russia near the North Pole.
Digital cartography involves the generation, storage, and editing of maps using computers. It has advantages over analog cartography like easier storage, updating, and access to data. Data is collected through remote sensing, aerial photography, scanning, and digitizing. GPS is also used. Digital databases store spatial and non-spatial data. Analysis and representation of data is facilitated using GIS tools. Digital cartography has made mapping accessible to non-specialists.
GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting Earth to provide location and time information to GPS receivers. The satellites circle the planet every 12 hours across multiple orbital planes inclined at 55 degrees to the equator, ensuring signals from 8-10 satellites are visible from any point on Earth. GPS receivers triangulate their position by measuring the time delay of signals from 3 or more satellites, determining distance based on the time required for signals to travel. Factors like ionosphere delays, multipath signals, and satellite geometry can introduce errors, but parallel channel receivers maintain locks on satellites to provide accuracy within 15 meters.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system for capturing, storing, integrating, analyzing and displaying spatially-referenced data. Key components of GIS include data input, storage, management, analysis and output. GIS handles spatial data referenced by location and allows analysis of relationships based on spatial proximity. GIS has a wide range of applications in fields like government, agriculture, business, environment and research.
The document discusses the raster data model. The key points are:
- Raster data is represented as a grid of cells (pixels) organized into rows and columns. Each cell contains a value representing information.
- Common raster data types include satellite imagery, digital elevation models, and scanned maps.
- Raster data has advantages for modeling and analysis but disadvantages for representing linear features and conforming to cartographic standards due to resolution issues.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects without physical contact. It works by sensing and recording electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from targets. The key components are an energy source, sensor, platforms, and data analysis to extract information. Sensors can be optical, thermal, or microwave. Platforms include satellites, aircraft, and ground bases. Applications of remote sensing include agriculture, forestry, geology, hydrology, urban planning, and national security.
Remote Sensing: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Kamlesh Kumar
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
Map Projections, Datums, GIS and GPS for EveryoneDr. Geophysics
The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) and related technologies:
- GPS uses signals from satellites to determine position based on triangulating distances to multiple satellites. Originally developed for military purposes, it is now widely used for civilian navigation.
- Early methods of determining position involved triangulating angles between known landmarks. GPS replaced this with satellites as reference points and measuring distances through signal travel times.
- Advances like using multiple satellites in different orbital planes and transmitting dual frequencies allowed GPS to provide global coverage and high-precision positioning anywhere on Earth.
Energy interaction with earth surface featuressuchismita11
Electromagnetic energy interacts with earth surface features through transmission, reflection, and absorption. The proportion of energy transmitted, reflected, or absorbed depends on factors like the material composition of the feature and the wavelength of the energy. Remote sensing is interested in the reflected energy, which can be specular or diffuse depending on the roughness of the surface relative to the wavelength. The spectral reflectance of a feature varies with wavelength and is characteristic of the material, showing absorption features related to constituents like water and chlorophyll in vegetation. Thermal emission or absorption also depends on the temperature of the feature relative to its surroundings.
SPOT satellites provide medium to high resolution images of Earth's surface. There have been four SPOT satellites launched since 1986, each carrying multi-spectral and panchromatic sensors. SPOT satellites orbit at an altitude of 822km, with scenes sizes of 60km by 60km or 60km by 80km. Imaging is performed in three spectral bands - green, red, and near infrared - which can be combined to produce color composite images with 20m resolution. Receiving stations in Toulouse, France and Kiruna, Sweden download telemetry from the satellites.
Knowledge Exchange mission SUSWA project 30 November – 5 December 2014, Kajia...SamSamWater Foundation
This document describes a project to improve water yields for villages in Tanzania through rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge. A 1989 water scheme was experiencing declining yields, so from 2006-2014 monitoring and pilots were conducted. A strategy of increasing groundwater recharge through rainwater infiltration was tested. A hillside dam and infiltration pits successfully recharged an estimated 2.5 million liters, increasing dry season yields from 0.3 to 0.8 liters/second. Proper maintenance and community involvement were important to the project's sustainability. While challenges remain, the results demonstrate that rainwater harvesting can significantly improve rural water supplies.
