Software's now-a-days became the life line of modern day organizations. Libraries also need software if they want to create a parallel digital library with features which we may not find in a traditional library.
FRBR stands for Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).
A conceptual entity relationship model that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogs and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective.
A new conceptual model for bibliographic universe with a strong users focus .
The purpose of this entity relationship analysis was to discover the logical nature of bibliographic data in terms of entity, attributes and relationship.
Software's now-a-days became the life line of modern day organizations. Libraries also need software if they want to create a parallel digital library with features which we may not find in a traditional library.
FRBR stands for Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).
A conceptual entity relationship model that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogs and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective.
A new conceptual model for bibliographic universe with a strong users focus .
The purpose of this entity relationship analysis was to discover the logical nature of bibliographic data in terms of entity, attributes and relationship.
Features of the Dewey Decimal Classification. 16. Decimal ... The UDC is peculiar in the sense that it consists of a combination of both enumerative and analytical scheme.
Sears List of Subject Headings, first published by Minnie Earl Sears in 1923, has served as a standard authority list for subject cataloging in small and medium-sized libraries, delivering a basic list of essential headings, together with patterns and examples to guide the cataloger in creating further headings.
Standards to facilitate information exchange has always been a subject of concern.
To provide a flexible exchange format that could be used for converting data from libraries and information services of all types, UNESCO developed the Common Communication Format (CCF). The main aim of this format was to produce a method of organising bibliographic descriptions which could be exchanged between institutions. This format was to act as a link between the databases produced in different internal formats of libraries.
A comparative analysis of library classification systemsAli Hassan Maken
We use classification each & every moment of the life by intentionally or unintentionally. Classification has always been the backbone of all Library operations and without it, library is definitely going to suffer in its recourse and to find a particular piece of information from unorganized heap of knowledge is almost impossible. The library classification is core instrument for organizing and retrieval of the documents stored in a library. At present era they are the navigation tools for locating and retrieving documents in more precisely and relevantly. The electronic versions of the DDC and UDC and other classification schemes make it possible to realize the potential of library classification to improve subject retrieval.
Classaurus is a vocabulary control tool.
Developed by Ganesh Bhattacharyya and used for POPSI, the pre-cordinate indexing system.
It is a faceted systematic scheme of hierarchical classification incorporating all the essential features of a conventional retrieval thesaurus,i.e control of synonyms, quasi-synonyms and antonyms in extended senses.
Like faceted classification schemes, there are separate schedules for each of the elementary categories (entity, property and action) and for common modifiers (form, time, place and environment).
This PPT contain details of Z39.50 and useful for Library Science students. This protocol used for information retrieval and in the end list of different types of protocols are given.
Features of the Dewey Decimal Classification. 16. Decimal ... The UDC is peculiar in the sense that it consists of a combination of both enumerative and analytical scheme.
Sears List of Subject Headings, first published by Minnie Earl Sears in 1923, has served as a standard authority list for subject cataloging in small and medium-sized libraries, delivering a basic list of essential headings, together with patterns and examples to guide the cataloger in creating further headings.
Standards to facilitate information exchange has always been a subject of concern.
To provide a flexible exchange format that could be used for converting data from libraries and information services of all types, UNESCO developed the Common Communication Format (CCF). The main aim of this format was to produce a method of organising bibliographic descriptions which could be exchanged between institutions. This format was to act as a link between the databases produced in different internal formats of libraries.
A comparative analysis of library classification systemsAli Hassan Maken
We use classification each & every moment of the life by intentionally or unintentionally. Classification has always been the backbone of all Library operations and without it, library is definitely going to suffer in its recourse and to find a particular piece of information from unorganized heap of knowledge is almost impossible. The library classification is core instrument for organizing and retrieval of the documents stored in a library. At present era they are the navigation tools for locating and retrieving documents in more precisely and relevantly. The electronic versions of the DDC and UDC and other classification schemes make it possible to realize the potential of library classification to improve subject retrieval.
Classaurus is a vocabulary control tool.
Developed by Ganesh Bhattacharyya and used for POPSI, the pre-cordinate indexing system.
It is a faceted systematic scheme of hierarchical classification incorporating all the essential features of a conventional retrieval thesaurus,i.e control of synonyms, quasi-synonyms and antonyms in extended senses.
