Kwila is a hardwood found throughout the Solomon Islands that is well-suited for construction, joinery, flooring, furniture and boat building. It seasons well with little degradation and is strong and durable when used outdoors or for high-quality applications indoors. While it weathers to a silvery-gray color outdoors, it requires sealant when used for applications like window sills in contact with weather. Kwila has good workability for sawing, planning, boring and turning, though cutters may become gummed up, and it takes finishes well with a lustrous surface.
This document discusses vernacular architecture and timber. It begins by defining vernacular architecture as informal, functional structures built of local materials to meet local needs. It then discusses different types of timber, including hardwoods and softwoods. It describes the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content. Methods of seasoning include natural air drying and artificial kiln drying. The document concludes by listing various timber species available in India and their uses, and discussing how timber is used in construction for elements like roofs, walls, floors, and frames.
bamboo species good for construction in india nd as a materialDeepanker Ras
This document provides information on bamboo construction. It discusses various bamboo species that are suitable for construction purposes in India, including their names, habitats, culm properties, flowering cycles, and common uses. It also outlines the advantages of bamboo as a construction material, how to protect bamboo through various treatment methods, and explores bamboo foundations and structural elements like walls, columns, and beams. Limitations of bamboo construction are also noted.
This document discusses bamboo as a construction material. It begins with an introduction to bamboo, noting that it is the fastest growing woody plant and can grow over 60 cm per day. It then discusses the advantages of bamboo such as being lightweight, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. The document outlines the basic properties of bamboo including its tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, anisotropic properties, shrinkage, and durability. It also discusses using bamboo in construction applications like scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing and walling. The document concludes that bamboo concrete panels provide higher strength than mud walls and are more durable, making bamboo a recommended construction material.
Bamboo as a sustainable building material pptDivya Suresh
This document summarizes a case study of the Bamboo Symphony office building in Bangalore, India designed by Manasaram Architects. The key points are:
1) The building uses bamboo as the primary construction material and was built on a tight budget using recycled materials from the adjacent residence.
2) It has an innovative bamboo reinforced concrete slab roof supported by round bamboo columns and beams.
3) Sustainable features include natural ventilation, passive cooling strategies, and a future solar energy system to meet 100% of energy needs.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in construction. Some key points:
- Bamboo is a fast-growing grass used widely in construction, with over 1 billion people living in bamboo houses. It has many advantages as a building material.
- Bamboo grows quickly, is strong yet lightweight, and can be worked with simple tools. Properly constructed bamboo buildings are resistant to weather events.
- The document explores traditional and improved bamboo construction techniques used around the world, particularly in Central and South America. It also discusses methods to improve the durability of bamboo through preservation techniques.
- Details are provided on an experimental two-story bamboo house constructed in Colombia to demonstrate innovative and durable bamboo building designs.
Bamboo can be used as reinforcement in concrete. It has strength greater than most timber and can be prepared through splitting, sizing, and seasoning. Bamboo reinforced concrete design is similar to steel reinforced design but uses different mechanical properties for bamboo. Beams, girders, and columns can all be designed using bamboo as longitudinal and shear reinforcement. While bamboo cracks and deflects more than steel, it is cheaper and more accessible in some areas.
This document provides information about bamboo properties and uses. It discusses:
- Bamboo can grow over 1,300 feet tall and reaches maturity within 3-5 years, making it one of the fastest growing plants.
- Bamboo releases more oxygen and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other plants, helping clean the air.
- Common bamboo species used for construction in India include Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus brandisii, and Dendrocalamus strictus.
- Three famous bamboo houses in Vietnam showcasing bamboo construction are described.