There are many options and technologies available to apply the 3R concept in a watershed. During the Knowledge Exchange mission several 3R technologies that might be applied in the Kajiado area were introduced to the participants. Sander de Haas (PWN / SamSamWater) gave a presentation on several 3R technologies.
3R Environmental considerations
SUSWA K-Ex, Kajiado, 31 October 2012
Luuk Fleskens
Water source site management
Wider environmental management
Resource use patterns
Diversification of sources and uses
The document discusses problems with access to water and sanitation in developing countries and potential low-cost innovations to address these issues. Over 894 million people lack access to improved water sources, 2.6 billion lack improved sanitation, and 780 million use unsafe drinking water. This leads to health and education problems, with almost 10,000 children dying daily from water-related diseases. The document then presents several low-cost, low-tech, practical innovations for water and sanitation, such as the Q Drum, Berkad solar still, hydraulic ram pump, tippy tap, and LifeStraw, that could help solve the identified problems in an affordable manner.
Strategies for environment protection (Sociology)Farhan Ali Khan
Strategies for environment protection include educating oneself and others about protecting nature from destruction through awareness programs, discussions, and audiovisual materials. Student exhibitions and environment education in schools and colleges aim to help understand environment problems. Motivating different groups like slum dwellers, city elite, and the public against harmful policies involves organizing citizen groups, women, and people's participation through protest marches and utilizing media and voluntary organizations for campaigns.
Kenya; Rainwater Harvesting For Increased Agricultural Production In KenyaV9X
The document discusses rainwater harvesting techniques used in Kenya such as roof catchment systems, water ponds, sand dams, and shallow wells which are implemented by the Kenya Rainwater Association to improve agricultural production and access to water. The Kenya Rainwater Association's goals are to promote integrated rainwater management systems and complementary technologies to improve food security, livelihoods, and sustainable development.
Jonathan Muriuki presented on evergreen agriculture in East Africa. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) and evergreen agriculture were presented as alternatives that maintain soil cover year-round. Evergreen agriculture integrates trees with annual crops to create a "double-story" system. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa were provided. Key components needed for successful scaling up were identified as germplasm, characterization of systems, knowledge management approaches, and enabling policies and extension networks.
This document outlines best practices for a tree management program in Malawi over three years. It discusses:
1) Planting trees on farms in a spaced pattern to allow for thinning over time.
2) Planting timber species recommended by ICRAF to provide wood products for households.
3) Farmers must attend trainings on proper site preparation, planting techniques, and care of the tree nurseries and young plantations.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change and loss of land on Maasai women in Kenya. It notes that Maasai women experience food insecurity due to lack of land and livestock ownership in their patriarchal society. Climate change has exacerbated this through more frequent droughts that force women to walk long distances to find water and grazing land. While women are most severely affected, they are not involved in decision-making around policies to mitigate these issues. There is a need to empower Maasai women and include them in discussions to address the challenges they face from climate change and loss of traditional lands and livelihoods.
This article discusses the use of polythene tube silage technology by smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya to prepare for the dry season. It describes how demonstrations of the technique were conducted for farmer groups and how farmer trainers were trained to disseminate the method to others. Using the new method, farmers are able to tightly pack chopped forage mixed with molasses into polythene tubes to ferment and store as silage for dry season feed. The silage technique is spreading rapidly among farmers as a way to conserve excess forage produced during rainy seasons. Bicycles are also being provided to farmer trainers and mobilizers to help them more easily access rural farmers to conduct training and follow up activities.
The document summarizes the AGRICAB project, which used satellite data and models to help manage agriculture in Africa between 2011-2015. The 17 partner project developed methods to assess fodder biomass production and livestock mortality in several African countries using remote sensing. It trained over 100 people through workshops and supported several PhD students. The overall goal was to enhance the use of earth observation for agriculture and forestry management in Africa.
