This study was done in order to assess the association between the performance of school-based dental programs (SBDPs) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in
school children, in the province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, taking into account untreated caries and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was administered with 1906 children aged 12 and participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen to represent good and poor performance in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, whereas the children were interviewed for the OHRQoL and sociodemographic data. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Condition-Specific Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (CS Child-OIDP) index related to dental caries. The results revealed that the mean CS Child-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD 3.20) for good performance SBDP and 6.89 (SD 8.85) for poor performance SBDP. Analysis by negative binomial regression showed that being served by a poorly performing SBDP (RR = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.87–5.13), and to some extent living in a rural area and being a girl, were significantly associated with a greater risk of having a lower quality of life than were the counterparts. Untreated caries did not show an association with OHRQoL. In conclusion, there are substantial indications that SBDP performance is related to children’s OHRQoL.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: Dental trauma in children is a significant oral health issue worldwide. School teachers are immediate seniors for
children in school, and they are considered as the primary care takers for them. Hence, the purpose of the study is to assess the
knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management of traumatic dental injuries and to evaluate the
association between school environmental factors with teacher’s knowledge and attitude towards management of dental trauma.
Material And Methods: A total of 160 teachers from the government schools were included in the study. Data were collected using
a five part questionnaire including demographic data, knowledge, attitude, self-assessment, and possible strategies to change the
scenario. Data obtained from 160 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and chi
square test. Results: It was found that only 46.9% of the participant had adequate knowledge scores, and 60.6% of participant had a
positive attitude towards emergency management of dental trauma in school. The knowledge and attitude categories of school
teachers when compared with the length of service and those who witnessed traumatic dental injury in school using Pearson’ chi
square test statistically significant association (p <0.05) was observed with attitude scores only, while knowledge scores were not
significant. Conclusion: This study reveals a serious lack of knowledge and awareness among school teachers regarding emergency
management of dental injuries. We suggest educational programs should be developed for the school teachers to improve their
knowledge so that proper dental first-aid procedures can be achieved
KEYWORDS: Attitude, Emergency Treatment, First Aid, Knowledge, Schools
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Knowledge, Aptitude, Behaviour and Practices among school children in India NitishKapoorRb
In the Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practices (KABP) study on hygiene among children in schools, school heads, teachers and students were interviewed in six states across majority public schools and few private schools.
This paper is based on the findings from the baseline study.
There was a state wise variation in socio-demographic profile of children and their families across the six states i.e. Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan, 45% of the schools visited were private schools; the differences in practices were apparent.
Parents in Maharashtra were reported to be most educated. Higher education level among parents of Maharashtra seems to translate into better perception among children about portable drinking water. Television was widely available in homes and its use was widespread across all the states. Mobile phone use
was also trickling down to the younger population, but the access to internet was sparse and limited. At the same time it was found that presence of television at home has little to do with the knowledge and practice of hygiene.
Background- Oral health is a multi-factorial concept, determined by knowledge, behavior, and attitude of a person. Like any behavior carried out daily like a habit, oral health behaviors are also repeated like a habit. The multidimensionality of behavioral change makes studying it, and factors associated with it, a challenge, since there are so many aspects to consider. Objectives- To find an association between the oral health status and socio-behavioral factors among 12-15 years old school children of Belagavi city, India. Methods- A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find an association between the oral health status and the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescents. One thousand participants were selected using two-stage random sampling. Dental caries, bleeding on probing, dental trauma, enamel fluorosis, intervention urgency was recorded according to the WHO 2013 proforma and the parameters regarding knowledge, attitudes as well as behavior using a closed ended self-designed questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, and linear correlation tests were done. Results- Among 1000 subjects, 767 (76.7%) participants were found to have dental caries and 512 (51.2%) showed the presence of gingival bleeding. Out of a total score of 41, the mean knowledge score was 34.47 (±3.84) for boys and 34.76 (±4.13) for girls. Linear correlation showed that attitude was weakly correlated (r=0.18 and 0.20 respectively) but with a strong statistical significance to knowledge as well as behavior respectively. Conclusion- Attitude when compared separately either with knowledge or behavior showed a weak correlation that was highly significant. Comparison of behavior with caries experience showed a weak negative correlation which was statistically insignificant. Key-words- Oral health, Adolescents, Socio-behavioral, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: Dental trauma in children is a significant oral health issue worldwide. School teachers are immediate seniors for
children in school, and they are considered as the primary care takers for them. Hence, the purpose of the study is to assess the
knowledge and attitude of school teachers with regard to emergency management of traumatic dental injuries and to evaluate the
association between school environmental factors with teacher’s knowledge and attitude towards management of dental trauma.
Material And Methods: A total of 160 teachers from the government schools were included in the study. Data were collected using
a five part questionnaire including demographic data, knowledge, attitude, self-assessment, and possible strategies to change the
scenario. Data obtained from 160 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and chi
square test. Results: It was found that only 46.9% of the participant had adequate knowledge scores, and 60.6% of participant had a
positive attitude towards emergency management of dental trauma in school. The knowledge and attitude categories of school
teachers when compared with the length of service and those who witnessed traumatic dental injury in school using Pearson’ chi
square test statistically significant association (p <0.05) was observed with attitude scores only, while knowledge scores were not
significant. Conclusion: This study reveals a serious lack of knowledge and awareness among school teachers regarding emergency
management of dental injuries. We suggest educational programs should be developed for the school teachers to improve their
knowledge so that proper dental first-aid procedures can be achieved
KEYWORDS: Attitude, Emergency Treatment, First Aid, Knowledge, Schools
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Knowledge, Aptitude, Behaviour and Practices among school children in India NitishKapoorRb
In the Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practices (KABP) study on hygiene among children in schools, school heads, teachers and students were interviewed in six states across majority public schools and few private schools.