Like faceted classification schemes, there are separate schedules for each of the elementary categories (entity, property and action) and for common modifiers (form, time, place and environment).
This PPT contain details of Z39.50 and useful for Library Science students. This protocol used for information retrieval and in the end list of different types of protocols are given.
The repository ecology: an approach to understanding repository and service i...R. John Robertson
An increasing number of university institutions and other organisations are deciding to deploy repositories and a growing number of formal and informal distributed services are supporting or capitalising on the information these repositories provide. Despite reasonably well understood technical architectures, early majority adopters may struggle to articulate their place within the actualities of a wider information environment. The idea of a repository ecology provides developers and administrators with a useful way of articulating and analysing their place in the information environment, and the technical and organisational interactions they have, or are developing, with other parts of such an environment. This presentation will provide an overview of the concept of a repository ecology and examine some examples from the domains of scholarly communications and elearning.
Swoogle: Showcasing the Significance of Semantic SearchIDES Editor
The World Wide Web hosts vast repositories of
information. The retrieval of required information from the
Internet is a great challenge since computer applications
understand only the structure and layout of web pages and
they do not have access to their intended meaning. Semantic
web is an effort to enhance the Internet, so that computers
can process the information presented on WWW, interpret
and communicate with it, to help humans find required
essential knowledge. Application of Ontology is the
predominant approach helping the evolution of the Semantic
web. The aim of our work is to illustrate how Swoogle, a
semantic search engine, helps make computer and WWW
interoperable and more intelligent. In this paper, we discuss
issues related to traditional and semantic web searching. We
outline how an understanding of the semantics of the search
terms can be used to provide better results. The experimental
results establish that semantic search provides more focused
results than the traditional search.
Knowledge Organisation Systems in ETDs: A Comparative StudyBhojaraju Gunjal
Gunjal, Bhojaraju & Urs, Shalini R (2010): Knowledge Organisation Systems in ETDs: A Comparative Study; In Proceedings of 13th International Symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD 2010); June 16 -18, 2010, Austin, TX, USA. https://conferences.tdl.org/utlibraries/etd2010/paper/view/28
study or concern about what kinds of things exist
what entities there are in the universe.
the ontology derives from the Greek onto (being) and logia (written or spoken). It is a branch of metaphysics , the study of first principles or the root of things.
Abstract:
A growing number of resources are available for enriching documents with semantic annotations. While originally focused on a few standard classes of annotations, the ecosystem of annotators is now becoming increasingly diverse. Although annotators often have very different vocabularies, with both high-level and specialist
concepts, they also have many semantic interconnections. We will show that both the overlap and the diversity in annotator vocabularies motivate the need for semantic annotation integration: middleware that produces a unified annotation on top of diverse semantic annotators. On the one hand, the diversity of vocabulary allows applications
to benefit from the much richer vocabulary available in
an integrated vocabulary. On the other hand, we present evidence that the most widely-used annotators on the web suffer from serious accuracy deficiencies: the overlap in vocabularies from individual annotators allows an integrated annotator to boost accuracy by exploiting inter-annotator agreement and disagreement.
The integration of semantic annotations leads to new challenges, both compared to usual data integration scenarios and to standard aggregation of machine learning tools. We overview an approach to these challenges that performs ontology-aware aggregation. We
introduce an approach that requires no training data, making use of ideas from database repair. We experimentally compare this with a supervised approach, which adapts maximal entropy Markov models to the setting of ontology-based annotations. We further experimentally compare both these approaches with respect to ontology-unaware
supervised approaches, and to individual annotators.