Options for increasing livestock water productivity in the Nile basinILRI
Presented by D. Peden, M. Alemayehu, T. Amede, H. Faki, A. Haileslassie, M. Herrero, D. Mpairwe, G. Taddesse and P. van Breugel at the Nile Basin Development Forum, Khartoum, Sudan, 17-19 November 2008
Introducing the CLEANED framework for environmental ex-ante impact assessmen...ILRI
Presented by Mats Lannerstad (ILRI), An Notenbaert (CIAT), Birthe Paul (CIAT), Simon Fraval (ILRI), Ylva Ran (SEI), Jeanne Morris (SEI), Jessica Koge (CIAT), Simon Mugatha (ILRI), Edmund Githoro (ILRI), Jennie Barron (SEI) and Mario Herrero (CSIRO) at CLEANED Validation, Synthesis and Planning Workshop, Machakos, Kenya, 30-31 October 2014
W11-Module 11 Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine H...LuisSalenga1
1. Agrarian reform policies in the Philippines aimed to restructure the agricultural system and redistribute land ownership more equitably among farmers.
2. Under Spanish colonial rule, land was owned by the king and farmers could only work the land as tenants but not own it. The hacienda system exploited Filipino laborers.
3. The Americans introduced some land reforms but these had limited success due to lack of support systems for farmer land recipients.
4. Post-independence governments pursued further agrarian reforms through agencies like NARRA and land acts, but large-scale redistribution remained elusive.
The document summarizes various issues facing farmers in Nueva Ecija province, Philippines. It discusses 1) the Mambayu farmers who have cultivated abandoned lands since 1992 but face attempts by others to displace them, 2) disputes over 3,100 hectares of the Fort Magsaysay Military Reservation that were designated for agrarian reform but have faced attempts by private groups to lay claim to the lands, and 3) the displacement of Igorot communities around the Pantabangan reservoir by energy companies promoting reforestation projects that involve cultivating commercial crops. It also notes widespread cancellation of certificates designating land reform and ongoing preservation of large haciendas, indicating the failure of agrarian reform to achieve genuine
The document discusses two indigenous groups in Southwestern Africa: the Bushmen and the Khoikhoi Hottentots. The Bushmen are among the most ancient populations in the world and are characterized by an average height of five feet, unique facial features, and lighter skin than the taller Bantu groups that have largely displaced them. They maintained a hunter-gatherer and pastoral lifestyle until recently. Descendants of the Stone Age, Bushmen inhabited southern Africa for around 30,000 years and are also known as Khoikhoi, Hottentots, and San.
The document discusses land tenure reforms in Cameroon and their negative impacts, particularly on women. It focuses on the 1994 Forestry Law which established community forests but maintained state ownership of land. This has disadvantaged women by prioritizing men's timber exploitation over women's collection of non-timber forest products. The law's requirements also empower educated men over marginalized groups like women. However, a recent project demonstrated that improving organization and market access can help women benefit commercially from non-timber products under the law.
Land tenure in pastoralist society: Pastoralists Land RightsLoupa Pius
Pastoralists are among the most politically and economically marginalized communities in the world. Marginalized in the context of limited access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods depend, and very limited access to basic socio-economic services and infrastructure. Limited or uncertain resource tenure and access to, or ownership of land, water and other resources is a long-term fundamental constraint for pastoralism.
These challenges account for the poverty and lack of essential services thus categorized as; climate change, political and economic marginalization, inappropriate development policies, and increasing resource competition.
Pastoral communities increasingly shift away from the areas that are no longer viable, into areas that are less dry with more predictable rainfall patterns. This form of human migration induced by demographic pressure and environmental stressors is often accompanied by conflict between customary and statutory land tenure arrangements and services which in turn fuels tensions among multiple resource users.
The document discusses the Yanomani people, an indigenous group living in the Amazon rainforest. It describes their traditional nomadic lifestyle and how they practice shifting cultivation. However, their way of life is now threatened by illegal gold miners (garimpeiros) invading their land, bringing disease and environmental damage. The Brazilian government has created a Yanomani Park to protect their territory, but some oppose setting aside this large area of land. Large-scale development projects in the Amazon are also discussed, such as roads, mining, dams and logging, and their impacts on the local environment and people.
