Introduction: Dental trauma in children is a significant oral health issue worldwide. School teachers are immediate seniors for
children in school, and they are considered as the primary care takers for them. Hence, the purpose of the study is to assess the
knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management of traumatic dental injuries and to evaluate the
association between school environmental factors with teacher’s knowledge and attitude towards management of dental trauma.
Material And Methods: A total of 160 teachers from the government schools were included in the study. Data were collected using
a five part questionnaire including demographic data, knowledge, attitude, self-assessment, and possible strategies to change the
scenario. Data obtained from 160 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and chi
square test. Results: It was found that only 46.9% of the participant had adequate knowledge scores, and 60.6% of participant had a
positive attitude towards emergency management of dental trauma in school. The knowledge and attitude categories of school
teachers when compared with the length of service and those who witnessed traumatic dental injury in school using Pearson’ chi
square test statistically significant association (p <0.05) was observed with attitude scores only, while knowledge scores were not
significant. Conclusion: This study reveals a serious lack of knowledge and awareness among school teachers regarding emergency
management of dental injuries. We suggest educational programs should be developed for the school teachers to improve their
knowledge so that proper dental first-aid procedures can be achieved
KEYWORDS: Attitude, Emergency Treatment, First Aid, Knowledge, Schools
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge, Aptitude, Behaviour and Practices among school children in India NitishKapoorRb
In the Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practices (KABP) study on hygiene among children in schools, school heads, teachers and students were interviewed in six states across majority public schools and few private schools.
This paper is based on the findings from the baseline study.
There was a state wise variation in socio-demographic profile of children and their families across the six states i.e. Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan, 45% of the schools visited were private schools; the differences in practices were apparent.
Parents in Maharashtra were reported to be most educated. Higher education level among parents of Maharashtra seems to translate into better perception among children about portable drinking water. Television was widely available in homes and its use was widespread across all the states. Mobile phone use
was also trickling down to the younger population, but the access to internet was sparse and limited. At the same time it was found that presence of television at home has little to do with the knowledge and practice of hygiene.
School Children Dental Health, Dental Fear and Anxiety in relation to their P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge, Aptitude, Behaviour and Practices among school children in India NitishKapoorRb
In the Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practices (KABP) study on hygiene among children in schools, school heads, teachers and students were interviewed in six states across majority public schools and few private schools.
This paper is based on the findings from the baseline study.
There was a state wise variation in socio-demographic profile of children and their families across the six states i.e. Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan, 45% of the schools visited were private schools; the differences in practices were apparent.
Parents in Maharashtra were reported to be most educated. Higher education level among parents of Maharashtra seems to translate into better perception among children about portable drinking water. Television was widely available in homes and its use was widespread across all the states. Mobile phone use
was also trickling down to the younger population, but the access to internet was sparse and limited. At the same time it was found that presence of television at home has little to do with the knowledge and practice of hygiene.
School Children Dental Health, Dental Fear and Anxiety in relation to their P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Emergency management of dental trauma knowledge of hong kong primary and seco...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Emergency management of dental trauma: knowledge of Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers
Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
KY Wong 黃堅祐
LK Cheung 張念光
Objectives To investigate the level of knowledge about emergency management of dental trauma among Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers.
Impact of school-based dental program performance on the oral health-related ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was done in order to assess the association between the performance of school-based dental programs (SBDPs) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in
school children, in the province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, taking into account untreated caries and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was administered with 1906 children aged 12 and participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen to represent good and poor performance in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, whereas the children were interviewed for the OHRQoL and sociodemographic data. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Condition-Specific Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (CS Child-OIDP) index related to dental caries. The results revealed that the mean CS Child-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD 3.20) for good performance SBDP and 6.89 (SD 8.85) for poor performance SBDP. Analysis by negative binomial regression showed that being served by a poorly performing SBDP (RR = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.87–5.13), and to some extent living in a rural area and being a girl, were significantly associated with a greater risk of having a lower quality of life than were the counterparts. Untreated caries did not show an association with OHRQoL. In conclusion, there are substantial indications that SBDP performance is related to children’s OHRQoL.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
Kailash Nagar Research article publicationKailash Nagar
A STUDY TO ASSESS EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING PROGRAMME
ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING DENTAL HYGIENE
AMONG UPPER PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELECTED
GOVERNMENT SCHOOL, KHEDA, DISTRICT.
this study is a questionnaire survey among the school teachers regarding awareness about the tooth avulsion trauma and it's management. formal training about first aid in school. coconut water, milk, hbss should be given in schools.training programmes should be done frequently.
A Survey on Hong Kong Secondary School Students’ Knowledge of Emergency Manag...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
A Survey on Hong Kong Secondary School Students’ Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma
Cecilia Young1*, Kin Yau Wong2, Lim K. Cheung3,4
1 Private Practice, Hong Kong, 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 BDS (Glasgow), FFDRCS (Ireland), FDSRCPS (Glasgow), FRACDS (Australia), FRACDS (OMS) (Australia), PhD (HK), Hon FDSRCS (Edin), FHKAM (Dental Surgery), FCDSHK (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery), 4 Chair Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Emergency management of dental trauma knowledge of hong kong primary and seco...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Emergency management of dental trauma: knowledge of Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers
Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
KY Wong 黃堅祐
LK Cheung 張念光
Objectives To investigate the level of knowledge about emergency management of dental trauma among Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers.