A Metadata Application Profile for KOS Vocabulary Registries (KOS-AP)Marcia Zeng
Report on the outcomes of the DCMI-NKOS Task Group, which builds on the work done by the NKOS community during the last decade. While we discuss the KOS-AP in the context of KOS registries, the context of microdata should be considered equally important in all aspects.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Similar to Knowledge Organisation Systems in Digital Libraries: A Comparative Study (20)
Designing Next-Gen Libraries Tools and Technological Impact on Library System...Bhojaraju Gunjal
Designing Next-Gen Libraries
Tools and Technological Impact on Library Systems and Services
Url: https://ngl2024.webnode.in/
Editors:
Dr. Bhojaraju Gunjal (India)
Dr. Panorea Gaitanou (Greece)
Publisher: De Gruyter Saur, Germany | 2024
ISBN: 978-3-11-137093-4
Brochure: Call-for-Book Chapter | Blog
e-mail: editor.nglbook@gmail.com
Main Themes of the Book:
"Designing Next-Gen Libraries: Tools and Technological Impact on Library Systems and Services"
Sub Themes of the Book:
A. Designing Next-Generation Libraries (NGL)
B. Library Spaces and Design (LSD)
C. Library Standards and Metrics (LSM)
D. Information Storage and Retrieval (ISR)
E. Research Data Management (RDM)
F. Knowledge Management (KM) in Libraries
G. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Submission Guidelines:
All contributions must be original and not simultaneously submitted elsewhere. Professionals and researchers in LIS and KM domains are invited to submit a Book Chapter proposal of 1000 to 2000 words on or before December 10, 25, 2023.
All proposals should be submitted directly to e-mail:editor.nglbook@gmail.com
Guidelines for Authors: Manuscript Guidelines and follow APA Style of formatting
Publication/processing fee:
No submission fees for manuscripts submitted to this book publication. All manuscripts are accepted based on a double-blind peer-review editorial process.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Dates:
Chapter Proposal Submission: (1000 to 2000 words): December 25, 2023
Abstract Acceptance Notification to Authors: December 31, 2023
Full chapters Submission (10-15 Pages): February 15, 2024
Review notification of Chapter: March 15, 2024
Revise and Final Chapter Submission: April 15, 2024
For any queries: Contact editor.nglbook@gmail.com
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Call for Book Chapter: https://drive.google.com/file/d/17TRXpMjURjzj8ViL2y-bgKTnw1YehSLt/view?usp=sharing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ngl2024
#next_gen_libraries
#next_generation_libraries
#libraries_of_the_future
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please do share among your colleagues and social networks
Proceedings of the International Conference on Next Generation Libraries - 20...Bhojaraju Gunjal
Proceedings of the International Conference on Next Generation Libraries - 2019 (NGL-2019) >
New Trends & Technologies, Collaboration & Community Engagement, Future Librarianship, Library Spaces & Services, December 12-14, 2019 | TIIR Auditorium | NIT Rourkela, India
Invitation to Participate in International Conference on Next Generation Libraries-2019 (NGL-2019)
New Trends & Technologies, Collaboration & Community Engagement, Future Librarianship, Library Spaces & Services
December 12-14, 2019 | TIIR Auditorium, NIT Rourkela, India
Web: http://library.nitrkl.ac.in/elpes7/
Please share among your colleagues and social networks
#NGL2019 - Call for paper / Participation
Dear All,
Please plan to contribute paper n attend this event.
International Conference on Next Generation Libraries-2019 (NGL-2019)
New Trends & Technologies, Collaboration & Community Engagement,
Future Librarianship, Library Spaces & Services,
December 12 - 14, 2019, Biju Patnaik Central Library,
NIT Rourkela, India
Call for Papers: https://easychair.org/cfp/ngl2019
For more details about Call for Papers, Registration Form, Important Dates and other details are available at : http://library.nitrkl.ac.in/elpes7/
Please share among your colleagues and social networks
Open Access in Higher Educational Institutes: Issues and ChallengesBhojaraju Gunjal
Invited talk at 33rd Annual Convention of the Society for Information Science (SIS) and Conference on "Öpen Access: The Road to Freedom" during April 7-8 2017 at
CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata.
Sexual Harassment: From Psychological and Adoption of Best practices Perspect...Bhojaraju Gunjal
Sexual harassment has become one of the alarming symptoms of unhealthy work culture in recent times. Irrespective of gender, unsolicited sexual favours represent, among several others, aberration in the individual thought process. Instances of corruption, bribery and other forms of abuse indicate how an individual or a group is prone to exploit others to fulfill one’s selfish interest. The underlying thread in all of these exploitations appears to be a distorted conceptualization of self as well as others, within which an individual functions; a world where the person can violate the ethical boundary with ease, since his/her own interest is supreme and all other things become immaterial. Integral to this belief system, is an intrinsic disregard to the right of others to live with dignity. This paper focuses on the adoption and implementation of
organisational best practices at workplace for the safety and prevention of sexual harassment. A mass sensitization regarding basic conceptualization of self and others is what is emphasized in this paper. The stimulation of individual mind is the first step in this regard. An opportunity to reflect about self as well others can help an individual to start looking within and restructure his/her own belief system. It can lead to an enhanced perspective-taking ability, through which the appreciation of self as well as others develops, leading to the formation of a healthy belief system. Therefore, people can be helped to become increasingly conscious of the basic fact that each individual is an independent free spirit having equal right to enjoy life with dignity. The growth of a belief system, that has an aroused sense of mutual right and duty to uphold the spirit of freedom, can be an asset to any work culture that aspires to become secure and productive.