The laikipia crisis and the disenfranchisement of kenyans in the northshongolo Abdullahi
The document discusses the historical land injustices faced by the Maasai people in Laikipia County, Kenya. It describes how the British colonial authorities forcibly moved the Maasai from their grazing lands in 1904 and 1911 to establish white settlements and reserves, depriving the Maasai of 50-70% of their land. This injustice forms the basis of ongoing claims by the Maasai community to lands now occupied by white ranchers. The ranchers have adopted strategies like promoting conservation to maintain control over the land and resist forfeiting it back to the original owners.
Setting boundaries: Legislation of communal pasture areasILRI
Presentation by Birgit Boogaard and Michaela Cosijn at a training course for extension officers on sustainable management of communal pasture areas, Vilanculos, Mozambique, 8 November 2012.
Under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, land was owned by the Spanish crown and Catholic religious orders, not by Filipinos. Filipinos were assigned land to farm and had to pay tribute to Spanish authorities and landowners. This led to an abusive system where Filipino farmers were exploited. Under American rule, some reforms attempted to allow private land ownership but ultimately benefited American and wealthy Filipino landowners, worsening inequality. The Hukbalahap uprising in the 1930s was a result of peasant grievances over land ownership and tenancy issues. Subsequent administrations attempted land reform programs with varying success, constrained by a lack of funding and resistance from powerful landowners.
This document provides an overview of West and Central Africa based on a World Geography textbook chapter. It covers the Sahel region, coastal countries, Nigeria, and Central Africa. Key points include: the Sahel's history of trade empires and current environmental challenges; how coastal location encouraged trade but also economic struggles since independence; Nigeria's varying regions defined by settlement patterns and effect of military rule; and how the Congo River aids Central Africa but the region also faces political turmoil like in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The document discusses the transformation of indigenous governance in the Colombian Amazon over the past 30 years. It describes how indigenous groups have struggled to assert their identity and rights to their ancestral territories. With legal recognition of indigenous lands and rights in the 1990s Constitution, indigenous peoples have increasingly governed their own territories through their own organizations. The document outlines the progress made in strengthening indigenous culture, education, healthcare, and sustainable development projects through these governance systems. However, it also notes new threats from mining interests seeking to extract resources within indigenous territories.
The document discusses the socio-economic conditions facing artisanal gold mining communities in eastern Congo. It finds that poverty is widespread as corrupt elites syphon off most of the wealth from gold reserves, leaving families struggling. Women face daily violence and exploitation as traditional structures have broken down. Children are forced to work in mines instead of school. As industrial mining expands, thousands of artisanal miners will lose their livelihoods with little support to transition to alternative work. The report calls for assistance to help women improve farming, access microcredit, and develop new income sources to support their families.
The document provides a history of agrarian reform in the Philippines from pre-colonial times to the present. It discusses the different land ownership systems under Spanish colonial rule, the American era, and various post-independence administrations. Several presidents introduced new laws and programs to address land inequality and tenant issues, but most programs faced challenges in implementation and fully resolving land ownership problems. Agrarian reform remains an ongoing process in the Philippines to this day.
This document provides a history of agrarian reform efforts in the Philippines from pre-colonial times through the Marcos era. It describes land ownership and cultivation practices in pre-colonial times, the introduction of an abusive encomienda system under Spanish rule, and various American and post-WWII initiatives that aimed to address inequitable land distribution but largely failed due to lack of funding and support. The Agricultural Land Reform Code passed under President Macapagal was the most comprehensive agrarian reform law, though its implementation was limited in scope.
Here is a draft essay on the significance of the Reformed faith for the success of the Dutch Revolt:
Introduction: The Dutch Revolt of the late 16th century established the foundations of the modern Netherlands as an independent republic. While political and economic factors contributed to the revolt, the spread of Calvinist Protestantism, or the Reformed faith, was hugely significant in galvanizing opposition to Spanish Habsburg rule and sustaining the revolt until Dutch independence was achieved.