Impact of school-based dental program performance on the oral health-related ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was done in order to assess the association between the performance of school-based dental programs (SBDPs) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in
school children, in the province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, taking into account untreated caries and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was administered with 1906 children aged 12 and participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen to represent good and poor performance in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, whereas the children were interviewed for the OHRQoL and sociodemographic data. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Condition-Specific Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (CS Child-OIDP) index related to dental caries. The results revealed that the mean CS Child-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD 3.20) for good performance SBDP and 6.89 (SD 8.85) for poor performance SBDP. Analysis by negative binomial regression showed that being served by a poorly performing SBDP (RR = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.87–5.13), and to some extent living in a rural area and being a girl, were significantly associated with a greater risk of having a lower quality of life than were the counterparts. Untreated caries did not show an association with OHRQoL. In conclusion, there are substantial indications that SBDP performance is related to children’s OHRQoL.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
Kailash Nagar Research article publicationKailash Nagar
A STUDY TO ASSESS EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING PROGRAMME
ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING DENTAL HYGIENE
AMONG UPPER PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELECTED
GOVERNMENT SCHOOL, KHEDA, DISTRICT.
this study is a questionnaire survey among the school teachers regarding awareness about the tooth avulsion trauma and it's management. formal training about first aid in school. coconut water, milk, hbss should be given in schools.training programmes should be done frequently.
A Survey on Hong Kong Secondary School Students’ Knowledge of Emergency Manag...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
A Survey on Hong Kong Secondary School Students’ Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma
Cecilia Young1*, Kin Yau Wong2, Lim K. Cheung3,4
1 Private Practice, Hong Kong, 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 BDS (Glasgow), FFDRCS (Ireland), FDSRCPS (Glasgow), FRACDS (Australia), FRACDS (OMS) (Australia), PhD (HK), Hon FDSRCS (Edin), FHKAM (Dental Surgery), FCDSHK (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery), 4 Chair Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Partners in the fight against global tooth decay and committed to working together to achieve the common goal that every child should stay cavity free during their lifetime.. https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Public-Health-Dentistry-4172190
Effectiveness of educational poster on knowledge of emergency management of d...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Effectiveness of Educational Poster on Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma - Part 2: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial for Secondary School Students
Cecilia Young1*, Kin Yau Wong2, Lim K. Cheung3
1 Private Practice, Hong Kong, 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of educational poster on improving secondary school students’ knowledge of emergency management of dental trauma.
Methods: A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted. 16 schools with total 671 secondary students who can read Chinese or English were randomised into intervention (poster, 8 schools, 364 students) and control groups (8 schools, 305 students) at the school level. Baseline knowledge of dental trauma was obtained by a questionnaire. Poster containing information of dental trauma management was displayed in a classroom for 2 weeks in each school in the intervention group whereas in the control group there was no display of such posters. Students of both groups completed the same questionnarie after 2 weeks.
Results: Two-week display of posters improved the knowledge score by 1.25 (p-value = 0.0407) on average.
Conclusion: Educational poster on dental trauma management significantly improved the level of knowledge of secondary school students in Hong Kong.
Trial Registration: HKClinicalTrial.com HKCTR-1343 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01809457
Citation: Young C, Wong KY, Cheung LK (2014) Effectiveness of Educational Poster on Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma - Part 2: Cluster
Randomised Controlled Trial for Secondary School Students. PLoS ONE 9(8): e101972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101972
Editor: Michael Glogauer, University of Toronto, Canada
Received May 19, 2013; Accepted June 10, 2014; Published August 5, 2014
Copyright: 2014 Young et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The study is self-funded by the principal investigator.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* Email: ceciliatyp@yahoo.com.hk
Awareness of Orthodontic Treatment in School Children of Karnataka State – A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Aims: To assess the awareness of Orthodontic treatment among school children in Karnataka. Settings and Design: School settings and Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in all the 30 districts of Karnataka. School children in the age group of 10-16 years were the target population. Population proportionate technique was employed for the sample size estimation. A total sample of 9505 was randomly selected from 102 schools all over Karnataka. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to record the awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis used: One way Anova, Scheffe’s post hoc-test. Results: Our study showed an average awareness of orthodontic treatment in Karnataka school children. Conclusions: The awareness was influenced by the literacy rate as districts with higher literacy showed higher awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment and districts with lower literacy rate showed lesser awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment.