The document then discusses advantages like strength and sustainability, disadvantages like needing preservation. Methods to treat bamboo and extend its durability include smoking
This document discusses vernacular architecture and timber. It begins by defining vernacular architecture as informal, functional structures built of local materials to meet local needs. It then discusses different types of timber, including hardwoods and softwoods. It describes the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content. Methods of seasoning include natural air drying and artificial kiln drying. The document concludes by listing various timber species available in India and their uses, and discussing how timber is used in construction for elements like roofs, walls, floors, and frames.
bamboo species good for construction in india nd as a materialDeepanker Ras
This document provides information on bamboo construction. It discusses various bamboo species that are suitable for construction purposes in India, including their names, habitats, culm properties, flowering cycles, and common uses. It also outlines the advantages of bamboo as a construction material, how to protect bamboo through various treatment methods, and explores bamboo foundations and structural elements like walls, columns, and beams. Limitations of bamboo construction are also noted.
This document discusses bamboo as a construction material. It begins with an introduction to bamboo, noting that it is the fastest growing woody plant and can grow over 60 cm per day. It then discusses the advantages of bamboo such as being lightweight, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. The document outlines the basic properties of bamboo including its tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, anisotropic properties, shrinkage, and durability. It also discusses using bamboo in construction applications like scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing and walling. The document concludes that bamboo concrete panels provide higher strength than mud walls and are more durable, making bamboo a recommended construction material.
Bamboo as a sustainable building material pptDivya Suresh
This document summarizes a case study of the Bamboo Symphony office building in Bangalore, India designed by Manasaram Architects. The key points are:
1) The building uses bamboo as the primary construction material and was built on a tight budget using recycled materials from the adjacent residence.
2) It has an innovative bamboo reinforced concrete slab roof supported by round bamboo columns and beams.
3) Sustainable features include natural ventilation, passive cooling strategies, and a future solar energy system to meet 100% of energy needs.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in construction. Some key points:
- Bamboo is a fast-growing grass used widely in construction, with over 1 billion people living in bamboo houses. It has many advantages as a building material.
- Bamboo grows quickly, is strong yet lightweight, and can be worked with simple tools. Properly constructed bamboo buildings are resistant to weather events.
- The document explores traditional and improved bamboo construction techniques used around the world, particularly in Central and South America. It also discusses methods to improve the durability of bamboo through preservation techniques.
- Details are provided on an experimental two-story bamboo house constructed in Colombia to demonstrate innovative and durable bamboo building designs.
Bamboo can be used as reinforcement in concrete. It has strength greater than most timber and can be prepared through splitting, sizing, and seasoning. Bamboo reinforced concrete design is similar to steel reinforced design but uses different mechanical properties for bamboo. Beams, girders, and columns can all be designed using bamboo as longitudinal and shear reinforcement. While bamboo cracks and deflects more than steel, it is cheaper and more accessible in some areas.
This document provides information about bamboo properties and uses. It discusses:
- Bamboo can grow over 1,300 feet tall and reaches maturity within 3-5 years, making it one of the fastest growing plants.
- Bamboo releases more oxygen and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other plants, helping clean the air.
- Common bamboo species used for construction in India include Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus brandisii, and Dendrocalamus strictus.
- Three famous bamboo houses in Vietnam showcasing bamboo construction are described.
The document then discusses advantages like strength and sustainability, disadvantages like needing preservation. Methods to treat bamboo and extend its durability include smoking
The document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource with high strength and low weight. It then covers the general uses of bamboo, its properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, how bamboo is worked and shaped, methods of preserving bamboo, uses of bamboo in housing, and advantages and disadvantages of bamboo as a construction material. In conclusion, it states that bamboo has played an important role in development and will remain important as the world's population increases.
This document lists and provides information about various tree species found in Pakistan. It discusses 14 different tree species, including their botanical names, where they are found, descriptions of the trees and their wood, strength and durability properties, how they season and work, finishing characteristics, and common uses. The trees described are Partal, Kikar, Sharol, Simbal, Deodar, Shisham, Safeda, Walnut, Mango, Shahtoot, Chir, Poplar, Neem, and Eucalyptus.