This paper is based on the findings from the baseline study.
There was a state wise variation in socio-demographic profile of children and their families across the six states i.e. Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan, 45% of the schools visited were private schools; the differences in practices were apparent.
Parents in Maharashtra were reported to be most educated. Higher education level among parents of Maharashtra seems to translate into better perception among children about portable drinking water. Television was widely available in homes and its use was widespread across all the states. Mobile phone use
was also trickling down to the younger population, but the access to internet was sparse and limited. At the same time it was found that presence of television at home has little to do with the knowledge and practice of hygiene.
School Children Dental Health, Dental Fear and Anxiety in relation to their P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
School- based oral health education programs; How effective are they?Ghada Elmasuri
How effective are school based oral health education programs?
An evidence based review
A number of systematic reviews have been conducted on the the effectiveness of school-based behavioral interventions all over the world.
The aim of this presentation is to collect and review these evidences on the effectiveness of these programs and to identify important factors which contribute to the effectiveness of these programs.
Partners in the fight against global tooth decay and committed to working together to achieve the common goal that every child should stay cavity free during their lifetime.. https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Public-Health-Dentistry-4172190
Perception of Dental Visits among Jazan University Students, Saudi Arabiainventionjournals
Background:regular dental check-ups is fundamental in preventing and detecting dental diseases.Majority of Saudi patients do not have the trend to visit dentist frequently and they go only for emergency treatment and mostly pain is the driving factor. Aim: to evaluate the knowledge, beliefs and attitude of Jazan university students towards dental visits. Materials and Methodology:This descriptive cross-sectional; questionnaire based survey was carried out to evaluate the perception of Jazan university Saudi students towards dental visits. 352 students participated, age range of 20-24 years old. Results: The study revealed pain is the driving factor for most of the dental visits. 47.9%, their 1 stvisits complain was pain, 58% the driving factor for last visit is also pain. Although 29.1% occasionally visit dentist; 43% of them their last visit to dentist was 6 month ago. 47.6% were irregular visitors to dentist because they are afraid from dental needle and pain. 75% of the participants described their feeling at1st visit to dentist to be anxious and afraid. Although 88% of the participants knew that regular dental check-ups is important but this knowledge was not practiced.Only4.3% of the participants are driven to dental visit by dentist advice. Conclusion: there are lack of knowledge, wrong beliefs and negligence of dental visits in our study participants. Dental professional and mass media are not playing their role to change the knowledge and beliefs of the population.Recommendation: dental professionals’ media should be utilized spread knowledge of proper dental care.
Emergency management of dental trauma knowledge of hong kong primary and seco...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Emergency management of dental trauma: knowledge of Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers
Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
KY Wong 黃堅祐
LK Cheung 張念光
Objectives To investigate the level of knowledge about emergency management of dental trauma among Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
Background Dental caries continues to be a major health issue for worldwide population which decreases individual’s quality of life. In children dental caries and gingivitis are major health problem due to lack of preventive efforts and change in dietary requirement. According to WHO, oral health awareness among children can be promoted through schools by improving good knowledge, attitude and behavior related to oral health that will be helpful for prevention and control of dental diseases among children. Hence there is a necessity to find out oral hygiene practices and occurrence of dental caries among school age children. With this background, researcher make a plan to conduct a survey with the following objective. Objective To assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among school age children in a selected community area. Methodology A quantitative approach with cross sectional descriptive design was used to assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among children. 195 school going children residing in rural area of Doiwala block were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire. Ethical permission was obtained from institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from study participants. Results The statistical finding shows that 184 94.36 mothers had not attend any education related to dental hygiene previously. Maximum mothers 97.95 have taught their child how to brush the teeth. It was surprising to note that 144 58.96 of children found to be suffering from dental caries. It was found that 38.79 of children were suffering with teeth pain. Very less 45 29.9 children had reported that they had visited dentist. There was significant association found between material use for remove food debris between the teeth’s and dental caries at p .001 . There was also significant association found between technique use for brushing teeth and dental caries p 0.003 . Conclusion The research findings showed that school age children give very less importance to oral hygiene. In this study we found greater need of health education and encouraging parents regarding children oral hygiene which can be beneficial to prevent dental caries among school going children. Mr. John Davidson | Ms. Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma | Mr. Atul Kumar "Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among School Age Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32964.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/32964/assess-the-oral-hygiene-practices-occurrence-of-dental-caries-and-gingivitis-among-school-age-children/mr-john-davidson
School Children Dental Health, Dental Fear and Anxiety in relation to their P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
School- based oral health education programs; How effective are they?Ghada Elmasuri
How effective are school based oral health education programs?
An evidence based review
A number of systematic reviews have been conducted on the the effectiveness of school-based behavioral interventions all over the world.
The aim of this presentation is to collect and review these evidences on the effectiveness of these programs and to identify important factors which contribute to the effectiveness of these programs.