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
Background Dental caries continues to be a major health issue for worldwide population which decreases individual’s quality of life. In children dental caries and gingivitis are major health problem due to lack of preventive efforts and change in dietary requirement. According to WHO, oral health awareness among children can be promoted through schools by improving good knowledge, attitude and behavior related to oral health that will be helpful for prevention and control of dental diseases among children. Hence there is a necessity to find out oral hygiene practices and occurrence of dental caries among school age children. With this background, researcher make a plan to conduct a survey with the following objective. Objective To assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among school age children in a selected community area. Methodology A quantitative approach with cross sectional descriptive design was used to assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among children. 195 school going children residing in rural area of Doiwala block were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire. Ethical permission was obtained from institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from study participants. Results The statistical finding shows that 184 94.36 mothers had not attend any education related to dental hygiene previously. Maximum mothers 97.95 have taught their child how to brush the teeth. It was surprising to note that 144 58.96 of children found to be suffering from dental caries. It was found that 38.79 of children were suffering with teeth pain. Very less 45 29.9 children had reported that they had visited dentist. There was significant association found between material use for remove food debris between the teeth’s and dental caries at p .001 . There was also significant association found between technique use for brushing teeth and dental caries p 0.003 . Conclusion The research findings showed that school age children give very less importance to oral hygiene. In this study we found greater need of health education and encouraging parents regarding children oral hygiene which can be beneficial to prevent dental caries among school going children. Mr. John Davidson | Ms. Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma | Mr. Atul Kumar "Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among School Age Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32964.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/32964/assess-the-oral-hygiene-practices-occurrence-of-dental-caries-and-gingivitis-among-school-age-children/mr-john-davidson
Impact of School Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding O...ijtsrd
Background The oral cavity is the gateway to the body. Oral health education always begins with awareness of oral health Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of school based health education on knowledge and practice regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children in rural areas of Tumkur, Karnataka, India and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods An Evaluative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability purposive sampling technique were used to select 100 primary school children from rural community Karnataka, India. A self structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist was used for assessing the knowledge and practice among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results There was a significant difference between the pre and post intervention level of knowledge t = 41.7, p= 0.0001 and practice t = 33.9, p= 0.0001 regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children. There was an association between primary school children’s knowledge score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.3, p=0.03 and mothers educational status x2 = 11, p=0.01 .There was an association between primary school children’s practice score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.1, p=0.04 , socioeconomic status x2 = 8.9, p=0.01 and mothers educational status x2 = 16.7, p=0.001 . Conclusion School based health education was effective to enhance the knowledge and practice of oral hygiene among the primary school in rural communities. Mamta Kunwar | Bince Varghese "Impact of School-Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oral Hygiene among the Primary School Children in A Rural Community of Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31837.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/31837/impact-of-schoolbased-health-education-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-oral-hygiene-among-the-primary-school-children-in-a-rural-community-of-karnataka-india/mamta-kunwar
Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents of Indian pop...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Background: Kids and teenagers are more prone to oral diseases. Poor oral health has a significant impact on oral well-being–associated quality of life. Thus, we performed an investigation to examine the outcome of oral health status on
the quality of life of children and adolescents in Indian population, by using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children, ranging between 1 and 19 years of age who attended Indian hospitals from November 2016 to October 2019, were included in the study. The DMFT Index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and OHIP-14 were used as data collection tools. Association of the total OHIP-14 score and seven subscales associated with it was evaluated using Spearman’s correlations.
Results: The results showed statistically noteworthy association between the toothbrushing regularity, number of dental appointments, history of oral trauma, smoking, and subdomains of OHIP-14 (P < 0.05)
Conclusion: Dental and oral health of an individual has a great impact on their quality of life.
Abstract— Dental diseases are health problem of developing countries mainly because of the fact that in developing countries these diseases are given less importance. People also not much bothered about children's personal hygiene and dental diseases until it leads to toothache and disability. And at this time it may lead to complication and expensive treatment. So a community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association between dental diseases and personal hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated and observed for personal hygiene. Association of personal hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with personal hygiene. Dental carries increases as the personal hygiene worsen and likewise same was observed with Malocclusion but Dental Fluorosis was observed in inverse direction mean as the personal hygiene improves the chances to have Dental Fluorosis increases. Periodontal it was found significantly more when personal hygiene of child is either poor or good, when it is fair chances of having Periodontal diseases were significantly less.
Introduction: Child’s behavior management in dental consultations aims to create confi dence and dispel anxieties and fears that may be present in children in dental consultations. Faced with these behaviors, it is up to the pediatric dentist to have knowledge of the conditioning techniques and also of the different types of infantile behavior, in order to be able to choose the best technique to be used
for each patient.
Dental Myth, Fallacies and Misconceptions and its Association with Socio-Dent...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: It is important to know about the myths and misconceptions, especially in India, where general and oral health is
embroiled in various myths and ritualistic practices.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of dental myth and utilizes socio-dental impact
locus of control scale (SILOC) health model, as the theoretical framework to understand the dental myth and belief and possible
reasons for noncompliance with recommended health action.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by the out-patients attending dental institute, in Bengaluru
city. A total of 150 individuals were included, data were collected using a pretested and validated three-part questionnaire
including demographic data, questions regarding dental myth, and seven items SILOC. Data obtained were statistically analyzed
using descriptive statistics, t-test, and spearman’s rank correlation.
Results: Almost all the participant believed in one or more dental myth. About 71.3% of the participant had high (≥11) SILOC
scores. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was found between mean SILOC scores and gender with males having
a lower mean score (14.94) as compared to females (18.62). When SILOC scores and myth scores were compared against
socioeconomic status, it showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001), between them. The SILOC scores highly correlated
with myth scores.
Conclusion: Various dental myth and false perception still lurk in the minds of the population, to discourage the unhealthy
practices; we the health professionals have to provide intensive health education and promote the adoption of healthy practices.
It would be prudent to familiarize professionals to understand these myths and beliefs as they act as barriers toward seeking
treatment.