Citation:
Patnaik, B and Gunjal, B (2016). Sexual Harassment: Psychological Perspectives and Best Practices; National Seminar on “Sexual harassment of Women at Educational Institutes (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal), Organised by Committee Against Sexual Harassment, Hemachandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan and Sponsored by National Commission for Women, New Delhi; 7-8 Januar 2016, Patan, Gujarat.
Proceedings of the National Conference on Emerging Trends & Techniques for El...Bhojaraju Gunjal
Conference Proceedings of ELPES 2015
Gunjal, B and Others (Eds.)(2015). Proceedings of the National Conference on Emerging Trends & Techniques for Electronic Resource Management in Libraries: Issues & Challenges, February 13-14, 2015, Organised by Biju Patnaik Central Library, NIT Rourkela, Odisha.
Information Storage and Retrieval : A Case StudyBhojaraju Gunjal
Bhojaraju.G, M.S.Banerji and Muttayya Koganurmath (2004). Information Storage and Retrieval: A Case Study, In Proceedings of International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL 2004), New Delhi, Feb 24-27, 2004.
(Best Poster Presentation Award)
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: WHY DO WE NEED IT FOR CORPORATESBhojaraju Gunjal
Gunjal, Bhojaraju (2006). Knowledge Management: Why Do We Need It for Corporates. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 10 (2) Pp. 37-50. ISSN 1394-6234. http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/573/
Database System: A Case Study of A.T.E.C Central LibraryBhojaraju Gunjal
Gunjal, Bhojaraju and Koganurmath M.M (2003). Database System: A case study of A.T.E.C Central Library, In Proceedings of 5th National MANLIBNET Convention, XLRI, Jamshedpur. March 6 - 8, 2003.
INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT UNDER INDUSTRY-INSTITUTE PARTNERSHIP: A Case...Bhojaraju Gunjal
Gunjal, Bhojaraju., Choukimath, PA and Agadi, KB (2003). Information Resources Management under Industry-Institute Partnership: A study on IRMRA-TSR-PIIT Library, In Proceedings of BOSLA Seminar, TISS, Nov. 8, 2003, Mumbai.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Knowledge Organisation Systems in Digital Libraries: A Comparative Study
1. Bhojaraju Gunjal
Lead - Knowledge Management
GCI Solutions,
Bangalore.
email: Bhojaraju.G@gmail.com
Prof. Shalini R Urs
Professor
Department of Library and
Information Science,
University of Mysore, Mysore.
email: shalini@vidyanidhi.org.in
Knowledge Organisation Systems (KOS)
in Digital Libraries: A Comparative Study
Gunjal, Bhojaraju & Urs, Shalini R (2006). Knowledge Organisation System in Digital Libraries: A Comparative
Study. In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Knowledge Representation and Information Retrieval, Paper:
Document Research & Training Centre, ISI, Bangalore, March 22-24, 2006.
2. February 1, 2015 2
Outline
1. Introduction to KOS and DL
2. Current Status of KOS
3. Types of KOS
4. Study of KOS in Digital Libraries: A
Comparative Study
5. Conclusion
6. Appendix
3. February 1, 2015 3
Abstract
This article presents the preliminary results of a study of the
Knowlededge Organisation Systems (KOS) deployed in major
digital libraries (DLs) of the world.
While traditional libraries ( physical libraries) had evolved
certain norms and systems the kinds of KOS being deployed
in DLs vary.
The dynamic nature of the DLs, the retrieval capability of the
digital environments and the ‘black box nature of the systems
have made the knowledge about KOS in DLs difficult to
perceive and comprehend.
Hence there is need to study in depth the knowledge
organization (KO) tools, such as library classifications,
thesauri and subject heading systems and the Knowledge
representation (Ontologies) that are being deployed in Digital
Libraries.