Partners in the fight against global tooth decay and committed to working together to achieve the common goal that every child should stay cavity free during their lifetime.. https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Public-Health-Dentistry-4172190
Perception of Dental Visits among Jazan University Students, Saudi Arabiainventionjournals
Background:regular dental check-ups is fundamental in preventing and detecting dental diseases.Majority of Saudi patients do not have the trend to visit dentist frequently and they go only for emergency treatment and mostly pain is the driving factor. Aim: to evaluate the knowledge, beliefs and attitude of Jazan university students towards dental visits. Materials and Methodology:This descriptive cross-sectional; questionnaire based survey was carried out to evaluate the perception of Jazan university Saudi students towards dental visits. 352 students participated, age range of 20-24 years old. Results: The study revealed pain is the driving factor for most of the dental visits. 47.9%, their 1 stvisits complain was pain, 58% the driving factor for last visit is also pain. Although 29.1% occasionally visit dentist; 43% of them their last visit to dentist was 6 month ago. 47.6% were irregular visitors to dentist because they are afraid from dental needle and pain. 75% of the participants described their feeling at1st visit to dentist to be anxious and afraid. Although 88% of the participants knew that regular dental check-ups is important but this knowledge was not practiced.Only4.3% of the participants are driven to dental visit by dentist advice. Conclusion: there are lack of knowledge, wrong beliefs and negligence of dental visits in our study participants. Dental professional and mass media are not playing their role to change the knowledge and beliefs of the population.Recommendation: dental professionals’ media should be utilized spread knowledge of proper dental care.
Emergency management of dental trauma knowledge of hong kong primary and seco...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Emergency management of dental trauma: knowledge of Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers
Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
KY Wong 黃堅祐
LK Cheung 張念光
Objectives To investigate the level of knowledge about emergency management of dental trauma among Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis...ijtsrd
Background Dental caries continues to be a major health issue for worldwide population which decreases individual’s quality of life. In children dental caries and gingivitis are major health problem due to lack of preventive efforts and change in dietary requirement. According to WHO, oral health awareness among children can be promoted through schools by improving good knowledge, attitude and behavior related to oral health that will be helpful for prevention and control of dental diseases among children. Hence there is a necessity to find out oral hygiene practices and occurrence of dental caries among school age children. With this background, researcher make a plan to conduct a survey with the following objective. Objective To assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among school age children in a selected community area. Methodology A quantitative approach with cross sectional descriptive design was used to assess dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene practices among children. 195 school going children residing in rural area of Doiwala block were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire. Ethical permission was obtained from institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from study participants. Results The statistical finding shows that 184 94.36 mothers had not attend any education related to dental hygiene previously. Maximum mothers 97.95 have taught their child how to brush the teeth. It was surprising to note that 144 58.96 of children found to be suffering from dental caries. It was found that 38.79 of children were suffering with teeth pain. Very less 45 29.9 children had reported that they had visited dentist. There was significant association found between material use for remove food debris between the teeth’s and dental caries at p .001 . There was also significant association found between technique use for brushing teeth and dental caries p 0.003 . Conclusion The research findings showed that school age children give very less importance to oral hygiene. In this study we found greater need of health education and encouraging parents regarding children oral hygiene which can be beneficial to prevent dental caries among school going children. Mr. John Davidson | Ms. Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma | Mr. Atul Kumar "Assess the Oral Hygiene Practices, Occurrence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among School Age Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32964.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/32964/assess-the-oral-hygiene-practices-occurrence-of-dental-caries-and-gingivitis-among-school-age-children/mr-john-davidson
Abstract— Dental diseases are health problem of developing countries mainly because of the fact that in developing countries these diseases are given less importance. People also not much bothered about children's personal hygiene and dental diseases until it leads to toothache and disability. And at this time it may lead to complication and expensive treatment. So a community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association between dental diseases and personal hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated and observed for personal hygiene. Association of personal hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with personal hygiene. Dental carries increases as the personal hygiene worsen and likewise same was observed with Malocclusion but Dental Fluorosis was observed in inverse direction mean as the personal hygiene improves the chances to have Dental Fluorosis increases. Periodontal it was found significantly more when personal hygiene of child is either poor or good, when it is fair chances of having Periodontal diseases were significantly less.
Impact of School Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding O...ijtsrd
Background The oral cavity is the gateway to the body. Oral health education always begins with awareness of oral health Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of school based health education on knowledge and practice regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children in rural areas of Tumkur, Karnataka, India and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods An Evaluative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability purposive sampling technique were used to select 100 primary school children from rural community Karnataka, India. A self structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist was used for assessing the knowledge and practice among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results There was a significant difference between the pre and post intervention level of knowledge t = 41.7, p= 0.0001 and practice t = 33.9, p= 0.0001 regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children. There was an association between primary school children’s knowledge score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.3, p=0.03 and mothers educational status x2 = 11, p=0.01 .There was an association between primary school children’s practice score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.1, p=0.04 , socioeconomic status x2 = 8.9, p=0.01 and mothers educational status x2 = 16.7, p=0.001 . Conclusion School based health education was effective to enhance the knowledge and practice of oral hygiene among the primary school in rural communities. Mamta Kunwar | Bince Varghese "Impact of School-Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oral Hygiene among the Primary School Children in A Rural Community of Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31837.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/31837/impact-of-schoolbased-health-education-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-oral-hygiene-among-the-primary-school-children-in-a-rural-community-of-karnataka-india/mamta-kunwar
Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents of Indian pop...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Background: Kids and teenagers are more prone to oral diseases. Poor oral health has a significant impact on oral well-being–associated quality of life. Thus, we performed an investigation to examine the outcome of oral health status on
the quality of life of children and adolescents in Indian population, by using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children, ranging between 1 and 19 years of age who attended Indian hospitals from November 2016 to October 2019, were included in the study. The DMFT Index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and OHIP-14 were used as data collection tools. Association of the total OHIP-14 score and seven subscales associated with it was evaluated using Spearman’s correlations.