Key words: Culture, Gender, Internal-external control, Oral health, Social class
Similar to Knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management of dental trauma in bangalore city (20)
Introduction
Uniqueness of human dentitionDefinition
Role of forensic science
Fields of activity of forensic odontology
History of forensic odontology
The need for identification of human remains
Techniques of human identification
Comparative identification
Mass disaster identification
Reconstructive/dental profiling
Identification of ethnic origin
Sex determination
Age estimation
Criminal investigation
Conclusion
References
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
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4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
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Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
Knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management of dental trauma in bangalore city
1. International Journal of Oral Health and Medical Research | ISSN 2395-7387 | MAY-JUNE 2016 | VOL 3 | ISSUE 1 38
ORIGINAL RESEARCHSharma R et al.: Emergency Mangement of Dental Trauma among School Teachers
Correspondence to:
Dr. Dr Ripika Sharma, MR Ambedkar Dental College, 1/36,
cline road, cooke town, Bangalore.
Contact Us: www.ijohmr.com
Knowledge and Attitude of School Teachers
with regard to Emergency Management of
Dental Trauma in Bangalore City
Ripika Sharma1
, Pramila Mallaiah2
, Umashankar Gangadharaiah Kadalur3
, Shweta Verma4
Introduction: Dental trauma in children is a significant oral health issue worldwide. School teachers are immediate seniors for
children in school, and they are considered as the primary care takers for them. Hence, the purpose of the study is to assess the
knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management of traumatic dental injuries and to evaluate the
association between school environmental factors with teacher’s knowledge and attitude towards management of dental trauma.
Material And Methods: A total of 160 teachers from the government schools were included in the study. Data were collected using
a five part questionnaire including demographic data, knowledge, attitude, self-assessment, and possible strategies to change the
scenario. Data obtained from 160 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and chi
square test. Results: It was found that only 46.9% of the participant had adequate knowledge scores, and 60.6% of participant had a
positive attitude towards emergency management of dental trauma in school. The knowledge and attitude categories of school
teachers when compared with the length of service and those who witnessed traumatic dental injury in school using Pearson’ chi
square test statistically significant association (p <0.05) was observed with attitude scores only, while knowledge scores were not
significant. Conclusion: This study reveals a serious lack of knowledge and awareness among school teachers regarding emergency
management of dental injuries. We suggest educational programs should be developed for the school teachers to improve their
knowledge so that proper dental first-aid procedures can be achieved
KEYWORDS: Attitude, Emergency Treatment, First Aid, Knowledge, Schools
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Dental trauma in children is a significant oral health issue
world wide.1
The prevalence of traumatic dental injury
among 5-16 year old school children in Bangalore city
was 9.7%, and only 3.9% of children with traumatic
dental injury had sought treatment. Children from public
school had significantly higher traumatic dental injuries
as compared to private schools.2
The face and the teeth
being the most exposed parts of the body have a higher
tendency to fracture.3
Traumatic injuries to the primary
and permanent dentition is probably the next to dental
caries4, 5
The development of the occlusion both
functionally and esthetically during childhood depends
upon the presence of healthy dentition. Studies have
shown that main cause of traumatic dental injuries among
school children is from falls and sports activities with the
maxillary incisors being most commonly involved. In
their study, Andreasen et al., suggest that the loosely
structured periodontal ligament surrounding the erupting
teeth and elasticity of alveolar bone favor complete
avulsion.6,7
A disastrous and unfortunate result occurs when the
traumatic injury is inadequately treated leading to
conditions like malformed or malpositioned teeth,
premature tooth loss and pulpal death with abscess
formation. The prognosis for success often depends on
the rapidity with which the tooth is being treated followed
by the injury, irrespective whether the procedure is
involving protecting a large area of exposed dentin or
treating a vital pulp exposure. Untreated trauma may
leave deficit that affects the quality of life and self esteem
of the patient. Improper intervention may lead to
longstanding damage to the orofacial structures.7
The most common locations where a traumatic dental
injury occurs are mostly in the school and home
environment. Parents and teachers are usually the ones
present in the vicinity when such accidents occur. Hence,
their knowledge about the management of traumatic
dental injuries is vital for the prognosis of injured teeth
and in assisting the injured person to receive appropriate
first-aid treatment as soon as possible.8
School teachers are immediate seniors for children in
school, and they are considered as the primary care takers
for them. They are frequently required to deal with
trauma in schools.6
Hence the purpose of the study is to
assess the knowledge and attitude of school teachers with
regard to emergency management of traumatic dental
injuries and to evaluate the association between school
environmental factors with teacher’s knowledge and
attitude towards management of dental trauma.
How to cite this article:
Sharma R, Mallaiah P, Kadalur UG, Verma S. Knowledge and Attitude of School Teachers with regard to Emergency Management of Dental Trauma in
Bangalore City. Int J Oral Health Med Res 2016;3(1):38-43.
INTRODUCTION
1,4-Post Graduate student in the Department Of Public Health Dentistry, M R
Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India. 2- MDS & Professor, in
the Department Of Public Health Dentistry, M. R. Ambedkar Dental College,
Bangalore, India.3-MDS & Professor and Head, Department Of Public Health
Dentistry, M R Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India.