Wood flooring is made from timber and designed for use as flooring. It is a common choice due to its environmental profile, durability, and ability to be restored. There are two main types: solid wood flooring made from a single piece of timber, and engineered wood flooring composed of two or more wood layers for increased stability. Wood flooring provides acoustic benefits, natural beauty, sustainability as a renewable material, and good insulation properties. It requires regular maintenance like polishing but can last a lifetime if properly cared for.
The document provides information about wood, including its composition, physical properties, types, and uses. It discusses key aspects of wood such as growth rings, knots, heartwood, sapwood, color, structure, and common wood defects. Examples of wood types described include partal, kikar, simbal, deodar, shisham, and eucalyptus. The document also outlines the availability, characteristics, strength properties, durability, workability, finishing, and common uses of each wood type.
Bamboo is the fastest growing woody plant, capable of growing over 60 cm per day. It has many advantages as a construction material such as strength, flexibility, low cost, and ability to absorb pollution. Bamboo can be used for scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing, walling, flooring, doors, windows, and decoration in construction. Specifically, bamboo is used in roofs as trusses and tiles, and in walls through techniques like bajareque and woven strips. Bamboo floors provide durability and resilience. It can also be used for foundations through piles and composites with concrete. Demonstration buildings in Kerala, India have shown bamboo can be used for all components in residential, office
1. The document describes a custom-built pergola and ShadeTree canopy system that provides shade, privacy, and versatility for a deck or patio.
2. Key features include retractable fabric panels, a wooden pergola structure that integrates with the home, and an aluminum canopy track system.
3. Assembly of the overhead structure requires temporarily clamping the saddle beam and raising the joist assembly before securing the ledger board.
The document defines various types of timber based on their growth and processing stages. It discusses the characteristics and defects of hardwood and softwood. Various common timber trees found in Pakistan are also described, including their characteristics, uses and properties. Plywood and hardboards are introduced as manufactured wood products. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of timber types, properties and uses.
Timber, also known as wood, can be used for many structural and engineering purposes. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Timber has advantages such as availability, salvage value, ease of transport and joining.
- It has many uses including for railway sleepers, roof trusses, furniture, formwork, and packaging.
- Timber comes in various market forms depending on its size, including battens, logs, planks, boards, and poles.
- Veneers are thin wood sheets used to make plywood, which layers veneers with perpendicular grain directions to increase strength.
- Different types of timber have varying properties making some more suitable for uses like construction
If you want to install hardwood floors in your existing floor or you are planning to have your own home and to have a hardwood floor is one of your plans, you can either hire an expert to do it yourself.
You better get familiarize with the terms used in installing hardwood floors.
http://hardwoodflooringlosangeles.org/wood-hardwood-floor-common-terms
Yigroup Slate is a Chinese supplier of natural roofing slates that has been in operation since 2009. They source high quality slate from quarries in Jiujiang, China and export the slate worldwide. The document provides information on Yigroup Slate's operations, including how they extract and process the slate, the various types and colors of slate available, quality standards and testing compliance, gallery of slate installation examples, and roofing terminology. Yigroup Slate aims to provide homeowners and contractors with a durable natural roofing material that can last 75-100 years.
Yigroup Slate is a Chinese supplier of natural roofing slates that has been in operation since 2009. They source high quality slate from quarries in Jiujiang, China and export the slate worldwide. The document provides information on Yigroup Slate's operations, including how they extract and process the slate, the various types and colors of slate available, quality standards and testing compliance, gallery of slate installation examples, and roofing terminology. Yigroup Slate aims to provide homeowners and contractors with a durable natural roofing material that can last 75-100 years.
This document discusses the characteristics of good timber and defects in timber. Characteristics of good timber include having a sweet smell and shiny surface, darkness indicating durability, hardness, strength, elasticity, and durability. It should be free from defects and have straight fibers and regular annual rings. Defects in timber include knots, shakes that separate fibers, twisted fibers, and stains or rot from fungi, insects or moisture. Common defects are described such as pin knots, dead knots, and heart shakes.