Results: The results showed statistically noteworthy association between the toothbrushing regularity, number of dental appointments, history of oral trauma, smoking, and subdomains of OHIP-14 (P < 0.05)
Conclusion: Dental and oral health of an individual has a great impact on their quality of life.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
Association of Dental Diseases with Oral Hygiene in School Children of Rural Rajasthan, India-Oral diseases are health problem of industrialize well as developing countries because of its high prevalence. In developing countries these diseases are given less impotance because of scarcity of resources but when these dental diseases remain untreated it can cause permanent toothache and disability. It can increase school attendance and intern lead to complication and expensive treatment. A community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association of dental diseases with oral hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated for oral hygiene. Association of oral hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with oral hygiene. Mouth rinsing frequency and teeth cleaning frequency is inversely proportion in Dental Carries but is directly proportional in Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis
In India, dental diseases are mainly
due to poor oral hygiene, lack of
knowledge on oral health, poor access
to dental care and socio-cultural
factors. Furthermore, poor oral health
among children has been related to
decreased school performance, poor
social relationships and less success
later in life due to the missed days in
school. As per the WHO reports, 486
millions of children suffer from tooth
decay of milk teeth and more than
fifty million school hours are lost
each year because of poor oral health.
Therefore, school based oral health
education programs are necessary
to create awareness among children
about oral health for a healthy smile.
130 The Journal of Dental Hygiene Vol. 88 • No. 2 • April 2014.docxmoggdede
130 The Journal of Dental Hygiene Vol. 88 • No. 2 • April 2014
Introduction
Early-severe childhood caries re-
mains a significant public dental
health issue in the U.S. and interna-
tionally.1 The most common chronic
disease in children, dental caries is
5-times more prevalent than asthma
and 7-times more prevalent than
hay fever.2 Approximately 19% of
U.S. children aged 2 to 4 have ex-
perienced visually detectable den-
tal decay. Data from the National
Health Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) reveal that the number of
children aged 2 to 5 with dental car-
ies increased from 24 to 28% from
1999 to 2004.3 Nineteen percent of
U.S. children aged 2 to 4 have visu-
ally detectable dental caries.4 Over-
all, children of poverty experience
more extensive dental disease and
have less access to dental care.5,6 For
example, 25% of children living in
poverty have not seen a dentist be-
fore the age of 5, experience twice
the dental caries as their more afflu-
ent peers and are more likely to have
untreated oral disease.4-6
In 2005, the Virginia Department of Medical As-
sistance Services introduced the Smiles For Children
(SFC) program, providing coverage for diagnostic,
preventive and restorative/surgical procedures, as
well as orthodontic services for Medicaid, Family Ac-
cess to Medical Services Plan (FAMIS) and FAMIS
Plus children.7 The program also provides coverage
for limited medically necessary oral surgery services
for adults age 21 and older. Reasons cited by par-
ents for not involving their children in preventive
dental programs or establishing an ongoing dental
provider or dental home include the inability to take
time off from work, living a transient lifestyle and
being unable to find a dentist who participates in
the SFC program.7-11 Dentists are reluctant to par-
Oral Health Promotion: Knowledge, Confidence,
and Practices in Preventing Early-Severe Childhood
Caries of Virginia WIC Program Personnel
Lorraine Ann Fuller, RDH, MS; Sharon C. Stull, CDA, BSDH, MS; Michele L Darby, BSDH, MS;
Susan Lynn Tolle, BSDH MS
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the oral health knowledge, confi-
dence and practices of Virginia personnel in the Special Supple-
mental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC).
Methods: In 2009, 257 WIC personnel were electronically emailed
via an investigator-designed 22-item Survey Monkey® question-
naire. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Fishers Exact tests
compared personnel demographics and oral health knowledge,
confidence and practices at the p≤0.01 and 0.05 significance level.
Results: Response rate was 68%. WIC personnel were knowl-
edgeable about basic oral health concepts. More than half of those
reporting were not confident assessing for visual signs of dental
decay and do not routinely assess for visual signs of decay. Only
4% of personnel apply fluoride therapy.
Conclusion: Findings support the need for health promotion/dis-
ease pre ...
Dental Myth, Fallacies and Misconceptions and its Association with Socio-Dent...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: It is important to know about the myths and misconceptions, especially in India, where general and oral health is
embroiled in various myths and ritualistic practices.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of dental myth and utilizes socio-dental impact
locus of control scale (SILOC) health model, as the theoretical framework to understand the dental myth and belief and possible
reasons for noncompliance with recommended health action.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by the out-patients attending dental institute, in Bengaluru
city. A total of 150 individuals were included, data were collected using a pretested and validated three-part questionnaire
including demographic data, questions regarding dental myth, and seven items SILOC. Data obtained were statistically analyzed
using descriptive statistics, t-test, and spearman’s rank correlation.
Results: Almost all the participant believed in one or more dental myth. About 71.3% of the participant had high (≥11) SILOC
scores. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was found between mean SILOC scores and gender with males having
a lower mean score (14.94) as compared to females (18.62). When SILOC scores and myth scores were compared against
socioeconomic status, it showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001), between them. The SILOC scores highly correlated
with myth scores.
Conclusion: Various dental myth and false perception still lurk in the minds of the population, to discourage the unhealthy
practices; we the health professionals have to provide intensive health education and promote the adoption of healthy practices.
It would be prudent to familiarize professionals to understand these myths and beliefs as they act as barriers toward seeking
treatment.
