This document discusses using the Mollier diagram and Thermograph software to analyze real air conditioning systems using different refrigerants. It presents procedures to determine thermodynamic properties at each stage of a simple refrigeration cycle for refrigerants R-134a, R-410, and R-C318 using the Mollier diagram. Calculations are shown for heat rejected, compressor power input, and COP. The results show R-134a had the highest COP of 3.17, while R-C318 had a negative COP due to the heat rejected being negative.
MS Lines, Turbine Casings and rotors and other steam lines including Steam Stop Valves, MSV, CV, ESV heating, Turbine Rolling, Flange and Stud heating, Turbovisory and speeding the turbine to 3000 RPM.
More and more stack testers are turning to sorbent trap sampling to measure mercury emissions from a variety of industrial sources. New sorbent traps and protocols are also being developed to measure compounds like ammonia and hydrogen chloride. This presentation provides an overview of CleanAir's array of options for stack emission testing using sorbent traps...from purely manual no-frills samplers to a fully automated monitoring system.
Boiler Drum level measurement in Thermal Power StationsManohar Tatwawadi
The paper describes the basics of Boiler Drum water Level measurement in a Thermal Power Station. The Single element and three element control has been described in a very simple manner. Useful for the Thermal Engineers
Vertical multistage fire pump catalogue-60HZAndy Chen
Vertical multistage pump is always used for fire fighting as jockey pump, for more details, pls check http://www.firepump.cc/product/XBD-CDL-jockey-pump.html
The operations carried out to Light up the Boiler, from Air Cycle Establishment, Oil Handling Plant, Scanner air fans and Igniter Air Fans, Boiler Purging.
The presentation discuss about the operations, causes and remedies for the facing emergencies of steam Turbines. Specially for the 210MW LMW units. The emergencies can be created on simulator and studied on the simulator ACCORDINGLY.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
MS Lines, Turbine Casings and rotors and other steam lines including Steam Stop Valves, MSV, CV, ESV heating, Turbine Rolling, Flange and Stud heating, Turbovisory and speeding the turbine to 3000 RPM.
More and more stack testers are turning to sorbent trap sampling to measure mercury emissions from a variety of industrial sources. New sorbent traps and protocols are also being developed to measure compounds like ammonia and hydrogen chloride. This presentation provides an overview of CleanAir's array of options for stack emission testing using sorbent traps...from purely manual no-frills samplers to a fully automated monitoring system.
Boiler Drum level measurement in Thermal Power StationsManohar Tatwawadi
The paper describes the basics of Boiler Drum water Level measurement in a Thermal Power Station. The Single element and three element control has been described in a very simple manner. Useful for the Thermal Engineers
Vertical multistage fire pump catalogue-60HZAndy Chen
Vertical multistage pump is always used for fire fighting as jockey pump, for more details, pls check http://www.firepump.cc/product/XBD-CDL-jockey-pump.html
The operations carried out to Light up the Boiler, from Air Cycle Establishment, Oil Handling Plant, Scanner air fans and Igniter Air Fans, Boiler Purging.
The presentation discuss about the operations, causes and remedies for the facing emergencies of steam Turbines. Specially for the 210MW LMW units. The emergencies can be created on simulator and studied on the simulator ACCORDINGLY.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Jean-Paul Gibson: Analysis Of An Open Feedwater Heater SystemJean-Paul Gibson
People often look surprised when I tell them that Thermodynamics was probably one of my favorite classes in school. This was the final project for my Thermo II class and was intended to be done in groups. I wanted to challenge myself to a near unnecessary limit by completing this entire project myself. The purpose of this project was to determine the optimum operating pressure for the feedwater heater for a power cycle (from a selected problem in the textbook). However the primary focus, and most difficult task, was writing a program in C++ to calculate multiple values for a selected problem in our textbook. I quite literally had to teach myself how to program in C++ well beyond the basics I had learned in an intro class. This program had to be capable of cross referencing multiple reference tables in the back of the book, each having dozens of values which had to be manually typed in. Which reference tables it pulled values from was dependent on the user inputted turbine efficiency and feedwater heater pressure. It easily took me over a month to debug and test this program to ensure it was always going to the correct reference tables to pull data when outputting the calculations it performed.
Update on 7/2/2016: I did attempt to make another program that would allow the user to type in any feedwater heater pressure rather than make a selection from values there was a reference table for in the back of the back. The program used a method of interpolation to obtain all the data needed to perform all the calculations that were outputted. I don't remember the last time I attempted to run that version of the program, but I seem to recall getting impossible answers outputted. This indicated to me that a more complicated method of interpolating values was required, or I just couldn't get it to work correctly. I ultimately decided against pursuing that version of the program any further. Just getting it work correctly with a predefined list of pressures to select from was difficult enough.