Rubberwood comes from rubber trees and is valued for its density, grain, minimal shrinkage, and ability to accept finishes. It is considered environmentally friendly as the trees are cut down after 26-30 years of latex production. Rubberwood has good hardness, machinability, and takes stains and finishes well. It is commonly used for furniture, flooring, toys, panelling, mouldings, doors, windows, and packing cases. Rubberwood is a sustainable source of wood as the rubber plantations are replanted after harvesting.
Timber refers to wood that can be used for construction, whether standing as trees or cut into boards. It is classified into three classes based on elasticity and durability. Timber is identified by features like color, grain, texture, and moisture content. It can be converted through various sawing methods. Timber defects include knots, shakes, cracks, and defects from seasoning or manufacturing. Proper treatment and prevention methods can increase timber's durability and lifespan.
How to preserve bamboo techniques contains little about bamboo ,properties. pros and cons of bamboo.
Some traditional preservation and modern chemical preservation techniques.
There are two main types of bamboo: sympodial and monopodial. Sympodial bamboo grows in dense clumps and produces new culms from the outer layers, while monopodial bamboo spreads via underground rhizomes and produces individual culms. In India, sympodial bamboo makes up over 67% of the bamboo stock and includes common species like Dendrocalamus strictus. The document provides statistics on bamboo growth in India between 2000 and 2005 and details on characteristics of different bamboo species.
Woodcomfort floors feature a multilayer structure combining cork and wood veneer to provide beauty, comfort, and durability. The cork layer offers superior acoustic and thermal insulation properties, reducing noise transmission and maintaining a comfortable temperature. Cork is a renewable material that is sustainably harvested from cork oak trees and has unique insulating qualities that make it ideal for flooring applications. Woodcomfort floors offer benefits like noise reduction, increased comfort, and a warmer feel.
The document provides information about teak wood from Myanmar, including its botanical name, description of the tree, characteristics of the timber, strength properties, seasoning and working properties, durability, and common uses. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world and is widely used for shipbuilding, furniture, flooring, and construction due to its strength, stability, and attractive appearance. It seasons and works easily while providing excellent durability.
The document provides information on various external finish materials, including glass, stucco, fibre cement, timber and wood products, and slate. It discusses the properties and applications of each material. Glass is highlighted for its transparency, aesthetics, and functional uses such as doors, windows, and partitions. Stucco is described as a composite building material used for decorative wall coating. Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers used for siding. Various wood types and products are outlined, including their properties, common applications, and advantages for construction. Slate is discussed as a roofing material known for its durability and low maintenance.
The document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource with high strength and low weight. It then covers the general uses of bamboo, its properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, how bamboo is worked and shaped, methods of preserving bamboo, uses of bamboo in housing, and advantages and disadvantages of bamboo as a construction material. In conclusion, it states that bamboo has played an important role in development and will remain important as the world's population increases.
This document lists and provides information about various tree species found in Pakistan. It discusses 14 different tree species, including their botanical names, where they are found, descriptions of the trees and their wood, strength and durability properties, how they season and work, finishing characteristics, and common uses. The trees described are Partal, Kikar, Sharol, Simbal, Deodar, Shisham, Safeda, Walnut, Mango, Shahtoot, Chir, Poplar, Neem, and Eucalyptus.
Wood flooring is made from timber and designed for use as flooring. It is a common choice due to its environmental profile, durability, and ability to be restored. There are two main types: solid wood flooring made from a single piece of timber, and engineered wood flooring composed of two or more wood layers for increased stability. Wood flooring provides acoustic benefits, natural beauty, sustainability as a renewable material, and good insulation properties. It requires regular maintenance like polishing but can last a lifetime if properly cared for.
The document provides information about wood, including its composition, physical properties, types, and uses. It discusses key aspects of wood such as growth rings, knots, heartwood, sapwood, color, structure, and common wood defects. Examples of wood types described include partal, kikar, simbal, deodar, shisham, and eucalyptus. The document also outlines the availability, characteristics, strength properties, durability, workability, finishing, and common uses of each wood type.
