This document outlines best practices for a tree management program in Malawi over three years. It discusses: 1) Planting trees on farms in a spaced pattern to allow for thinning over time. 2) Planting timber species recommended by ICRAF to provide wood products for households. 3) Farmers must attend trainings on proper site preparation, planting techniques, and care of the tree nurseries and young plantations.

1. Best Practices Support on: Where to plant – trees suitable for your area Which to plant – sources of tree seeds How to plant – good tree nursery practices What to plant – trees suitable for your purposes How to engage communities and scale up

2. The right tree for the right place 1. Trees for Products 2. Trees for Services fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder soil fertility carbon sequestration soil erosion watershed protection shade biodiversity

4. fruit firewood medicine construction soil fertility fodder Firewood Medicine Construction Fruit Soil fert. Fodder Cameroon Uganda Western Kenya Meru, Kenya 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Number of farms 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 25 50 75 100 125 Number of species

8. Current patterns of indigenous tree diversity around Mount Kenya Survey by Ogi et al. 250 quadrats of 50 × 100 m 2 within map 279 indigenous tree species (174 species also in literature description)

9. Total and shared species richness between literature and current species assemblages Potential Natural Vegetation Type n Species total (literature) (Based on total shared) Species confirmed by survey % Species total (survey) Kulczynski ecological distance Moist intermediate forest 57 105 51 31 61% 82 0.41 Dry Combretum 40 23 21 18 86% 108 0.45 Dry montane forest 37 91 58 31 53% 83 0.42 Moist montane forest 37 99 46 30 65% 85 MIF (dif 0.005) Lowland Acacia-Commiphora 25 92 48 35 73% 102 0.36 Evergreen bushland 16 44 38 18 47% 52 0.47 Dry intermediate forest 15 74 49 27 55% 63 0.43 Upland Acacia 7 22 20 6 30% 35 ST (dif 0.108) Acacia (impeded) 6 28 18 5 28% 18 UA (dif 0.042) Semi-evergreen thicket 6 29 19 6 32% 52 DC (dif 0.233)

10. Tree management for timber

13. Timber management: thinning