This document discusses knowledge representation and management technologies for extended minds. It covers various aspects of knowledge representation including expressiveness versus computability and how the choice of representation limits what can be captured. Desired properties of knowledge representation systems include coverage, understandability, consistency, efficiency and ease of modification. The document then reviews historical attempts at knowledge representation and discusses current approaches like the semantic web, ontologies, topic maps and open source tools.
The Expert Library: Emergent needs in academic and special librariesLAICDG
Presentation by John B. Howard, head librarian at University College Dublin, for the Information Skills for the Future event, organised by the Career Development Group of the Library Association of Ireland on April 2nd 2015
Data-modeling Mindsets and the Digital HumanitiesRichard Urban
Discussion of different approaches to modeling information for digital humanities work.
Presented at the FSU Digital Scholars. https://digitalscholars.wordpress.com/2015/10/31/data-modeling-mindsets-and-the-digital-humanities/
IWMW 2003: Semantic Web Technologies for UK HE and FE Institutions (Part 2)IWMW
Slides for plenary talk on "Semantic Web Technologies for UK HE and FE Institutions" given by Dave Beckett and Brian Kelly at the IWMW 2003 event held at the University of Kent on 11-13 June 2003.
See http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2003/sessions/#talk-5
The Expert Library: Emergent needs in academic and special librariesLAICDG
Presentation by John B. Howard, head librarian at University College Dublin, for the Information Skills for the Future event, organised by the Career Development Group of the Library Association of Ireland on April 2nd 2015
Data-modeling Mindsets and the Digital HumanitiesRichard Urban
Discussion of different approaches to modeling information for digital humanities work.
Presented at the FSU Digital Scholars. https://digitalscholars.wordpress.com/2015/10/31/data-modeling-mindsets-and-the-digital-humanities/
IWMW 2003: Semantic Web Technologies for UK HE and FE Institutions (Part 2)IWMW
Slides for plenary talk on "Semantic Web Technologies for UK HE and FE Institutions" given by Dave Beckett and Brian Kelly at the IWMW 2003 event held at the University of Kent on 11-13 June 2003.
See http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2003/sessions/#talk-5
Not sure what RDF is and confused about or how it relates to Linked Data and the jargon surrounding it? This describes of what RDF as well as what you need to know to understand how it applies to library work.
presentation for a workshop on cataloging medieval manuscripts with Debra Cashion, Sheila Bair and Sue Steuer which was held at the Rare Book and Manuscript Section (RBMS) of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) in Minneapolis, MN on June 27, 2013.
Lotus: Linked Open Text UnleaShed - ISWC COLD '15Filip Ilievski
Abstract:
It is difficult to find resources on the Semantic Web today, in particular if one wants to search for resources based on natural language keywords and across multiple datasets.
In this paper, we present \lotus: Linked Open Text UnleaShed, a full-text lookup index over a huge Linked Open Data collection.
We detail \lotus' approach, its implementation, its coverage, and demonstrate the ease with which it allows the LOD cloud to be queried in different domain-specific scenarios.
This revision presentation introduces the concept of business ethics. The distinction between ethical and legal behaviour is examined as are the potential benefits and drawbacks of ethical behaviour. Some topical examples of business ethics in action are also provided.
Legality is only a first step
Questions to ask: When faced with a potentially unethical action.
Management’s role
Compliance/Integrity based codes
Corporate social responsibility
A definition and stakeholders
Not sure what RDF is and confused about or how it relates to Linked Data and the jargon surrounding it? This describes of what RDF as well as what you need to know to understand how it applies to library work.
presentation for a workshop on cataloging medieval manuscripts with Debra Cashion, Sheila Bair and Sue Steuer which was held at the Rare Book and Manuscript Section (RBMS) of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) in Minneapolis, MN on June 27, 2013.
Lotus: Linked Open Text UnleaShed - ISWC COLD '15Filip Ilievski
Abstract:
It is difficult to find resources on the Semantic Web today, in particular if one wants to search for resources based on natural language keywords and across multiple datasets.