ABSTRACT
2. International Journal of Oral Health and Medical Research | ISSN 2395-7387 | MAY-JUNE 2016 | VOL 3 | ISSUE 1 39
ORIGINAL RESEARCHSharma R et al.: Emergency Mangement of Dental Trauma among School Teachers
Study subjects and data collection: This was a Cross-
sectional study done over a period of three months from
June to August 2014. The study was conducted among
government school teachers in Bangalore city. Teachers
present on the day of data collection were included in the
study. List of school teachers under Bangalore city was
obtained from deputy directorate of public instructions
(DDPI), served as a sampling frame.
Sample size calculation: The sample size calculated with
confidence level 95% was 160.
Permission was obtained from the school authorities to
administer the questionnaire to the teachers. The
participants were explained about the objective of the
study and also informed consent was obtained from all
teachers. Ethical clearance was also obtained from the
Institutional Review Board of M .R Ambedkar Dental
College and Hospital, Bangalore.
Questionnaire: A questionnaire was developed to assess
current knowledge and attitude of school teachers with
regard to emergency management of dental trauma. The
questionnaire was both in Kannada and English language
to ensure comprehension by all school teachers. All the
questions were given alternative choices to help the
respondents and respondents were asked to tick the most
appropriate answer from the options provided.
Before the questionnaire was definitely established, the
questions were pretested in a pilot study on 20 school
teachers. The questionnaire was translated into Kannada
language and was also translated back to English to
ensure correct translation. The questionnaire was easy to
understand and was finalized with no modification. Its
respective psychometric properties were assessed as
follows. Content validity was assessed by ten experts, to
depict items with a high degree of agreement among
experts Aiken’s V index was used to quantify the
concordance between experts for each item and the
values higher than 0.85 were always obtained. Cronbach
alpha was 0.74 indicating good reliability.
Questionnaire had five parts:
Section 1: contained questions on personal data that
recorded name, age, gender, the length of service, first aid
training background, the source of information regarding
traumatic dental injuries and experience of witnessing
tooth injury in school children.
Section 2: consisted of multiple choice questions about
school teacher’s general knowledge about prevention and
management of dental trauma. It consisted of case studies
with two imaginary cases of dental trauma in a school
environment.
Case 1: consisted of questions regarding mild trauma
involving uncomplicated crown fracture.
Case 2: comprises of questions regarding permanent
tooth avulsion.
Section 3: consisted of questions regarding attitude of
school teachers in the management of dental trauma.
Section 4: self-assessment of school teachers regarding
emergency management of dental trauma in school.
Section 5: consisted questions of possible strategies to
change the scenario.
Statistical analysis: For further statistical analysis,
responses to the questions were recorded as correct or
incorrect, and each of the correct answer was given a
score of 1 and the wrong answer score of 0 for the
knowledge questions, similarly responses to the questions
of attitude part ,score 1 was assigned for positive attitude
and 0 for negative attitude. Based on the sum of the
scores of the questions on knowledge and attitude, two
categories were defined for each of them adequate (>5
score) and inadequate (<5 score) knowledge, positive
(>5score) and negative (<5 score) attitude. Data from the
returned 160 questionnaires were encoded, and statistical
analysis was performed using the software statistical
package for social sciences (SPSS).Descriptive statistics,
included percentages, frequencies, and t test and chi
square were used to find out significant differences
p<0.05.
Data was collected from July to September 2014 over a
period of 3 months. A total of 160 school teachers
participated in the study.
Section 1: About 34.4 % of the school teachers were
from the age group of more than 50 years. Among the
participants, 57 (35.6%) were male, and 103 (64.4%)
were females. About 78.7% of school teachers had
teaching experience of more than 5 years. In all, 43.8%
had received previous first aid training, but only 5.7%
stated that emergency management of traumatic dental
injuries was covered in their training curriculum. About
58 (36.3%) school teachers stated that they have received
information about traumatic dental injury through the
source of TV/ radio, and 43 (26.9%) reported that they
acquired the information through their friends/relatives/
colleague. About 10.5% of school teachers have never
received any information about dental injury
management. Almost 71.3% teachers reported that they
had witnessed a case of dental trauma during their
teaching career.
Section 2:
Case 1 (mild dental trauma): With regard to imaginary
case presented in Table 1,Among 160 school teachers 102
(63.8%)correctly answered that the fractured incisor in a
9 year old is most likely to be a permanent,31 (19.4%)
answered primary teeth, while 27 (16.9%) were not sure
which teeth it was. As an immediate action, 132 (82.5%)
of school teachers correctly answered that they would
contact his parents and advise them to send the child to
the dentist immediately,13.1% said that they would calm
the child and send him back to class, while 4.4% school
teachers did not know what to do.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
3. International Journal of Oral Health and Medical Research | ISSN 2395-7387 | MAY-JUNE 2016 | VOL 3 | ISSUE 1 40
ORIGINAL RESEARCHSharma R et al.: Emergency Mangement of Dental Trauma among School Teachers
The damaged front teeth likely to be
Permanent teeth
Primary (milk teeth)
Don’t know
N (%)
102 (63.8)
31 (19.4)
27 (16.9)
Which of the following would you consider to be the most
appropriate?