Key words: Culture, Gender, Internal-external control, Oral health, Social class
Similar to Impact of school-based dental program performance on the oral health-related quality of life in children (20)
ON OPTIMALITY OF THE INDEX OF SUM, PRODUCT, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM OF FINITE BA...UniversitasGadjahMada
Chaatit, Mascioni, and Rosenthal de ned nite Baire index for a bounded real-valued function f on a separable metric space, denoted by i(f), and proved that for any bounded functions f and g of nite Baire index, i(h) i(f) + i(g), where h is any of the functions f + g, fg, f ˅g, f ^ g. In this paper, we prove that the result is optimal in the following sense : for each n; k < ω, there exist functions f; g such that i(f) = n, i(g) = k, and i(h) = i(f) + i(g).
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Association of the HLA-B alleles with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson s...UniversitasGadjahMada
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a common cause of life-threatening cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Previous studies have reported a strong association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN.We investigated the association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Javanese and Sundanese patients in Indonesia. Nine unrelated patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN and 236 healthy Javanese and Sundanese controls were genotyped for HLA-B and their allele frequencies were compared. The HLA-B*15:02 allele was found in 66.7% of the patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN, but only in 29.4% of tolerant control (p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR]: 6.5; 95% CI: 1.2–33.57) and 22.9% of healthy controls (p = 0.0021; OR: 6.78; 95% CI: 1.96– 23.38). These findings support the involvement of HLA-B*15:02 in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN reported in other Asian populations. Interestingly, we also observed the presence of the HLA-B*15:21 allele. HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-B*15:21 are members of the HLA-B75 serotype, for which a greater frequency was observed in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN (vs tolerant control [p = 0.0078; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1.90–75.72] and vs normal control [p = 0.0018; OR: 8.56; 95% CI: 1.83–40]). Our findings suggest that screening for the HLA-B75 serotype can predict the risk of CBZ-induced SJS/TEN more accurately than screening for a specific allele.
Characteristics of glucomannan isolated from fresh tuber of Porang (Amorphoph...UniversitasGadjahMada
Porang is a potential source of glucomannan. This research objective was to find a direct glucomannan isolation method from fresh porang corm to produce high purity glucomannan. Two isolation methods were performed. In first method, sample was water dissolved using Al2(SO4)3 as flocculant for 15 (AA15) or 30 (AA30) minutes with purification. In second method, sample was repeatedly milled using ethanol as solvent and filtered for 5 (EtOH5) or 7 (EtOH7) times without purification. The characteristics of obtained glucomannan were compared to those of commercial porang flour (CPF) and purified konjac glucomannan (PKG). High purity (90.98%), viscosity (27,940 cps) and transparency (57.74 %) of amorphous glucomannan were isolated by EtOH7. Ash and protein level significantly reduced to 0.57% and 0.31%, respectively, with no starch content. Water holding capacity (WHC) of EtOH7 glucomannan significantly enhanced, whereas its solubility was lower than those of PKG due to its ungrounded native granular form.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus from Indonesian Isolates Bas...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was conducted to analyze phylogenetic of Indonesian newcastle disease virus(NDV) isolates based on fusion (F) protein-encoding gene, with aim to determine which genotype group of Indonesian NDV isolates, compared to vaccine strain that circulating in Indonesia.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Ind...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper analyzes how and why adverse side-effects have occurred in the implementation of two articles of Indonesia’s anti-corruption law. These articles prohibit unlawful acts which may be detrimental to the finances of the state. Indeed, the lawmakers had good intentions when they drafted the two articles. They wanted to make it easier to convict corrupt individuals by lowering the standard of evidence required to prove criminal liability. The implementation of these articles has raised legal uncertainty. The loose definition of the elements of the crime enables negligence and imperfection of (public) contracts to be considered as corruption. The Constitutional Court has issued two rulings to restrict and guide the interpretation of these articles. However, law enforcement agencies (Supreme Court and public prosecutors) have been unwilling to adhere to the rulings. There are two possible reasons for this. First, as has been argued by several commentators, the law enforcement agencies have misinterpreted the concept of Bunlawfulness^. Besides, the law enforcement agencies wish to be seen to be committed to prosecuting and delivering convictions in corruption cases. To do so, they need to maintain looser definitions of the elements of the offence. This paper endorses the Constitutional Court rulings and provides additional reasons in support of their stance. The paper can be considered as a case study for other countries that may be contemplating similar legislation.
Receptor binding and antigenic site analysis of hemagglutinin gene fragments ...UniversitasGadjahMada
We reported a retrospective study on hemagglutinin (HA) gene fragments of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses recovered between 2010 to 2012, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. The results provide information about the receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites character of HA gene of AI viruses in Indonesia. Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free (SPF) of chicken embryonated eggs inoculated by AI suspected samples. Amplification was performed by using H5 specific primers to produce amplification target of 544 bp. The resulting sequences were analyzed with MEGA-5 consisting of multiple alignment, deductive amino acid prediction, and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results showed that out of the 12 samples amplified using RT-PCR technique, only 7 were detected to be avian influenza serotype H5 viruses. Sequence analysis of AIV H5 positive samples, showed a binding preference towards avian type receptors. Antigenic site analysis is consistent with the previous report, however, the antigenic site B at position 189 showed that the residue had undergone mutation from arginine to methionine. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these viruses were clustered into clade 2.1.3. Our report supports the importance of the previous study of RBS and antigenic properties of HPAI H5N1 in Indonesia.