In this paper, we present \lotus: Linked Open Text UnleaShed, a full-text lookup index over a huge Linked Open Data collection.
We detail \lotus' approach, its implementation, its coverage, and demonstrate the ease with which it allows the LOD cloud to be queried in different domain-specific scenarios.
This revision presentation introduces the concept of business ethics. The distinction between ethical and legal behaviour is examined as are the potential benefits and drawbacks of ethical behaviour. Some topical examples of business ethics in action are also provided.
Legality is only a first step
Questions to ask: When faced with a potentially unethical action.
Management’s role
Compliance/Integrity based codes
Corporate social responsibility
A definition and stakeholders
First Steps in Semantic Data Modelling and Search & Analytics in the CloudOntotext
This webinar will break the roadblocks that prevent many from reaping the benefits of heavyweight Semantic Technology in small scale projects. We will show you how to build Semantic Search & Analytics proof of concepts by using managed services in the Cloud.
Seminar presentation for which the entire work was conducted at Technical University Kaiserslautern. The seminar work involved understanding the Semantic Web technology along with RDF and querying mechanism. It also involved looking at technologies that are used for data storage, data management and data querying.
A review of the state of the art in Machine Learning on the Semantic WebSimon Price
Paper presentation at UK Computation Intelligence workshop 2003, Bristol. This paper reviews the current state of the art of machine learning applied to the Semantic Web. It looks at the Semantic Web and its languages, including RDF and OWL, from a machine learning perspective. Trends in the Semantic Web are mentioned throughout and the relationship with Web Services is examined. Applications are discussed with recent examples and pointers to data sets. Finally, the emerging field of Semantic Web Mining is introduced.
a system called natural language interface which transforms user's natural language question into SPARQL query
find related papers here https://sites.google.com/site/fadhlinams81/publication
This is part 2 of the ISWC 2009 tutorial on the GoodRelations ontology and RDFa for e-commerce on the Web of Linked Data.
See also
http://www.ebusiness-unibw.org/wiki/Web_of_Data_for_E-Commerce_Tutorial_ISWC2009
This is part 2 of the ISWC 2009 tutorial on the GoodRelations ontology and RDFa for e-commerce on the Web of Linked Data.
See also
http://www.ebusiness-unibw.org/wiki/Web_of_Data_for_E-Commerce_Tutorial_ISWC2009
Presentación del Dr. Getaneh Alemu (Solent University, Reino Unido), en el II Congreso de Información, Comunicación e Investigación (CICI 2018) “Metadatos y Organización de la Información”. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México. Evento organizado por el Cuerpo Académico 'Estudios de la Información' y el Grupo Disciplinar ‘Información, Lenguaje, Comunicación y Desarrollo Sostenible’. 29 de octubre de 2018.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Knowledge Representation Aspects
• How do we represent what we know?
– Expressiveness can conflict with computability
• What aspects of what we know and their relationships
are important?
– Every KR is an explicit answer to this question
– Every KR is a fragmented of full reasoning
• The subset useful to the problem at hand in tractable limits
– The choice of KR limits
• What can be captured/expressed
• What sorts of questions may be tractably answered
• Usefulness for human exploration and learning
• Usefulness for computational exploration and learning
3. KR Desired Properties
• Coverage
– Sufficient breath and depth
• Understandable by humans
– If for human use anyway. Useful for debugging in any
case
• Consistency
• Efficient
• Easy of modification
• Supports the applications / functions the KR was
desired for
4. Historical Attempts
• 70s and early 80s
• Heuristic question-answering, neural networks,
theorem proving, expert systems. (Mycin)
• Cyc starting is late 80s.