The Spread of Calvinism: In the decades prior to the revolt, Calvinist ideas spread rapidly through the Netherlands, especially in the northern provinces. Calvinism appealed to many Dutch due to its emphasis on direct relationship with God without need of priests, as well
Threats to the communal pasture system in usangu roll 29 31sagar gautam
The communal pasture system in Usangu Plains, Tanzania is threatened by several factors. Intense grazing pressure has led to bush encroachment degrading the pastures. Livestock diseases have increased due to overgrazing. Immigrant farmers have converted pasture lands to rice fields, further reducing available grazing areas. The remaining rangeland is now open access and overgrazed by multiple ethnic pastoralist groups, disrupting traditional practices. The government has proposed establishing managed communal lands and encouraging pastoralist organizations, but privatization risks negatively impacting poorer community members' access to resources.
Environmental planning: Livable City and extinctionTitus Velez
Human activities like overhunting, deforestation, pollution, and climate change are threatening plant and animal species with extinction. If resources are not managed properly, this will degrade habitats and ecosystems, endangering biodiversity and humans. While laws and policies aim to address these problems, implementation is lacking. Increased environmental education and stakeholder involvement are needed to translate policies into action to promote sustainable resource use and prevent further extinctions.
THE RIGHT TO DECIDE: The Importance of respecting free, Prior and Informed C...Dr Lendy Spires
Many indigenous peoples live in vast wilderness areas that are biodiverse and essential to their survival. Their lives are intertwined with the natural world, so environmental degradation affects their ability to access food and water. Extractive projects can disrupt indigenous peoples' relationships with their territories and threaten their cultural survival. Companies operating in indigenous areas need to understand these connections to properly assess how their activities may affect indigenous rights and determine their responsibilities.
Environmental justice and the role of environmental professionalsBarryawade
This document discusses three critical environmental problems in Jamaica: landlessness, squatting, and environmental refugees. It summarizes the causes and impacts of each problem, and calls for multi-disciplinary approaches and new thinking from environmental professionals to help address these issues. Landlessness stems from colonial practices and a lack of land rights. Squatting provides shelter for many but damages the environment and communities. Environmental refugees are displaced by environmental crises. New land policies and spatial planning are needed, as well as assessment of vulnerable settlements.
Similar to Land tenure systems in Masailand (focus on Kajiado county Kenya) (20)
Hydrological reconnaissance for rural water projects using free online inform...SamSamWater Foundation
Presentation for the 6th Rural Water Supply Network Forum, Kampala, 2011
Abstract
Free online information can be beneficial in the preparation, design and implementation of rural water projects. Free online sources of meteorological data (rainfall, evaporation), maps (topography, geology), aerial imagery and elevation data are presented together with examples of how this information has been used in rural water projects. This online information can never fully substitute field observations and measurements, but it can provide valuable additional information and make preparation, design and implementation of rural water projects more efficient and successful.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Land tenure systems in Masailand (focus on Kajiado county Kenya)
1. LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN MASAILAND (FOCUS ON KAJIADO
COUNTY)
The evolution of land tenure systems in Kajiado
can best be illustrated by the change in
political leadership of the land.
These can be stated as pre-colonial, colonial,
independence (Jomo Kenyatta), Post
independence (Moi), Current (Kibaki & Uhuru
2. Pre-colonial
Historically the Maasai were the first inhabitants
of East Africa.
They came along the river Nile and settled in
Kenya and practiced a nomadic pastoralist
land tenure system.
This was strongly guided by nomadic way of life,
pegged on availability of pasture and water
resources.
3. Pre-colonial
They settled within the former white highlands in
Kenya and that is why the present names of
popular towns in the area bear Maasai names.
These include:
Nanyuki-
Nakuru-
Laikipia –
Nairobi-
Kinangop-
Naivasha-
Nyahururu-
4. Pre-colonial
They were known as the kings of East Africa.
They were roving all over and never believed
in land privatization or land ownership. They
believed land belonged to the present and
future generation and that land can never be a
commodity for sale. It was a natural asset for
all to use. Land ownership and privatization is
an alien concept to the Maasai pastoralists.