The Logik 25-s is an Industrial Control Equipment (Not a Safety Instrument) for the Operation of a Screw Compressor. Refer electrical drawing and legend of the connections in this manual. For more technical details, visit - https://www.eatoncompressor.com/rotary-screw-compressors
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Laboratorio nº 5 carta psicrometrica
1. Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
“USO DEL DIAGRAMA MOLLIER CON EL
USO DEL SOFTWARE TERMOGRAF”
Universidad Tecnológica de
Panamá Facultad de Ingeniería
Mecánica Licenciatura en Ingeniería
Mecánica
Laboratorio de Aire acondicionado Y
Ventilación
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Nombre: Juan Aguilar
Cédula: 9-756-1027
e-mail: juan.aguilar2@utp.ac.pa
Nombre: Joshua Jaworski
Cédula: 8-890-2351
e-mail: joshua.jaworski@utp.ac.pa
Nombre: César Guerra
Cédula: 9-751-1885
e-mail: cesar.guerra2@utp.ac.pa
Nombre: Ricauter Martínez
Cédula: 6-723-50
e-mail: ricauter.martinez@utp.ac.pa
Introducción
Se usará el programa termograf y el diagrama de Mollier para determinar los valores de sistemas reales de aire
acondicionado utilizando diferentes refrigerantes para así saber su comportamiento en dicho sistema.
Objetivo
❖ Identificar en un diagrama de Mollier presión frente a entalpía de un fluido refrigerante.
❖ Obtener la evolución de las propiedades termodinámicas de un fluido refrigerante a lo largo
de un circuito simple de refrigeración.
❖ Aplicar los conocimientos aprendidos sobre el diagrama Mollier en el software Termograf
V5.7
Marco teórico
El diagrama P-h o diagrama de Mollier para presión entalpía es la representación en una carta semilogarítmica en el
plano Presión/entalpía de los estados posibles de un fluido, en especial para gases refrigerantes. En esta se trazan y se
suelen estudiar los distintos sistemas frigoríficos de refrigeración por compresión.
Los diagramas de Mollier presión-entalpía permiten determinar las propiedades termodinámicas más importantes del
fluido en los procesos de cambio de estado por debajo del punto crítico, donde las curvas de saturación indican la
predisposición del fluido para cambiar de estado, dependientes de la temperatura y la presión. La entalpía indica la
cantidad de energía necesaria para el cambio de estado, la entropía indica la irreversibilidad de dicha transformación, el
volumen específico los procesos expansivos de la transformación y por último el título o fracción másica de gas nos
indica la proporción de fluido que ha cambiado de estado. Una aplicación para los diagramas de Mollier presión-
entalpía es el circuito mecánico de refrigeración, el cual está basado en el ciclo inverso de Carnot para sistemas no
ideales.
2. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
En resumen, se puede utilizar el diagrama P-h, para ciclos ideales de compresión de vapor, como para ciclos no ideales
(reales).
Procedimiento
❖ Determinar las propiedades termodinámicas que se muestran en la tabla N°1, mediante el diagrama p-h el ciclo de
una instalación frigorífica que trabaja con R-134A, el cual opera en un ciclo real de refrigeración por compresión de
vapor cuya presión a la entrada del compresor es de 0.12 MPa y a la salida es de 0.7 MPa. Emplearemos el diagrama de
Mollier para el R-134 que el software Termograf nos brinda para estudiar el caso planteado.
❖ Calcule el calor rechazado del espacio refrigerado, la entrada de potencia al compresor, y el COP del refrigerante. El
flujo másico del ciclo es de 0.05 kg/s.
❖ Repita los 2 primeros pasos, tomando en consideración un ciclo real que a la entrada del compresor la Temperatura
es de -10°C, mientras que a la salida la temperatura es de 60°C. El refrigerante se enfría en el condensador a 26 °C y
0.72 MPa, y se estrangula a 0.15 MPa. Descarte toda posibilidad de transferencia de calor y caída de presión en las
líneas de conexión entre los componentes.
❖ Repita los 3 procedimientos previos con los refrigerantes R-410, y R-C318.