Sustaining the unsustainable? Environmental impact assessment and overdevelop...UniversitasGadjahMada
Bali faces serious environmental crises arising from overdevelopment of the tourism and real estate industry, including water shortage, rapid conversion of agricultural land, pollution, and economic and cultural displacement. This article traces continuities and discontinuities in the role of Indonesian environmental impact assessment (EIA) during and since the authoritarian ‘New Order’ period. Following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the ‘Reform Era’ brought dramatic changes, democratizing and decentralizing Indonesia’s governing institutions. Focusing on case studies of resort development projects in Bali from the 1990s to the present, this study examines the ongoing capture of legal processes by vested interests at the expense of prospects for sustainable development. Two particularly controversial projects in Benoa Bay, proposed in the different historical and structural settings of the two eras—the Bali Turtle Island Development (BTID) at Serangan Island in the Suharto era and the Tirta Wahana Bali Internasional (TWBI) proposal for the other side of Benoa in the ‘Reform Era’—enable instructive comparison. The study finds that despite significant changes in the environmental law regime, the EIA process still finds itself a tool of powerful interests in the efforts of political and economic elites to maintain control of decision-making and to displace popular opposition forces to the margins.
Magnetogama is an open schematic handassembled fluxgate magnetometer. Compared to another magnetometer, Magnetogama has more benefit concerning its price and its ease of use. Practically Magnetogama can be utilized either in land or attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Magnetogama was designed to give open access to a cheap and accurate alternative to magnetometer sensor. Therefore it can be used as a standard design which is directly applicable to the low-budget company or education purposes. Schematic, code and several verification tests were presented in this article ensuring its reproducibility. Magnetogama has been tested with two kind of tests: a comparison with two nearest observatories at Learmonth (LRM) and Kakadu (KDU) and the response of magnetic substance.
Limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using...UniversitasGadjahMada
The emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. Extracts of Indonesian plants, Piper betle and Diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anticryptosporidial activity using Mastomys coucha (Smith), experimentally inoculated with Cryptosporidium proliferans Kváč, Havrdová, Hlásková, Daňková, Kanděra, Ježková, Vítovec, Sak, Ortega, Xiao, Modrý, Chelladurai, Prantlová et McEvoy, 2016. None of the plant extracts tested showed significant activity against cryptosporidia; however, the results indicate that the following issues should be addressed in similar experimental studies. The monitoring of oocyst shedding during the entire experimental trial, supplemented with histological examination of affected gastric tissue at the time of treatment termination, revealed that similar studies are generally unreliable if evaluations of drug efficacy are based exclusively on oocyst shedding. Moreover, the reduction of oocyst shedding did not guarantee the eradication of cryptosporidia in treated individuals. For treatment trials performed on experimentally inoculated laboratory rodents, only animals in the advanced phase of cryptosporidiosis should be used for the correct interpretation of pathological alterations observed in affected tissue. All the solvents used (methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxid) were shown to be suitable for these studies, i.e. they did not exhibit negative effects on the subjects. The halofuginone lactate, routinely administered in intestinal cryptosporidiosis in calves, was shown to be ineffective against gastric cryptosporidiosis in mice caused by C. proliferans. In contrast, the control application of extract Arabidopsis thaliana, from which we had expected a neutral effect, turned out to have some positive impact on affected gastric tissue.
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Amomum compactum essent...UniversitasGadjahMada
The main purpose of this study was to formulate and to characterize a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of cardamom (Amomum compactum) essential oil. The optimum formula was analyzed using a D-Optimal mixture designed by varying concentrations of oil component (Amomum compactum essential oil and virgin coconut oil), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) (v/v) using a Design Expert® Ver. 7.1.5. Emulsification time and transmittance were selected as responses for optimization. The optimum formula was characterized by droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, thermodynamic stability, and morphology using Transmission Electron Microscopy. SNEDDS of Amomum compactum essential oil was successfully formulated to SNEDDS using 10% of Amomum compactum essential oil, 10% of virgin coconut oil, 65.71% of Tween 80, and 14.29% of PEG 400. The characterization result showed the percent transmittance 99.37 ± 0.06, emulsification time 46.38 ± 0.61 s, the average droplet size 13.97 ± 0.31 nm with PI 0.06 ± 0.05, zeta potential −28.8 to −45.9 mV, viscosity 187.5 ± 0 mPa·s, passed the thermodynamic stress tests, and indicated spherical shape. The study revealed that the formulation has increased solubility and stability of Amomum compactum essential oil.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
APPLICATION OF CLONAL SELECTION IMMUNE SYSTEM METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION OF DIST...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper proposes an application of clonal selection immune system method for optimization of distribution network. The distribution network with high-performance is a network that has a low power loss, better voltage profile, and loading balance among feeders. The task for improving the performance of the distribution network is optimization of network configuration. The optimization has become a necessary study with the presence of DG in entire networks. In this work, optimization of network configuration is based on an AIS algorithm. The methodology has been tested in a model of 33 bus IEEE radial distribution networks with and without DG integration. The results have been showed that the optimal configuration of the distribution network is able to reduce power loss and to improve the voltage profile of the distribution network significantly.