This article at the ends gives the comparative study of DLs of
the world and summarise all the present scenario of KOS in
these DLs.
4. February 1, 2015 4
1. Introduction to KOS, DL and ETD
Libraries (Physical Libraries) have evolved
and adopted different system of Knowledge
Organisation (KO) in arranging their
collections.
Examples of such KOS include classification
systems such as CC, DDC, UDC, etc for KO.
Tools such as classification schemes,
cataloguing, indexing etc have played a
prominent role in organising documents in a
collection.
The new electronic environments pose a
threat and challenge to the theory and
practice of KO.
5. February 1, 2015 5
1.1 Knowledge Organization System (KOS)
The term knowledge organization system
was coined by the Networked Knowledge
Organization Systems (NKOS) Working
Group at its initial meeting at the ACM
Digital Libraries-98 Conference in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Purpose: is to organize content to support
retrieval of relevant items from a digital
library collection.
KOS helps in
systematic organisation of documents.
easy retrieval of information.
6. February 1, 2015 6
2. Current Scenario of KOS
2.1 Simple Knowledge Organisation System
(SKOS)
an area of work developing specifications and standards to support the
use of KOS within the framework of the semantic web.
2.2 Networked Knowledge Organization
Systems /Services (NKOS)
devoted to the discussion of the functional and data model for enabling
KOS as networked interactive information services to support the
description and retrieval of diverse information resources through the
Internet.
2.3 International Society for Knowledge
Organization (ISKO)
the premier international scholarly society devoted to the theory and
practice of KO
7. February 1, 2015 7
3. Types of KOS
KO systems are grouped into three general categories
3.1 Term lists
which emphasize lists of terms often with definitions
Authority files
Glossaries
Dictionaries
Gazetteers
3.2 Classification and Categories
which emphasize the creation of subject sets.
Subject headings
Classification schemes – DDC, CC, LCC
3.3 Relationship lists
which emphasize the connections between terms and concepts
Thesauri
Taxonomies
Semantic Networks, AI, Ontologies
8. February 1, 2015 8
3.1 Term Lists
Authority Files
are lists of terms that are used to control the variant names for an entity or the
domain value for a particular field.
Ex: Library of Congress Name Authority File and the Getty Geographic
Authority File
Glossaries
a list of terms, usually with definitions
Ex: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Terms of the Environment.
Dictionaries
alphabetical lists of words and their definitions, more general in scope
provide information about the origin of a word, variants
multiple meanings across disciplines
Ex : Oxford, Webster
Gazetteers
a list of place names
Each entry may also be identified by feature type, such as river, city, or school.
Ex: U.S. Code of Geographic Names
9. February 1, 2015 9
3.2 Classifications and Categories
Subject Headings
provides a set of controlled terms to represent the subjects of
items in a collection.
extensive and cover a broad range of subjects;
Ex: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and the Library of
Congress Subject Headings (LCSH).
Classification Schemes
Classification Schemes, Taxonomies, and Categorization Schemes
- are often used interchangeably
classification schemes – DDC, CC, LCC
Subject categories - used to group thesaurus terms in broad topic
sets that lie outside the hierarchical scheme of the thesaurus.
Taxonomies- used in object-oriented design and knowledge
management systems.
Contd..
10. February 1, 2015 10
Classification Schemes
DDC
It was initially enumerative but approaching a synthetic scheme.
Universe of knowledge divided into 10 main classes from 000 to 900.
Each class is divided into 10 forming 100 divisions and each division is
divided into 10 forming1000 subdivisions.
Based on Bacon’s theory of knowledge which divides knowledge acc to:
memory, imagination and reason.
CC
It is faceted/analytico-synthetic scheme.
Divides subjects into mutually exclusive orthogonal facets.
The disciplines are sequenced according to the “principle of increasing
concreteness” and the “principle of decreasing naturalness and
increasing artificiality of the content”.
LCC
It is an enumerative classification scheme.
Discipline based on the literary warrant of the Library of Congress
collection.
Organization of classes and subclasses followed general pattern of
Martel’s seven points: general form divisions, theory/philosophy,
history, treatises or general works, law/regulation/state relations, study
and teaching, and special subjects and subdivisions of the subject.
11. February 1, 2015 11
Taxonomies
Sometimes called natural classification schemes.
Basis for the classification schemes and indexing
systems.