– Naïve physics, time notions, causality, motivation, common
objects and classes of objects
• 90s to now
• Computational linquistics
• KR Programming languages
• SGML -> HTML -> XML
• Semantic Web
7. Semantic Web
• KR of web content
– Machine readable web content or description of content
– Integration across different content, applications, systems
• Enterprise Information Systems
– Semantic publishing
• Documents with semantic markup
– RDF is most used currently
– Two Approaches
• Information as data objects using semantic language (RDF, OWL)
• Embed formal metadata within documents with new markup
– RDFa, Microformats
8. Some ontologies and vocabularies
• Dublin Core
– Resources, materials, media, text, web pages
• SKOS
– Thesauri, taxonomies, classification schemes
• FOAF
– Friend of a friend. Social network ontology
• SIOC
– Interconnection of discussions, blogs, forums, mailing lists
• RSS
– Syndication. Updates of blogs, news headlines, audio, video
• DOAP
– Description of a project. 43000 OS projects in Freshmeat
• SPE
– Scientific publishing experiment
9.
10. Open Source Tools and Services
• Ambra Project
– Publish open access journal with RDF.
• Semantic MediaWiki
– Mediawiki extension for semantic annotation and RDF publishing
• Swoogle
– Search engine for ontologies and instance data a
• Ufeed
– Publishes RDF resources and feeds
• D2R Server
– Publishes relational database on the web als Linked Data and SPARQL
endpoints
• BigBlogZoo
– Crawls and reaggregates 60000 XML sources under semantic URLs
• Utopia
– Interactive documents
11. Resource Description Framework
• RDF basics
– Subject predicate object
• Typically all three are URIs to keep identity clear
• Graphed as subject node, object node, predicate as labeled directed edge
– Basically a lightweight binary relationship
– Note similarity to Prolog entries
– Structured information broken in two set of RDF triplets
– Nodes, at least objects, can be containers of URIs
• Containers are unbound bags
• Collections are closed / complete
• RDF Schema (RDFS)
– Defines types and classes of URIs and expected associations or information
about types.
• IS-A and HAS-A relationships
• Meaning details for types
• Properties of classes
14. Topic Maps
• Components
– Topics
– Associations
– Occurrences
• Similar to concept maps and mind maps
• Higher level of semantic abstraction than OWL and RDFS
• Fully supports merging of topic maps
• APIs
– TMAPI
• Query
– TMQL
• Constraint specification (unfinished)
– TMCL
Editor's Notes
Knowledge representation (KR) and reasoning' is an area of artificial intelligence whose fundamental goal is to represent knowledge in a manner that facilitates inferencing (i.e. drawing conclusions) from knowledge. It analyzes how to formally think - how to use a symbol system to represent a domain of discourse (that which can be talked about), along with functions that allow inference (formalized reasoning) about the objectsKnowledge Representation is crucial for the systemactic capture and fast access and retrieval of knowledge in Knowledge Management tasks. When we design a knowledge representation (and a knowledge representation system to interpret sentences in the logic in order to derive inferences from them) we have to make choices across a number of design spaces. The single most important decision to be made, is the expressivity of the KR. The more expressive, the easier and more compact it is to "say something”However, more expressive languages are harder to automatically derive inferences from. An example of a less expressive KR would be propositional logic.An example of a more expressive KR would be autoepistemic temporal modal logic. Less expressive KRs may be both complete and consistent (formally less expressive than set theory). More expressive KRs may be neither complete nor consistent.Recent developments in KR have been driven by the Semantic Web, and have included development of XML-based knowledge representation languages and standards, including Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema, Topic Maps, DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML), Ontology Inference Layer (OIL), and Web Ontology Language (OWL).
So how do you do general KR, KR that by design is regular enough that KRs for various specific purposes can be combined. How do you make a KR system with such broad applicability that all humanKnowledge can be expressed in it. Such questions have led to the Semantic Web and other efforts.
In computer science, particularly artificial intelligence, a number of representations have been devised to structure information.KR is most commonly used to refer to representations intended for processing by modern computers, and in particular, for representations consisting of explicit objects (the class of all elephants, or Clyde a certain individual), and of assertions or claims about them ('Clyde is an elephant', or 'all elephants are grey'). Representing knowledge in such explicit form enables computers to draw conclusions from knowledge already stored ('Clyde is grey').Computationallinquistics added much knowledge about language itself. One of the better known KR programming languages is Prolog. It was actually developed in 1972 but not popular until roughly 1985. Remember the Fifth Generation Computing hype of the time or heard of it? We thought Japan was going to solve such powerful and even general AI that the US had to put major energy into catching up. Prolog represents propositions and basic logic, and can derive conclusions from known premises. KL-ONE (1980s) is more specifically aimed at knowledge representation itself. In 1995, the Dublin Core standard of metadata was conceived.SGML -> HTML -> XML These facilitated information retrieval and data mining efforts, which have in recent years begun to relate to knowledge representation.