5. Colonial
It was the onset of the scramble for Africa when
Kenya was partitioned to be under the British
rule in the early 1890’s. The British were the
first newcomers who manipulated the Maasai
out of their land through fraud, cheating and
physically forcing the Maasai out of the above
mentioned areas. There were several land
agreements which were made between the
spiritual Maasai leader Olonana and the British
in 1904 and 1910
6. Colonial
These agreements opened the way for the
British to push the Maasai out of the land
popularly known as the white highlands by
force. The Maasai protested and there is a
known case by Olegilisho taken to the UK to
resist and question the British occupation of
the Maasai land.
7. Colonial
As colonialists, they introduced the British land
laws that were detrimental to the nomadic
pastoralists land tenure system e.g land
ownership and privatization. Using these laws,
the Maasai were pushed out. Majority came
down south, the rest went west and some went
towards Mt. Kenya.
8. Kenyatta Regime
The first regime, during independence adapted
in total the British land tenure system. The
Maasai land was subdivided into three zones,
high potential, medium potential and low
potential.
9. Kenyatta Regime
Within the high potential areas, the land was
divided into small farms between 100-1000
acres for high crops e.g. along Ngong hills and
Loitokitok. Also in the early sixties, the national
parks were carved out of Maasai Land e.g.
Nairobi , Amboseli, Tsavo West and Maasai
Mara national parks. These high potential
zones and national parks were the best dry
season grazing areas using the pastoral land
tenure system.
10. Kenyatta Regime
The medium potential parts which were very
good ranch lands for livestock rearing were
divided into individual ranches ranging from
1000-5000 acres. The high potential and the
medium potential areas were allocated to the
influential and elite at that time e.g. Chiefs,
Pastors, and teachers.
11. Kenyatta Regime
The lower potential which is mainly arid and
semi arid was subdivided into group ranches
where land is owned communally as a group.
And membership ranged from 100-1000 per
household
12. Moi Regime
80% of Maasai land was under group ranch
system until early 1984 where the group
ranches were dissolved and the clamor for
privatization of group ranches started. And
now, over 70% of group ranches have been
dissolved and privatized. This opened a
Pandora’s box and a crisis for the majority of
the pastoralists where land became a
commodity for sale.
13. Moi Regime
There was a big rush to Maasai land to buy land.
Presently over 30% of former group ranches
have been sold to outsiders. This was the
beginning of another land tenure system
where the land use policy changed from
pastoralism to individual titles and new
practices of land use systems were introduced
e.g agri-business, horticulture, kenchick,
flower farms etc.
14. Current situation
The above land use systems introduced had
great impact on the fragile environment. e.g.
high use of fertilizers, GMO, overuse of
underground water to appoint where the land
may not be economically viable for those new
activity in the near future.
15. Current Situation
This new land tenure system after privatization
completely disrupted the ecosystem of this
fragile environment e.g. the wildlife corridors
were completely disrupted, the ground water
system exhausted/over exploited making
traditional wells to dry up.
16. Current situation
It has also disrupted the traditional social set up
where families are nolonger living together as
families but as individuals. The new law of
trespassing became the order of the day
creating crises, misunderstanding, and loss of
family values.
17. Impact of current land tenure
system
Both side of the land along Nairobi Namanga road
has been sold 20-30km inwards creating a buffer
zone across the county. The land control boards
are completely overwhelmed by the number of
land brokers who control the buying and selling of
land in the county. There could be more land
brokers than land sellers in Kajiado county. They
exploit the illiterate pastoralists by taking more
than half of the sale proceeds of the land.
The lawyers are conduits for this mischief. There
are several cases of land fraud, land cheating,
land manipulation e.g. when you have a joint title,
there are cases of joint titles where titles have a
lot of fraud
18. Impact of current land tenure
system
Some of the threats and impacts of the land sale are as
follows
Assimilation: Because of the new comers overtaking
ownership of land, the Maasai pastoralists are under threat of
being assimilated into other communities
Wildlife threat: Because of the encroachment of new comers
and closing up of livestock corridors, the wildlife movement is
under threat and that can completely threaten the existence
of wildlife in this country.