Bamboo is the fastest growing woody plant, capable of growing over 60 cm per day. It has many advantages as a construction material such as strength, flexibility, low cost, and ability to absorb pollution. Bamboo can be used for scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing, walling, flooring, doors, windows, and decoration in construction. Specifically, bamboo is used in roofs as trusses and tiles, and in walls through techniques like bajareque and woven strips. Bamboo floors provide durability and resilience. It can also be used for foundations through piles and composites with concrete. Demonstration buildings in Kerala, India have shown bamboo can be used for all components in residential, office
1. The document describes a custom-built pergola and ShadeTree canopy system that provides shade, privacy, and versatility for a deck or patio.
2. Key features include retractable fabric panels, a wooden pergola structure that integrates with the home, and an aluminum canopy track system.
3. Assembly of the overhead structure requires temporarily clamping the saddle beam and raising the joist assembly before securing the ledger board.
The document defines various types of timber based on their growth and processing stages. It discusses the characteristics and defects of hardwood and softwood. Various common timber trees found in Pakistan are also described, including their characteristics, uses and properties. Plywood and hardboards are introduced as manufactured wood products. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of timber types, properties and uses.
Timber, also known as wood, can be used for many structural and engineering purposes. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Timber has advantages such as availability, salvage value, ease of transport and joining.
- It has many uses including for railway sleepers, roof trusses, furniture, formwork, and packaging.
- Timber comes in various market forms depending on its size, including battens, logs, planks, boards, and poles.
- Veneers are thin wood sheets used to make plywood, which layers veneers with perpendicular grain directions to increase strength.
- Different types of timber have varying properties making some more suitable for uses like construction
If you want to install hardwood floors in your existing floor or you are planning to have your own home and to have a hardwood floor is one of your plans, you can either hire an expert to do it yourself.
You better get familiarize with the terms used in installing hardwood floors.
http://hardwoodflooringlosangeles.org/wood-hardwood-floor-common-terms
Yigroup Slate is a Chinese supplier of natural roofing slates that has been in operation since 2009. They source high quality slate from quarries in Jiujiang, China and export the slate worldwide. The document provides information on Yigroup Slate's operations, including how they extract and process the slate, the various types and colors of slate available, quality standards and testing compliance, gallery of slate installation examples, and roofing terminology. Yigroup Slate aims to provide homeowners and contractors with a durable natural roofing material that can last 75-100 years.
Yigroup Slate is a Chinese supplier of natural roofing slates that has been in operation since 2009. They source high quality slate from quarries in Jiujiang, China and export the slate worldwide. The document provides information on Yigroup Slate's operations, including how they extract and process the slate, the various types and colors of slate available, quality standards and testing compliance, gallery of slate installation examples, and roofing terminology. Yigroup Slate aims to provide homeowners and contractors with a durable natural roofing material that can last 75-100 years.
This document discusses the characteristics of good timber and defects in timber. Characteristics of good timber include having a sweet smell and shiny surface, darkness indicating durability, hardness, strength, elasticity, and durability. It should be free from defects and have straight fibers and regular annual rings. Defects in timber include knots, shakes that separate fibers, twisted fibers, and stains or rot from fungi, insects or moisture. Common defects are described such as pin knots, dead knots, and heart shakes.
Rubberwood comes from rubber trees and is valued for its density, grain, minimal shrinkage, and ability to accept finishes. It is considered environmentally friendly as the trees are cut down after 26-30 years of latex production. Rubberwood has good hardness, machinability, and takes stains and finishes well. It is commonly used for furniture, flooring, toys, panelling, mouldings, doors, windows, and packing cases. Rubberwood is a sustainable source of wood as the rubber plantations are replanted after harvesting.