Development of the Semantic Web, has included development of XML-based knowledge representation languages and standards, including RDF, RDF Schema, Topic Maps, DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML), Ontology Inference Layer (OIL), and Web Ontology Language (OWL).TheSemantic Web is a "web of data" that enables machines to understand the semantics, or meaning, of information on the World Wide WebHumans can do a variety of tasks using the web that machines cannot because humans understand the semantics of those materials. They were designed to sufficiently convey semantics to enable such human use.Machines can’t use the same cues and contexts and are missing our “common sense”. Machine readability allows deep automated processing of the web. For instance cross-linking all content discussing specific aspects of some subject, topic or situation that are of particular types. Find all that support or undermine a particular hypothesis. I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize.– Tim Berners-Lee, 1999Researchers could directly self-publish their experiment data in "semantic" format on the web. Semantic search engines could then make these data widely available. For instance the Open Cures project mentioned two weeks ago in the Longevity talk. an ontology is a formal representation of knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships between those concepts. It can be applied to reason about the entities within that domain, and may be used to describe the domain.an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation
The advantages of RDF are that it allows an unlimited amount of information about any subject in a schema independent way. There are common shortcuts in practice and many tools for more efficient editing and viewing. But it is nowhere near as concise for structured data as specifying a schema once and referring to it by data collection type. Note that RDF is pretty much limited to facts about instances. RDFS schema allows ability to define types and a limited set of properties of types.On the other hand OWL is a language for describing ontologies – conceptual mappings of a particular domain. OWL is compatible with RDFS but much more expressive, expressively for reasoning about interrelated types.
A class is a collection of objects. It corresponds to a description logic (DL) concept. A class may contain individuals, instances of the class. A class may have any number of instances. An instance may belong to none, one or more classes.A class may be a subclass of another, inheriting characteristics from its parent superclass. This corresponds to logical subsumption and DL concept inclusion notated .All classes are subclasses of owl:Thing (DL top notated ), the root class.All classes are subclassed by owl:Nothing (DL bottom notated ), the empty class. No instances are members of owl:Nothing. Modelers use owl:Thing and owl:Nothing to assert facts about all or no instances.[37]An instance is an object. It corresponds to a description logic individual.A property is a directed binary relation that specifies class characteristics. It corresponds to a description logic role. They are attributes of instances and sometimes act as data values or link to other instances. Properties may possess logical capabilities such as being transitive, symmetric, inverse and functional. Properties may also have domains and ranges.Datatype properties are relations between instances of classes and RDF literals or XML schema datatypes. For example, modelName (String datatype) is the property of Manufacturer class. They are formulated using owl:DatatypeProperty type.Object properties are relationsbetween instances of two classes. For example, ownedBy may be an object type property of the Vehicle class and may have a range which is the class Person. They are formulated using owl:ObjectProperty.Languages in the OWL family support various operations on classes such as union, intersection and complement. They also allow class enumeration, cardinality, and disjointness.
topics, representing any concept, from people, countries, and organizations to software modules, individual files, and events,associations, representing hypergraph relationships between topics, andoccurrences representing information resources relevant to a particular topic.Topics, associations, occurences can all be typed. The collection of definitions of allowed types forms the ontology of the topic map. topics, representing any concept, from people, countries, and organizations to software modules, individual files, and events,associations, representing hypergraph relationships between topics, andoccurrences representing information resources relevant to a particular topic.http://www.topicmaps.org/http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2002/09/11/topicmaps.htmlhttp://www.isotopicmaps.org/