A taxonomy is a classification system. As the Greek
root "taxis" implies, it is about putting things in order.
The aim of a taxonomy is to group things according to
similarities in some respect such as similarities in
structure, role, behavior, etc.
Use of taxonomies have profound role in biology.
Represented by a tree. It is a set of nodes and set of
connections between the nodes such that for any pair
of nodes there is a unique path. Any path from root to
leaf is called a branch.
Construction involves splitting a set into subsets, and
repeating the process on subsets. Criteria for splitting
depend on the application.
Contd..
12. February 1, 2015 12
3.3 Relationship Lists
Thesauri
based on concepts and they show relationships among terms
relationships are generally represented by the notation BT (broader term), NT (narrower
term), SY (synonym), and RT (associative or related term).
Ex: UMLS from the NLM, Roget's Thesaurus, FAO’s Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries
Thesaurus, NASA Thesaurus
Semantic Networks
advent of natural language processing – led developments in semantic networks
KOSs structure concepts and terms not as hierarchies but as a network or a web.
Ex: Princeton University's WordNet - used in a variety of search engines
Ontologies
form of knowledge representation
study of relationships that give rise to meaning of expressions.
provide a shared and common understanding of a domain that can be communicated across
people and application systems
play a major role in supporting information exchange processes
natural successors of thesauri, particularly for information retrieval and knowledge
management.
Two main types:
General ontologies. Ex - SENSUS, Cyc, WordNet, etc.
Domain-specific ontologies Ex. - GALEN – Generalized Architecture for Languages, Encyclopedias,
and Nomenclatures in medicine; UMLS - Unified Medical Language System.
Ontologies can be built using XML and RDF.
Many specific ontology development languages, specifically Web Ontology languages
have been develop. Ex. - OIL, DAML, OWL etc.
Contd..
13. February 1, 2015 13
3.4 Concept Mapping
Developed by Prof. Joseph D. Novak at
Cornell University in the 1960s. This work
was based on the theories of David Ausubel.
A technique for representing knowledge in
graphs
Knowledge graphs are networks of concepts
Concept mapping can be done for several
purposes:
to generate ideas (brain storming, etc.);
to design a complex structure (long texts, hypermedia, large web
sites, etc.);
to communicate complex ideas;
to aid learning by explicitly integrating new and old knowledge;
to assess understanding or diagnose misunderstanding.
14. February 1, 2015 14
3.5 Search Engines
The present problem with search
engines are
Lack of intelligence– they can only find pages
that have the chosen key /search/content word
in the text.
Lack of refinement while retrieving documents
The ideal search engine—features
Speed
Currency
Recall s
Precision
Ranking
Contd..
15. February 1, 2015 15
Some semantic search engines
3.5.1 Teoma
It applies three proprietary techniques: Refine, Results and
Resources.
Refine - organizes sites into naturally occurring communities that
are about the subject of each search query. This tool allows a user
to further focus his or her specific search.
Results - next it employs a technique called Subject-Specific
Popularity. It analyzes the relationship of sites within a
community, ranking a site based on the number of same-subject
pages that reference it, among hundreds of other criteria.
Resources - finally, by dividing the Web into local subject
communities, Teoma is able to find and identify expert resources
about a particular subject. These sites feature lists of other
authoritative sites and links relating to the search topic.
Contd..
16. February 1, 2015 16
Snapshot of search result in Teoma
Search results
showed in
Results, Refine
and Resources
17. February 1, 2015 17
3.5.2 Vivisimo
It employs clustering techniques to retrieve. The
Vivisimo algorithm puts documents together
(clusters them) based on textual similarity that is
augmented with heuristics.
It does not use a pre-defined taxonomy of controlled
vocabulary, so the name of each cluster is generated
from the search results within it.
It also does not force each document into a single
place in the cluster hierarchy—means, as document
can cover multiple themes, each document is placed
where it seems to fit.
Contd..
18. February 1, 2015 18
Snapshot of search result in VivisimoSnapshot of search result in Vivisimo
Search results
are grouped in
to clusters
Search results
are grouped in
to clusters
19. February 1, 2015 19
3.6 Visual tools for KO & Retrieval
Concept maps are effective visualization tools for
representing knowledge of any domain. In addition,
concept maps are a learning tool and access point for
the domain of knowledge represented.