The production of beef: Pastoral land is diminishing and this
will lead to less rearing of beef animals leading to importation
of meat from other countries.
The over exploitation of underground water: given the fact
that this is a dry area with less rainfall. Most of the
newcomers are drilling boreholes hence over exploitation of
ground water resources.
19. Impact of current land tenure
system
Environmental degradation. ASAL areas are
fragile and they have got special land tenure
system for livestock keeping and any other land
use system may lead to environmental
degradation.
Leadership: Local leadership is in jeopardy
because of numerical strength of new comers eg.
Kajiado East, Kajiado Central and Kajiado South.
Rural Urban migration. Dropout pastoralist who
became paupers/ beggars.
Mushrooming of shanty towns e.g. Mile 46, Bissil,
Ngatataek leading to the Maasai to be living in
slums.
20. The way out (Kenny’s Words)
I say the way out because it is not the way forward because we are
in a trap. We must therefore develop local mechanisms to get out of
the trap. Many at times, leaders, organizations, lament about the
consequences of the new land tenure system but very few fear to
rock the boat. It is time that we stopped lamenting and take the bull
by its horns. E.g. presently, in most cases, you find local
administrators spearheading the land buying and land selling. Most
of them are land brokers. The elite should be on the forefront in
educating the public on the consequences of land selling. They
should provoke debates and name and shame the perpetrators of
this heinous thing.
It is also possible to propose to the new county administration to put
a moratorium on land sells for even ten years until a new generation
comes up. The county should also develop a fund for study of land
injustices and to help poor and vulnerable groups that are
aggrieved. It should also help equitable subdivision of group
ranches and dissolve group ranch committees that have been the
culprits of inequality and unfair allocation. They can set up a
commission.
21. The way out
Physical planning: the county physical planning must be revisited,
reviewed and must be in tandem with the new constitutional
dispensation on land planning. Where physical planning was
violated, it should be nullified. That is now taking the bull by its
horns.
Respect to environmental impact assessment reports and plans.
The county should take a stand. E.g. the flower firms, quarries in
Engirrgirri, dumping of waste, sand harvesting and the companies
should be made to respect their social responsibilities.
(Environmental management plans).
The county should revisit the concession agreements of big
companies so as to engage the locals in revenue sharing.
The county and the local leaders should keenly follow up the
national land commission policies and deliberations in order to
develop and comprehensive strategy that will address the above
mentioned interventions and especially historical land injustice that
are known.
22. NIA’s efforts
NIA has a comprehensive social justice
programme that addresses land rights, child
rights, environmental rights. Some of the
activities implemented since 1996 todate are
as follows.
Recruited, trained 52 paralegals through a four
phase programme and are spread within our
14 neighbourhoods. These individuals
received a paralegal residential training that
gives them the basic legal knowledge in social
justice.
23. NIA’s efforts
Funded or supported by paying of title deeds
of the poor and vulnerable in Oloiyiangalani,
Esukuta, Kilonito, Elangatawuas, Olobelibel,
Ilodo Ariak
Lobby and campaign for land rights and
sensitization against land sales e.g. putting bill
boards, selling wealth to buy poverty.
24. NIA’s efforts
Recruited, trained and established an
environmental unit (CURES) that are lobbyists
and link persons on environmental issues in their
respective neighbourhoods.
Supported with legal lawsuits for equity in land
subdivision of several group ranches e.g. Kilonito,
Elangatawuas, Sajiloni, Ilodo Ariak where the high
court of Kenya nullified poor subdivision of these
group ranches.
Supported the poor and vulnerable to pay for land
survey fees e.g. the widows, single mothers and
the elderly in the above mentioned group ranches.
25. NIA’s efforts
Helped Emboliei community with land
grabbing issues from influencial persons
Workshops on land rights in several group
ranches.
Participated in national, regional and
international land conferences.
The CEO is the vice chair of the ASAL forum,
a new forum formed to look into ASAL policies.