Contact his parents and advise them to send the child to
dentist immediately
Calm down the child and send him back to class
Don’t know what to do
132 (82.5)
21 (13.1)
7 (4.4)
Case 2 (avulsed teeth): With regard to the imaginary case
of tooth avulsion, shown in table 2. Of all those surveyed,
only 70 (43.7%) responded that they would try to find the
fractured teeth. When questioned regarding which
immediate action they would take, only 84(52.5%)
correctly responded that they would put the tooth in a
solution and send the child to the dentist immediately.
Unfortunately, 33.8% wrongly believed that they should
concentrate on stopping the oral bleeding by compressing
a cloth or handkerchief over the injury while 17 (10.6%)
did not know what to do. When questioned regarding the
type of health service they would seek, 42 (26.3%) would
prefer a general physician, 4 (2.5%) pediatrician, 56
(35%) would take the child to general dentist and 58
(36.3%) would go to a pediatric dentist. When asked
about suitable time to seek professional help only 44.3%
knew the suitable time for treatment. In case of storing
the fallen teeth, respondent would store the tooth in tap
water 17 (10.6%), child’s mouth 10 (6.3%), saline
solution 43 (26.9%), milk 14 (8.8%), disinfecting
solution 42 (26.3%), wrap the tooth in handkerchief or
paper tissue 17 (10.6%) and 10.6% school teachers
responded that they did not know where to store to the
fallen tooth.
The knowledge section was composed of 7 questions,
average knowledge score for all the school teachers was
4.17 (±1.46) out of 7.
Section 3: Table 3 summarizes the response towards
attitude questions. About 32.5% of school teachers had a
positive response that it’s the moral responsibility of
school teachers to take care of the traumatic dental
injuries that occur during the school hours. Regarding the
importance of time for saving a tooth, 47.5% believed
that time is not an important factor in saving a tooth.
Only 37.5% positively agreed that if a tooth is lost in an
injury requires prompt treatment to save the tooth. About
31.25% believed that dental emergency management
must be included during the training of teachers. Only
35% agreed that dental trauma management is an
emergency situation. Approximately 69.4% had a
negative attitude towards wearing a mouth guard in
outdoor/ contact sports. 25.6% had a negative attitude
towards their involvement due to fear of legal
consideration. About 30.6% felt that providing training in
the management of dental trauma will be helpful for them
in handling such situations.
Questions Disagree
N(%)
Can’t say
N(%)
Agree
N(%)
It is moral responsibility of teachers
to take care of the tooth injuries that
happened in school hours.
62
(38.75)
46(28.75) 52(32.5)
Time plays an important role for
saving a tooth.
76(47.5) 28(17.5) 56(35)
When a tooth is lost in injury, it can
be saved, so there is an utmost need
for treatment.
68(42.5) 32(20) 60(37.5)
Management of tooth injuries must
be included during the training of
teachers.
56(35) 54(33.75) 50(31.2
5)
Dental trauma management is an
emergency situation.
34
(21.75)
70(43.75) 56(35)
Teacher’s intervention in school
dental injuries plays an important role
in saving a tooth.
48(30) 67(41.9) 45(28.1)
Even though, emergency
management of tooth injuries is
thoroughly taken care by
professionals but there is a need for
teacher’s involvement to timely save
the tooth.
60(37.5) 55(34.4) 45(28.1)
Wearing a mouth guard should be
made compulsory in all outdoor
sports.
111(69.4) 20(12.5) 29(18.1)
In case of such emergency situations,
there are no legal considerations that
will put teachers in trouble.
41(25.6) 54(33.8) 65(40.6)
You feel providing training in
management of dental trauma will be
helpful to you in handling such
situations.
35(21.9) 76(47.5) 49(30.6)
The attitude section was comprised of 10 questions with
three possible answers for each one. In this study, the
mean score for attitude was 3.30 (±1.77) out of 10.
Section 4: Self –assessment of school teachers with
regard to management of dental trauma in schools:
65.6% claimed that they have little or no knowledge of
dental trauma management. 93.1% of school teachers
believed they need future education in this regard. Only
Would you try to find the fractured teeth?
Yes
No
70 (43.7)
90 (56.3)
Which immediate action would you take?
Would you look for the tooth, wash it and put it back in its
place.
Stop the bleeding by compressing a cloth or handkerchief over
the injury.
Put the tooth in a solution and send the child to dentist.
Don’t know what to do.
5 (3.1)
54 (33.8
84 (52.5)
17 (10.6)
What type of health service would you seek first?
General physician
Pediatrician
General dentist
Pediatric dentist
Don’t know
42 (26.3)
4 (2.5)
56 (35)
58 (36.3)
0 (0)
How urgent you think it is good to seek professional help if
a tooth has been fallen out?
Within 30 minutes
Within few hours
Within the first day
Next day
Within month
No care needed
71 (44.3)
69 (43.1)
9 (5.6)
3 (1.9)
3 (1.9)
5 (3.1)
Before you take the child to the dentist/ doctor, where
would you store the fallen teeth?
Tap water
Childs mouth
Saline solution
Milk
Disinfecting solution
Wrap the tooth in a handkerchief or paper tissue
Don’t know
17 (10.6)
10 (6.3)
43 (26.9)
14 (8.8)
42 (26.3)
17 (10.6)
17 (10.6)
Table 1: Responses of school teachers regarding knowledge of mild
traumatic dental injury (case scenario 1)
Table 2: responses of school teachers regarding knowledge of tooth
avulsion (case scenario 2)
Case 2: Table 3, Distribution of responses regarding attitude for
management of traumatic dental injury
4. International Journal of Oral Health and Medical Research | ISSN 2395-7387 | MAY-JUNE 2016 | VOL 3 | ISSUE 1 41
ORIGINAL RESEARCHSharma R et al.: Emergency Mangement of Dental Trauma among School Teachers
49.4% stated that they were able to take proper action in
cases of trauma.