Screening of resistant Indonesian black rice cultivars against bacterial leaf...UniversitasGadjahMada
Black rice production in Indonesia constrained by the bacterial blight disease (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotype IV (Xoo). Breeding of BLB resistant cultivars is considered the most sustainable method for BLB disease control, both from an environmental and agricultural perspective. Indonesia has many local black rice varieties that can be used as genes resource to support breeding program producing resistant cultivars. The present research focuses on screening local Indonesian black rice cultivars for resistance against BLB and analyzing the expression of these resistance genes in black rice after inoculation with Xoo. The black rice cultivars Cempo Ireng, Pari Ireng, Melik, Pendek, and Indmira, were inoculated with Xoo while white rice cv. Conde, IRBB21, IR64, and Java14 were used as controls. We assayed the phenotypic performance of the cultivars samples after Xoo inoculation and analyzed their resistance gene expression at 24 and 96 h after Xoo inoculation semiquantitatively. The cultivar showed the best performance was selected for further analysis of the resistance genes using Realtime quantitative PCR. Cempo Ireng was indicated the most resistant cultivar against BLB disease based on the lowest disease intensity and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) value. Cempo Ireng expressed resistant genes xa5, Xa10, Xa21 and RPP13-like after inoculation of Xoo. The expression of xa5, Xa10, and Xa21 was up-regulated while that of RPP13-like was down-regulated in Cempo Ireng.
This article analyzes the life of young millennial Salafi-niqabi in Surakarta and their strategies in dealing with power relations in their everyday lives. Studies on Salafi in Indonesia have focused more on global Salafimovements, power politics, links with fundamentalist-radical movements, state security and criticism of Salafi religious doctrine. Although there are several studies that try to portray the daily life of this religious group, the majority of previous studies focused on formal institutions and male Salafi. Very few studies have addressed the lives of Salafi women. This is likely due to the difficulty of approaching this group because of their exclusivity, and their restrictions on interacting with the outside world. Using Macleod’s theory of ‘accommodating protest’ within the framework of everyday politics, agency, and power relations, this research found that young millennial Salafi-niqabi have a unique method of negotiating with the modern and globalized world. Through what Macleod calls an accommodation which is at the same time a protest, young Salafi-niqabi have experienced hijrah as a form of negotiation of their millennial identity.
Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi accelerates the growth of shoot r...UniversitasGadjahMada
Shoot roots are second type of root, which emerge from the base of the new shoots, 5-7 days after planting. The shoot roots growth on single bud chips seedling is critical for further growth in dry land. The objectives of this study were to examine shoot root growth using different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on five clones of sugarcane and to ascertain their effect on seedling biomass weight. The highest and lowest temperatures on the research site were 32º and 18 ºC, in tropical monsoon climate. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) in 4x5 factorial arrangement with four replicates. The treatments were: four doses of AMF inoculum (0, 1, 2, 3 g/bud chips) on five clones with single bud chips seedling (PS864, KK, PS881, BL, and VMC). The evaluated parameters were root colonization affected by doses of AMF inoculum, number of shoot roots, surface area of shoot and total roots, root length, biomass seedling, and P leaf concentration affected by doses of AMF inoculum. AMF inoculum doses of 2 and 3 g of inoculum/bud chips resulted in the speed and extent root colonization at 5 days after inoculation on all five sugarcane clones. The clones exhibited 57-100 % accelerated emergence of shoot roots (i.e. the second roots formed), increased total root length, total root surface area especially on BL, VMC, and P leaf concentration. Application of 2-3 inoculum/bud of AMF inoculum significantly increased shoot roots growth i.e. root length, root surface area, and number of shoot roots.
SHAME AS A CULTURAL INDEX OF ILLNESS AND RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOTIC ILLNESS IN JAVAUniversitasGadjahMada
Most studies of shame have focused on stigma as a form of social response and a socio-psychological consequence of mental illness. This study aims at exploring more complex Javanese meanings of shame in relation to psychotic illness. Six psychotic patients and their family members participated in this research. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Thematic analysis of the data showed that participants used shame in three different ways. First, as a cultural index of illness and recovery. Family members identified their member as being ill when they had lost their sense of shame. If a patient exhibited behavior that indicated the reemergence of shame, the family saw this as an indication of recovery. Second, as an indication of relapse. Third, as a barrier toward recovery. In conclusion, shame is used as a cultural index of illness and recovery because it associated with the moral-behavioral control. Shame may also be regarded as a form of consciousness associated with the emergence of insight. Further study with a larger group of sample is needed to explore shame as a ‘socio-cultural marker’ for psychotic illness in Java.
Frequency and Risk-Factors Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bali-CattleUniversitasGadjahMada
Cattle are known as the main reservoir of zoonotic agents verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. These bacteria are usually isolated from calves with diarrhea and / or mucus and blood. Tolerance of these agents to the environmental conditions will strengthen of their transmission among livestock. A total of 238 cattle fecal samples from four sub-districts in Badung, Bali were used in this study. Epidemiological data observed include cattle age, sex, cattle rearing system, the source of drinking water, weather, altitude, and type of cage floor, the cleanliness of cage floor, the slope of cage floor, and the level of cattle cleanliness. The study was initiated by culturing of samples onto eosin methylene blue agar, then Gram stained, and tested for indole, methyl-red, voges proskauer, and citrate, Potential E.coli isolates were then cultured onto sorbitol MacConkey agar, and further tested using O157 latex agglutination test and H7 antisera. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and epidemiological data was analyzed using
STATA 12.0 software. The results showed, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle at Badung regency was 6.30% (15/238) covering four sub districts i.e. Petang, Abiansemal, Mengwi, and Kuta which their prevalence was 8.62%(5/58), 10%(6/60), 3.33%(2/60), and 3.33(2/60)%, respectively. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene confirmed of isolates as an E. coli O157:H7 strain with 99% similarities. Furthermore, the risk factors analysis showed that the slope of the cage floor has a highly significant effect (P<0.05) to the distribution of infection. Consequently, implementing this factor must be concerned in order to decrease of infection.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
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Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...