Desarrollo
1. Refrigerante R134a
Figura 1 datos a la salida del compresor
Figura 2 datos Est3 para entrada al compresor
3. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
Figura 3 datos a la salida del condensador
Figura 4 datos en el punto de estrangulamiento
Figura 5 diagrama de Mollier par R-134a
5. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 =
𝑄̇ 𝐿
𝑊
̇𝑒𝑛𝑡
=
8.16
2.57
= 3.17
2. Refrigerante R-C318 ajustado
Datos de termograf
Para la salida del compresor:
Para la entrada del compresor:
Para la salida del condensador:
6. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
Para el estrangulamiento:
Diagrama de mollier obtenido:
7. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
Tabla con los datos obtenidos del diagrama de mollier
De los valores obtenidos, se calcula lo siguiente:
Calor rechazado del espacio refrigerado:
𝑄̇𝐿 = 𝑚
̇ (ℎ1 − ℎ4) = 0.05
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
∗ (140.429 − 49.7)
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
= 4.54 𝑊
Entrada de potencia al compresor:
𝑊
̇𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚
̇ (ℎ2 − ℎ1) = 0.05
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
(178.26 − 140.429)
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
= 1.89 𝑊
̇
COP del refrigerante:
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑄̇𝐿
𝑊
̇𝑒𝑛𝑡
=
4.54 𝑊
1.89 𝑊
= 2.4
Refrigerante R-C318 con datos del laboratorio
Datos de termograf
Para la salida del compresor:
Estado P (Mpa) T (°C) H (kJ/kg) S (kJ/kg.°C)
Entrada al
compresor
0.12 4 140.429 0.52027
Salida del
compresor
0.7 60 178.26 0.57954
Condensador 0.72 26 50.9099 0.18423
Estrangulamiento 0.15 4 49.7007 0.18423
8. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
Para la entrada del compresor:
Para la salida del condensador:
Para el estrangulamiento:
9. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
Diagrama de mollier obtenido:
Tabla con los datos obtenidos del diagrama de mollier.
De los valores obtenidos, se calcula lo siguiente:
Calor rechazado del espacio refrigerado:
𝑄̇𝐿 = 𝑚
̇ (ℎ1 − ℎ4) = 0.05
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
∗ (12.70 − 49.7)
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
= −1.85𝑊
Entrada de potencia al compresor:
𝑊
̇𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚
̇ (ℎ2 − ℎ1) = 0.05
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
(178.26 − 12.70)
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
= 8.3 𝑊
̇
Estado P (Mpa) T (°C) H (kJ/kg) S (kJ/kg.°C)
Entrada al
compresor
0.12 -10 12.7002 0.04938
Salida del
compresor
0.7 60 178.26 0.57954
Condensador 0.72 26 50.9099 0.18423
Estrangulamiento 0.15 4 49.7007 0.18423
10. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
COP del refrigerante:
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑄̇𝐿
𝑊
̇𝑒𝑛𝑡
=
−1.85 𝑊
8.3 𝑊
= −0.2229
3. Refrigerante R410A
(se utilizasoloel diagramade Mollieryaque Termograf notiene lascurvaspara este refrigerante)
CicloReal ajustado:
Estado P (MPa) T (C) h (kJ/kg) S (kJ/kgK)
Entrada al compressor(1) 0.12 -48 404 1.92
Salidadel compressor(2) 0.70 23 450 1.92
Condensador(3) 0.70 -4 195 0.97
Estrangulamiento(4) 0.12 -48 190 0.97
De losvalorestabuladosobtenidosdel diagramade Mollier,se puede calcularlosiguiente:
Calorrechazadodel espaciorefrigerado=𝑚
̇ (ℎ1 − ℎ4) = (
0.05𝑘𝑔
𝑠
)(
404𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
−
190𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
) = 10.7 𝑘𝑊
Entrada de potenciaal compresor= 𝑚
̇ (ℎ2 − ℎ1) = (
0.05𝑘𝑔
𝑠
) (
450𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
−
404𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
) = 2.3 𝑘𝑊
COPdel refrigerante =CalorRechazado/ Potenciacompresor=4.65
11. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
CicloReal:
Estado P (MPa) T (C) h (kJ/kg) S (kJ/kgK)
Entrada al compressor(1) 0.15 -10 432 2.03
Salidadel compressor(2) 0.72 60 485 2.03
Condensador(3) 0.72 26 450 1.92
Estrangulamiento(4) 0.15 -40 408 1.92
De losvalorestabuladosobtenidosdel diagramade Mollier,se puede calcularlosiguiente:
Calorrechazadodel espaciorefrigerado=𝑚
̇ (ℎ1 − ℎ4) = (
0.05𝑘𝑔
𝑠
)(
432𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
−
408𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
) = 1.2 𝑘𝑊
Entrada de potenciaal compresor= 𝑚
̇ (ℎ2 − ℎ1) = (
0.05𝑘𝑔
𝑠
) (
485𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
−
432𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
) = 2.7 𝑘𝑊
COPdel refrigerante =CalorRechazado/ Potenciacompresor=0.45
12. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Mecánica
Instrumentación y Control
CarlosJaramillo
Anibal Vigil
Copyright Alexis TejedorDe León, PhD– see:http://www.alexistejedor.org
Conclusiones
Como resultado podemos observar que eluso deldiagrama de Mollier nos ayuda a saber los puntos de operación de nuestro
sistema y así evaluar si se está comportando de manera correcta o no y así hacer correcciones tanto en diseñocomo en el
mantenimiento.