Section 5: Table 4 summarizes the response of school
teachers with regard to strategies suggested to improve
their knowledge. The most frequently answered strategies
suggested by teachers was workshop 34.4%, followed by
the regular visit of the dentist to school 31.3%, visual
information 16.3%, educational campaigns to be included
in first aid program 15.6%,written information
1.3%,whereas 1.3% of school teachers believes that they
do not need to have this type of knowledge.
Question N%
According to you in which way can we improve the
teachers knowledge about management of dental trauma?
Written information
Visual information
Workshops
Regular visit of the dentist to the school.
Educational campaigns to be included in first aid program.
Teachers do not need to have this type of knowledge.
2 (1.3)
26 (16.3)
34.4 (55)
31.3 (50)
25 (15.6)
2 (1.3)
When participant were categorized according to the sum
of their scores of the answers, it was found that adequate
knowledge (score ≥5) was reported by only 46.9% of the
participant and 60.6% of participant had a positive
attitude (score >5) towards emergency management of
dental trauma in school.
The association between mean knowledge and attitude
scores was analyzed using t-test which showed a high
statistical significance p (<0.001). The knowledge and
attitude categories of school teachers were compared with
the length of service and those who witnessed traumatic
dental injury in school using Pearson’ chi square test.
The statistically significant association was observed
between length of service of the participant, and the
participant those witnessed traumatic dental injury in
school across attitude scores only while knowledge scores
were not significant (table 5).
The incidence of dental injuries in children is extremely
high. The prevalence of TDI among 5-16 year-old school
children in Bangalore city was 9.7%. Children’s in public
school had 2.4 times higher TDIs as compared to private
schoolchildren.9
Prompt and suitable emergency
management is extremely important for the future
prognosis of teeth affected by traumatic injuries
especially in young children. Those most likely to be
involved at the site of a trauma are school aged children
and teachers, making teachers knowledge of traumatic
dental injury emergency management fundamental to the
provision of correct care at an injured child.10
This
present study evaluated knowledge and attitude of public
school teachers towards the emergency management of
dental trauma.
In the present study, 56.3% of teachers did not receive
any first aid training, for those who had received first aid
training; only 5.7% stated that emergency management of
traumatic dental injuries was covered in their training
programme. This finding was similar to the study done by
Al-Jundi SH etal 2005.11
First aid training programme
should also include dental injury treatment and
management in their curriculum. It is worth noting that
71.3% teachers reported having witnessed a case of
dental trauma in school children, and it may be because
of the unsafe physical environment in the playgrounds
and indeed throughout the school especially in public
schools.
In case 1, it was found that 63.4% school teachers knew
that the fractured teeth would be permanent in a 9 –year
old student. This finding is in contrast with the study
done by Raof M etal.12
Replantation is contraindicated in
the deciduous dentition, because such a procedure may
damage the permanent successor. Therefore, it is
necessary that teachers should have a primary knowledge
of type of dentition.13
Tooth avulsion is common in school and sports
environments and requires immediate action, delay in
replantation of avulsed tooth will dramatically reduce the
prognosis and will lead to loss of the tooth. For this
reason, it is important to educate the teachers that witness
the accident of how to handle emergency procedures in
such scenarios.12
School teachers who are present or
nearby when an injury have a potential to shorten the
time interval between the avulsion and replantation.10
Only 52.5% responded correctly that would put the tooth
in a solution and send the child to the dentist
immediately. Approximately 33.8% were more concerned
about stopping the bleeding or controlling the bleeding
first. Probably they opted this answer because this is the
most common instinctive reaction of most of the lay
people in such cases, even the sight of blood sets off a
panicky response focusing on controlling the bleeding
first. Similar results were observed in study done by Raof
M.12
Sadly, the child would not benefit from this because
undue delay in replanting the tooth would jeopardize its
prognosis.14
When asked about the type of health service they would
seek when faced with a case of the knocked out tooth,
the majority of the respondents informed that they would
first seek the help of a general dentist or pediatric dentist
(71.3%) and about 28.7% would take the patient to a
physician or pediatrician. This is a positive finding of the
present study, and it shows that school teachers believe
Cat. Inadequate
knowledge
adequate
knowledge
P
valu
e#
Positive
attitude
Negative
attitude
P
va
lu
e#
(Years of
service)
0-5 years
6-10 years
11-15
years
>15 years
16 (47.1%)
23 (57.5%)
15 (51.7%)
31 (54.4%)
18 (52.9%)
17 (42.5%)
14 (48.3%)
26 (45.6%)
0.8
12 (35.3%)
17 (42.5%)
4 (13.8%)
30 (52.6%)
22 (64.7%)
23 (57.5%)
25 (86.2%)
27 (47.4%)
0.
00
6*
Witnessed
Yes
No
55 (47.5%)
30 (68.2%)
61 (52.6%)
14 (25%)
0.06
53 (45.6%)
11 (25%)
63 (54.4%)
33 (75%) 0.