In simplistic form, they provide a graphic interface into the
structure and relationships of knowledge.
At the next level of sophistication, the software used to
make concept maps becomes the knowledgebase storage
system.
Research findings support the effectiveness of concept
maps as a thinking and visualization tool that empowers
the user (learner) to more effectively use knowledge.
20. February 1, 2015 20
3.7 KO Tools/ Techniques:
The tools of KO group are:
KO tools usually utilize Classification,
Ontology, Semantic net, Semantic search
engines Directories & Groupware
Technologies.
Software like free mind, Think map and
Visual Thesauri, which are used to
graphically represent the knowledge.
Some of the visual tools are:
FreeMind
Thinkmap
Visual Thesauri
21. February 1, 2015 21
4. Study of KOS in Digital Libraries
4.1 Digital Library: An Overview
emergence of digital libraries - 1990s
Digital Library Federation (2002) defines DL as:
... organizations that provide the resources, including the specialised
staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret,
distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over
time of collections of digital works so that they are readily available
for use by a defined community or set of communities.
This definition involves three key components, which constitute
the theoretical framework underlying digital libraries, namely:
people;
information resources; and
technology.
An investigation into research areas that have recently been
explored or found challenging throws up issues in all three
areas.
22. February 1, 2015 22
4.2 Motivation for the work
Currently the kinds of KOS being deployed
varies in DL.
Hence there is a need to understand in depth
about the knowledge organization (KO) tools,
such as library classifications, thesauri and
subject heading systems and the Knowledge
representation (Ontologies) that are being
deployed in Digital Libraries.
This study focuses on the need for knowledge
organization (KO) tools, such as library
classifications, thesauri and subject heading
systems, to be fully disclosed and available in
the open network environment.
23. February 1, 2015 23
4.3 Research Gap
KOS refers to a range of tools used for
organisation, classification and retrieval of
knowledge in a general sense. Digital library
researchers operating in different contexts have
investigated the potential of these tools for
different purposes. Some of the applications are:
use of thesauri and classification systems for cross-browsing
and cross-searching across various digital collections;
creation of ontologies using existing thesauri;
classification systems and specialised controlled vocabularies
to provide a general knowledge-representation facility for
digital collections with a diverse range of materials; and
use of taxonomies to provide unified and organised access to
different digital repositories through describing different
layers of the digital collections.
Contd..
24. February 1, 2015 24
Based on the study conducted and data analysed, the
result shows most of the DLs are metadata driven.
Each DLs based on their collection use different set
of standards, KOS systems like – classification,
categorisation, search concepts, etc. shows
difference from one DL to another.
Few of them have used customised classification
schemes and very few have used DDC/BSO/UDC,
etc.
The same way some have used Thesaurus tools for
the Thesaurus construction.
Search facilities are provided by deploying search
engines.
Categorisation has also deployed in some DLs.
The proposed study will try to address this gap.
Contd..
25. February 1, 2015 25
4.4 Need of the study
The DLs are a decade old now.
The KOS development in DL shows difference in the
components of KOS like term lists, Classification
and categories and relationship list components in
each category and their deployment.
Also there are no norms in the use of KOS.
Hence a need is felt to fill aforesaid gap.
There is a need to carry out a systematic study of
KOS adopted in different DLs in the world.
Digital Libraries normally use in their KOS some set
of standards, schemes and search strategies. These
will differ from one system to another. Hence there
is a need to study these concepts.
26. February 1, 2015 26
4.5 Objectives of the study
1. To study the various Knowledge Organisation
Systems (KOS) and methods of KO that are
developed and deployed for organising Digital
Libraries (DLs)
Using Thesaurus
Concept Maps
Visualisation, etc
2. To study major DLs and the KOS used in those DLs
Ex: IEEE, ACM, California DL, Alexandria DL, National Science
DL, etc...... Approx. 20-25 No.s
KOS in these DLs
Overview of DL in general:
KO in Organisation
How search happens
Keyword/Boolean
3. Conceptualisation/Visualisation/ThinkMaps, etc
All these observations have been given in the attached Appendix.
27. February 1, 2015 27
4.6 Scope of the Study
This study limits itself to the major DLs of the
world.
The data collected will be based on the web
sites, persons contacted and other related
resources.
The scope of the study is limited to the
application of KOS deployed in major DLs of
the World.