Timber refers to wood that can be used for construction, whether standing as trees or cut into boards. It is classified into three classes based on elasticity and durability. Timber is identified by features like color, grain, texture, and moisture content. It can be converted through various sawing methods. Timber defects include knots, shakes, cracks, and defects from seasoning or manufacturing. Proper treatment and prevention methods can increase timber's durability and lifespan.
How to preserve bamboo techniques contains little about bamboo ,properties. pros and cons of bamboo.
Some traditional preservation and modern chemical preservation techniques.
There are two main types of bamboo: sympodial and monopodial. Sympodial bamboo grows in dense clumps and produces new culms from the outer layers, while monopodial bamboo spreads via underground rhizomes and produces individual culms. In India, sympodial bamboo makes up over 67% of the bamboo stock and includes common species like Dendrocalamus strictus. The document provides statistics on bamboo growth in India between 2000 and 2005 and details on characteristics of different bamboo species.
Woodcomfort floors feature a multilayer structure combining cork and wood veneer to provide beauty, comfort, and durability. The cork layer offers superior acoustic and thermal insulation properties, reducing noise transmission and maintaining a comfortable temperature. Cork is a renewable material that is sustainably harvested from cork oak trees and has unique insulating qualities that make it ideal for flooring applications. Woodcomfort floors offer benefits like noise reduction, increased comfort, and a warmer feel.
The document provides information about teak wood from Myanmar, including its botanical name, description of the tree, characteristics of the timber, strength properties, seasoning and working properties, durability, and common uses. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world and is widely used for shipbuilding, furniture, flooring, and construction due to its strength, stability, and attractive appearance. It seasons and works easily while providing excellent durability.
The document provides information on various external finish materials, including glass, stucco, fibre cement, timber and wood products, and slate. It discusses the properties and applications of each material. Glass is highlighted for its transparency, aesthetics, and functional uses such as doors, windows, and partitions. Stucco is described as a composite building material used for decorative wall coating. Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers used for siding. Various wood types and products are outlined, including their properties, common applications, and advantages for construction. Slate is discussed as a roofing material known for its durability and low maintenance.
Pyinkado is a type of timber found in Myanmar. It grows up to 120 feet tall and has reddish-brown wood with darker streaks. Pyinkado is extremely heavy and strong, making it suitable for structural applications like piles, bridges, and flooring. It is also very durable and resistant to damage from insects and water. While hard to work with, Pyinkado takes polish well and provides an attractive, long-lasting finish.
This document provides information about timber, including its definition, structure, classifications, properties, defects, seasoning, preservation, fireproofing, and common types. Timber is defined as wood that retains its natural structure and composition and is suitable for engineering works. It discusses the structures of softwoods and hardwoods. Classifications include based on growth, durability, seasoning characteristics, and grading. General properties, mechanical properties, and qualities of good timber are outlined. Various natural and manufactured defects that can occur in timber are described. The methods and advantages of seasoning timber are explained. The document also covers the types of preservatives used to treat timber, the preparation and methods of treatment, and characteristics of good preservatives
This document provides information about wood as a building material. It discusses the properties, classification, processing, and defects of wood. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Wood is a versatile building material that is strong, durable, and renewable. It discusses the classification of wood into softwood and hardwood, as well as the processing steps like felling, sawing, seasoning, and manufacturing. The document also covers common defects in wood caused by natural forces like knots and shakes or by insects and fungi.
The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often misleading because they have no direct relation to the actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so that a hardwood may actually be softer than a softwood.
Commonly used for a range of general joinery purposes including beams, flooring, exterior trims and sidings, furniture, joists, panelling, parquet floors and cabinet making.