03
*
Table 4, Distribution of responses regarding question of possible
strategies to change the scenario
Table 5, comparison of length of service and those who witnessed
traumatic dental injuries during school hours with knowledge and
attitude scores. P <0.05, denotes statistical significance # denotes
chi square.
DISCUSSION
5. International Journal of Oral Health and Medical Research | ISSN 2395-7387 | MAY-JUNE 2016 | VOL 3 | ISSUE 1 42
ORIGINAL RESEARCHSharma R et al.: Emergency Mangement of Dental Trauma among School Teachers
that dentist can provide appropriate and prompt action in
case of tooth avulsion when compared with other health
professionals. The results were in the accordance to the
study done by Kaur H and Pagliarin CL etal.15
In the current study, the majority of the teachers assessed
(55.7%) were not aware of the optimum extra oral time
an avulsed tooth can stay out of the patient’s mouth
without serious consequences or damage to the avulsed
tooth. Similar findings were observed in the study done
by Pagliarin CL etal.15
When immediate replantation is not possible, the tooth
should be stored in an adequate transport medium to
circumvent the damage to the periodontal ligament
cells.15
The most common choice of the storage medium
for the avulsed teeth was an antiseptic solution (26.3%),
similar findings were observed in the study conducted on
the school teachers in Punjab, only 8.8% of the school
teachers opted correctly for milk as a storage medium.13
Milk has been recommended for temporary storage
solution of avulsed teeth before replantation as it has a
favorable osmolarity and composition for maintaining the
viability of periodontal ligament cells and it preserves the
cell viability for up to 3 hours.13
An antiseptic solution is not recommended as a storage
medium as it will compromise the periodontal ligament
cells, and adversely affect the prognosis of the replanted
tooth. About 10.6% of the school teacher’s wrongly opted
tap water as the storage medium, tap water is not
recommended as a storage medium because of its low
osmolarity, and this hypotonic solution would cause the
periodontal ligament cells to swell and rupture and should
only be considered as a last resort when no other option is
available.13
The knowledge section was composed of 7 questions,
average knowledge score for all the school teachers was
4.17 (±1.46) out of 7. A similar finding was observed in a
study done by Kaur H etal.10
Chi square test showed that
the difference in their responses to the knowledge part of
the questionnaire was not statistically significant with
regard to gender, first aid training, the length of service
and those who have witnessed trauma in school. This
result were in accordance to the study done by Al-Jundi
SHetal.11
The attitude of teachers regarding emergency
management of avulsed teeth was overall
60.6%.approximately.This result is comparatively lesser
than the other study done by Kaur H etal.13
In the current
study, it was observed that the past dental trauma
experience had no effect on dental trauma management;
however, it did have a positive effect on their attitude.
The risk of children getting dental injuries during sports
activities can be minimized by using a mouth guard and
other oro-facial protective devices. Prevention of these
oro-facial traumatic injuries is a very vital step because
the patient does not have to suffer from the
disfigurement, accompanying pain and mental anguish.
An advantage of wearing mouth guards during contact
sports are of prime importance.16
In the present study,
69.4 % had a negative attitude towards wearing a mouth
guard in outdoor sports. In India, there are no rigid
enforcement for the usage of oro-facial protective devices
during contact sports in schools and gymnasiums.17
About
40.6% of school teachers believed that there could be a
legal consideration that will put them in trouble in case of
such emergency. Probably the reason behind this might
be that school teachers feel, they will be responsible for
the outcome if something goes wrong while managing
such situations. Chi square test showed that the difference
in their responses to the attitude part of the questionnaire
was statistically significant with regard to the length of
service and those who have witnessed trauma in school.
Over 93.1% of our participants expressed an interest in
receiving further education on traumatic dental injuries
(TDIs) management, a similar finding was observed in a
study done by Al-Jundi SH etal.11
When school teachers
were asked to suggest in which way can we improve their
knowledge,34.4% suggested workshops followed by
31.3% regular visit of the dentist to the school.
Educational handouts or brochures are a usual and
effective means of communication to provide information
about health. Improvement of knowledge, as well as its
retention during a long period of time, may be achieved if
addition to the educational brochure, there are also
lectures or workshops taught by the especially trained
professionals.18
Prevention and management of traumatic dental injury
should be considered as a major public health issue, and
adequate resources should be allocated for the research,
and the development of prevention programmes for the
same.
This study reveals a lack of awareness and knowledge
among school teachers about emergency management of
dental injuries. This issue should be seriously addressed
on a large scale. We suggest educational programs should
be developed, for teachers to improve their knowledge so
that proper dental first-aid procedures can be achieved.
These programs should be properly designed to assure
that proper information is retained with a positive effect
on attitude, and self-assessed competence.
1. Yassen GH, Chin JR, Younus MS, Eckert GJ. Knowledge
and attitude of dental trauma among mothers in Iraq. Eur
Arch Paediatr Dent.2013;14(4):259-65.
2. Murthy AK, Mallaiah P, Sanga R. Prevalence and
Associated Factors of Traumatic Dental Injuries Among 5-
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4. Pujita C, Nuvvula S, Shilpa G, Nirmala S, Yamini V.
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CONCLUSION
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Source of Support: Nil
Conflict of Interest: Nil