28. February 1, 2015 28
4.7 Methodology of the study
During this study, the literature search was carried out
by visiting primarily digital library websites and other
related sources. Also contacted the respective
Department Heads/concerned persons in the field of
Digital Libraries, DLs through emails/personal contact
to collect the information about KOS and DL in the
world. The collected information from these case studies
were studied and analysed.
Still need to consult primary sources such as journals,
reports, and conference proceedings etc., related to the
research topic.
For this study, Case study method is used as a research
tool.
Case Study Method as a research tool –
“..A case study is an examination of a specific phenomenon
such as a program, an event, a person, a process, an
institution or social group. The bounded system, or case,
might be selected because is an instance of some concern,
issue or hypothesis.” (Merriam, 1988). Contd..
29. February 1, 2015 29
Selection Criteria:
The selection of cases includes
Major Digital Libraries in the world will be selected on the basis of
General, Consortia, Universities, National, etc. and also based on the
type of the collections.
Data Collection
Based on the above criteria
Study the selected cases of DLs and data will be collected, analysed
and formulated in the form of report.
Personal/e-mail interaction with concerned heads for data collection.
To sum up the following methodology/strategies would be
adopted:
Case study method
Interaction with the Heads/persons concerned
Observation Method
Analytical & Comparative study.
Presently, 32 DLs have been studied and the details of the
same have been mentioned in the attached Appendix. .
Contd..
30. February 1, 2015 30
4.8 Review of Literature
While collecting the data, the following questions were
discussed with the respective heads and the received answers
which are mentioned in the attached Appendix. Viz.
Major DLs in the world
Classification adopted – old schemes/Customized
Type of KOS used in their DLs
How search works? Which search engine is being used?
How categorisation happens? Any categorisation tools used?
How KOS have been applied for those DLs
The following actions took to collect information on above
mentioned points are :
Sent e-mails to all DL and KOS experts, Universities and persons
concerned.
Participated in the DL and KOS mailing lists and discussed about the
topic and sought for latest information on DL and KOS facts
worldwide & collected feedback on the same.
Discussed with commercial database owners over e-mails, phone and
received good feedback.
Feedback and outcome of the discussion have been analysed and
formulated in the appendix attached.
31. February 1, 2015 31
Presently, 32 DLs were selected for the study. The collected
data have been analysed and formulated in the below table to
show how KOS has been deployed in those DLs.
Based on the study conducted and data analysed, the result shows most of the
DLs are metadata driven.
Each DLs based on their collection use different set of standards, KOS systems
like – classification, categorisation, search concepts, etc. shows difference from
one DL to another.
Few of them have used customised classification schemes and very few have used
DDC/BSO/UDC, etc.
The same way some have used Thesaurus tools for the Thesaurus construction.
Search facilities are provided by deploying search engines.
Categorisation has also deployed in some DLs.
4.9 Summary of the Study:
Subject
Categorisation
Classification Visualisation/
Conceptualisation
Thesaurus/
Gazetteer
Search
Interface
Auto-
Categorization
Broad Subject - 5
Alphabetical – 1
UDC/DDC – 1
Types of
Materials – 5
3 3 Search - 13
Google- 1
Swish - Indexing -1
Distributed Search-1
1
For more details please refer attached Appendix.
32. February 1, 2015 32
5. Conclusion
Knowledge organisation system refer to a range of traditional
and nontraditional systems for the organization of knowledge.
The systems have been developed in numerous environments
outside the traditional library environment, including those of
A&I services, publishers and professional organizations, and
corporations. Examples exist in many disciplines and for
many target audiences.
KOSs can enhance the digital library in a number of ways.
They can be used to connect a digital library resource to a
related resource.
A KOS can make digital library materials accessible to
disparate communities.
Organization of knowledge on web is still a challenge and we
have to go a long way in this area. The main challenge is to
include artificial intelligence based systems, searching and
retrieval. Search engines would be efficient if pragmatic
analysis is in-built. But it will take time.
33. February 1, 2015 33
6. Appendix
Presently, 32 DLs have been studied and
planning to study some more DLs during
the research process. The details of the
same have been mentioned in the attached
Appendix.
DLs are categorised on the basis of: General,
Universities, National, Consortia, etc. and
also based on the type of the
collections.
Please refer comparative study attached for
more details.