TIMBER -
AN INTEGRAL PART OF OUR DAY TO DAY LIVES
TIMBER ITS DEFECTS, SEASONING AND USAGE IS DISCUSSED IN HERE WITH APPROPRIATE PICTURES MAKING IT QUITE SELF UNDERSTANDABLE
This document discusses different types of roofing materials, including clay tiles, concrete tiles, slates, and their properties. Clay tiles are used for sloped roofs and come in various styles like Allahabad tiles and Mangalore tiles. Concrete tiles are made from cement, sand and color pigments through an extrusion process. Slate roofing tiles are obtained from quarries as blocks and split into thin laminates. Factors that affect roofing material selection include cost, durability, appearance, and climate. Proper installation methods involve overlapping tiles, using battens and felt underlay, and nailing patterns. Regular maintenance of clay tiles involves inspecting for cracks which can be repaired with mortar.
This document provides information about various types of timber and timber products. It begins by listing various types of trees and their characteristics, locations found, and common uses. It then describes different timber products including plywood, laminates, veneers, blockboards, particle boards, and fiber boards. For each product, it discusses the manufacturing process, types, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and market rates. The document provides a detailed overview of different timber sources and products used in interior design and construction.
This document discusses different types of wood, including their properties, uses, and characteristics. It describes hardwood versus softwood, and provides details on various natural wood types like pine, oak, teak and sangwan. Pine is inexpensive and durable, used for framing. Oak is hard and porous, taking stains well. Teak is expensive but resistant to rot, used for boat decks. The document also covers artificial wood and how boards are made, cut, and joined.
Wooden cladding offers several advantages for building exteriors, including design freedom, ease of installation, and ability to withstand stresses. Proper installation is important to prevent moisture damage - cladding should be sealed and finished before installation, with flashing added at joints and openings. Regular maintenance of finishes helps protect the cladding from swelling, shrinking, and discoloration over time.
This document provides information about different types of timber and wood products. It discusses four types of timber: (1) hard and heavy, (2) hard and moderately heavy, (3) hard and light, and (4) soft. Examples of timber for each type are provided along with their common uses. Defects, advantages, and disadvantages of timber are also summarized. Additionally, the document discusses plywood, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and chipboard/particle board, providing details on their sources, grades, advantages, disadvantages and common uses.
This document provides information about various types of wood and timber. It discusses hardwoods which come from broad-leaf deciduous trees like oak. It also discusses softwoods which come from coniferous trees that do not lose their leaves. Softwood is used widely in construction. Manufactured boards like plywood and MDF are also described, which are made from gluing wood layers or fibers together. The document also covers wood properties, classifications, elements of a tree, defects in timber, and uses of different wood types.
Timber is wood that has been processed into beams and planks. It can be supplied rough-sawn or surfaced. Timber is used to make furniture and other wood products. Various types of timber cuts include plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Wood logs can also be cut into boxed heart, heart center, or free of heart center. Different wood types are used for different purposes based on their properties like color, price, density, location, features, and common uses. Popular wood types discussed include pine, maple, oak, cherry, and teak.
Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that is used for roofing. It forms flat sheets that are obtained from quarries as blocks and cut into slabs and thin laminates. Slate roof tiles are fixed with nails or hooks into timber battens. There are different methods for laying slate, including nailing near the head or center. Slate roofs have an aesthetic appearance, are fire resistant, and can last 20-30 years with little maintenance. However, slate is heavy, weighing 800-1500 pounds per 100 square feet.
Timber has various properties that make it suitable for use as a non-structural building material. It has low thermal conductivity, high specific heat, and is ideal for sound absorption. Timber can improve acoustics in concert halls and auditoriums. Different timber surfaces provide different tactile sensations. Timber is also an aesthetic material that comes in a wide variety and is used for cladding, ceilings, flooring, and finishes to decorate buildings.
1. S O L O M O N I S L A N D S T I M B E R
Pacific Maple
Kwila
Kwila • Intsia bijuga
Recommended Uses (Major/specific) Kwila is a medium to large tree, widespread throughout
the South Pacific. It can be found throughout the
Solomon Islands mainly in coastal forests although it is
Building Construction (F34). not of major occurrence. Small sawn parcels are available
in a full range of sizes
● Kwila is a high quality, strong, durable hardwood. It has been a
popular timber in Europe for many years where it finds a
Flooring & staircase materials. specialised use in velodrome / cycling tracks. It has also become
popular in Australia and New Zealand where it is in demand for
high quality applications including exterior joinery. It is a good
substitute for teak (Tectona grandis) and is closely related to the
well known doussié (Afzelia spp.) of West Africa.
Exterior joinery (out-of-ground);
including structural, screening, ● The timber is either a yellowish-brown or dark brown in colour,
decking.
darkening on exposure to light. In exterior situations it weathers
slowly to a silvery-grey colour. Contrary to popular belief, kwila
is not very durable in the ground, as the extractives, which
contribute toward its durability, are prone to leaching. This
Furniture; custom made and
cabinet work. leaching process leads to the timber 'bleeding' and imparting a
dark brown stain which mars the contact surface. A sealant should
be applied to the timber if it is to be in “contact” situations
e.g window sills, when exposed to the weather.
Boat building & ship building. ● The timber seasons very well with little degrade. Preliminary air-
drying to 25% moisture content is preferable before kiln drying.
Board ends need to be heavily sealed with wax emulsion to avoid
end splitting and surface checking during drying. After seasoning,
it is a very stable timber with low hygroscopic movement.
Engineering; including bridge and
wharf superstructure (out of
ground/salt water contact). ● Kwila is suitable for superior joinery including staircase materials,
handrails, ballustrading and posts. It produces high quality, hard
wearing flooring and is also used for furniture (indoor and
outdoor) and decking. It is a popular timber for boat and ship-
Speciality uses; including billiard
building.
tables, tool handles, turnery,
sliced veneer, carving, artefacts.
Other names:
Trade Name: merbau (Malaysia)
Local Name: u’ula
For further information: www.solomontimbers.com.sb 1
2. S O L O M O N I S L A N D S T I M B E R
Kwila • Intsia bijuga
PROPERTIES
Density 850 kg/m3 @ 12% m.c
Colour Yellow-brown or dark brown.
Texture Medium but even; lustrous.
Grain Straight or slightly interlocked, sometimes wavy.
Figure Ribbon figure evident on quarter-sawn faces when
interlocked grain present. Cathedral-like figure on back-
sawn faces due to soft tissue.
Durability Durable out of the ground in exterior situations.
Permeability Heartwood, non-permeable to pressure impregnation.
Lyctid susceptibility Sapwood is susceptible.
WORKABILITY
General Very good working and finishing properties.
Sawing Saws well but saw blades may 'gum-up' after prolonged
sawing.
Planing Excellent planing characteristics, cutter edges may
‘gum-up’ after prolonged planing.
Blunting Low.
Boring Additional power required; some burning may occur;
clean exit hole.
Turning Good turning properties; smooth with sharp arrises.
Nailing Pre-drilling recommended to alleviate splitting on board
ends.
Gluing Care required to get satisfactory bonding due to the
timber’s natural oiliness.
Finishing Takes a high polish; lustrous surface.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Strength SD2
Structural Grade F34 (select grade).
Toughness (Izod) 14J (seasoned), 18J (unseasoned).
Hardness (Janka) 8.6kN (seasoned), 7.6kN (unseasoned).
Max. Crushing Strength 81MPa (seasoned), 55MPa (unseasoned).
Modulus of Elasticity 18GPa (seasoned), 15GPa (unseasoned).
Modulus of Rupture 147MPa (seasoned), 103MPa (unseasoned).
SEASONING
General Seasons well with little degrade.
Movement Very low.
Shrinkage Very low.
KILN DRYING SCHEDULE
‘T’ ‘S.P’ M.C DBT WBD K.D TIME TO 12%
(mm) CHANGE (°C) (°C) FROM GREEN FROM 25%
POINTS (days) (days)
25 M Green 55 8
30 60 10
20 - final 70 20 10 - 12 5-7
2