Impact of school-based dental program performance on the oral health-related quality of life in children
1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Oral Epidemiology
Impact of school-based dental program performance on the
oral health-related quality of life in children
Rosa Amalia1
, Rob M. H. Schaub2
, Roy E. Stewart3
, Niken Widyanti1
& Johan W. Groothoff3
1 Community and Preventive Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Center for Dentistry & Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
3 Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Health, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
Keywords
dental caries, OHRQoL, school-based dental
program.
Correspondence
R. Amalia, Community and Preventive
Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Denta Sekip Utara No. 1
Yogyakarta, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Tel: +62 81578804082
Fax: +62 2742830274
Email: rosadewanto@yahoo.com
Received 17 January 2015; accepted 25 June
2015.
doi: 10.1111/jicd.12179
Abstract
Objective: To assess the association between the performance of school-based
dental programs (SBDPs) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in
school children, in the province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, taking into account
untreated caries and sociodemographic factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered with 1906 children aged
12 and participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen to represent good and
poor performance in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using World
Health Organization (WHO) criteria, whereas the children were interviewed for
the OHRQoL and sociodemographic data. The OHRQoL was assessed using
the Condition-Specific Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (CS Child-
OIDP) index related to dental caries.
Results: The mean CS Child-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD Æ 3.20) for good per-
formance SBDP and 6.89 (SD Æ 8.85) for poor performance SBDP. Analysis
by negative binomial regression showed that being served by a poorly perform-
ing SBDP (RR = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.87–5.13), and to some extent living in a
rural area and being a girl, were significantly associated with a greater risk of
having a lower quality of life than were the counterparts. Untreated caries did
not show an association with OHRQoL.
Conclusion: There are substantial indications that SBDP performance is related
to children’s OHRQoL.
Introduction
For many years, oral healthcare for children in primary
schools in Indonesia has been provided through a
national school-based dental program (SBDP). Commu-
nity Health Centers (CHCs) deliver the SBDP as a part of
a national strategy for school health. According to a man-
ual issued by the Ministry of Health, SBDP aims to pro-
mote oral health by preventing oral disease and
establishing healthy behavior. The main activities of SBDP
are: (a) screening individual children in school for oral
diseases; (b) providing oral health education, including
oral hygiene instruction in schools; (c) training teachers
to teach oral health matters; and (d) curative treatment
in CHC dental clinics upon referral. However, the results
of a national survey show that in the province of Yogya-
karta, on the island of Java, caries experience (DMFT) in
≥ 12 year olds was 6.5, compared to the average caries
experience in Java of DMFT = 4.8 and DMFT = 4.9 for
the nation.1
The reasons for the high caries experience in
Yogyakarta are numerous. In particular, the traditional
food of Yogyakarta is renowned for and characterized by
its sweetness.2
Moreover, dental caries are expected to
increase in the coming years, as there has been a signifi-
cant increase in sugar consumption in developing coun-
tries.3
It is known that major constraints on the
ª 2015 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd 1
Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry (2015), 0, 1–8
2. performance of SBDPs include insufficient resources and
the low priority of oral health at the district level.4
The increasing caries rate raises questions regarding the
performance of SBDP as a major provider of children’s
oral health care in Yogyakarta. The performance of SBDP
has therefore been evaluated in a number of CHCs by
comparing the results achieved, as stated in annual
reports, to national targets.5
A SBDP is classified as hav-
ing good performance when:
(a) 80% of schools in the working area of the CHC par-
ticipate in the program.
(b) Oral health screening followed by oral health educa-
tion in classrooms is carried out at least twice a year
in each school.
(c) 80% of schools practise classroom tooth brushing.
(d) 80% of children found to have caries receive full
treatment upon referral.
(e) All teachers are trained in matters of oral health at
least once a year.
A CHC is considered to be performing poorly in rela-
tion to its SBDP when the above targets are achieved to a
level of < 60% for activities 1, 3, and 4, and when activi-
ties 2 and 5 are not implemented. The province of Yogya-
karta covers an area of 3185.8 km2
, with an approximate
population of 3.5 million; 117 CHCs run SBDPs in this
area.6
The evaluative SBDP study reveals that caries expe-
rience is higher in poor performance SBDPs
(DMFT = 3.8 Æ 3.4) than in good performance SBDPs
(DMFT = 2.8 Æ 2.4); however, the highest proportion of
caries experience for both consists of untreated caries
(DT), at 3.6 (SD Æ 3.4) and 2.5 (SD Æ 2.3) respectively.5
According to modern concepts in the field of dentistry
and the perceived impact of oral health, oral disease and
oral healthcare have gained importance in complementing
clinical indicators. Oral health-related quality of life
(OHRQoL) is one aspect of this multidimensional con-
struct.7
A study in the United States showed that adult
participants benefit from an oral health intervention pro-
gram not only in clinical terms, but also in terms of
OHRQoL.8
For a broader understanding of the conse-
quences of SBDP performance, it is therefore important
to expand the assessment of the performance of SBDPs
using an OHRQoL measure. To this end, the Child-Oral
Impact on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) was chosen,
as it is a well-established instrument.9
The presence of
untreated caries may have a negative impact on the OHR-
QoL.10
In addition, a number of possibly influential
sociodemographic factors are taken into account in the
analysis, as this has been indicated as being related to
children’s OHRQoL. In terms of sociodemographic fac-
tors, rural residents are more likely to have lower OHR-
QoL than urban residents,11
and higher levels of parental
education have been associated with higher levels of
OHRQoL.12
It has also been suggested that girls have
lower OHRQoL than boys.13
Therefore, the objective of
this study was to examine the association between SBDP
performance and OHRQoL in primary school children,
while also considering the impact of untreated caries and
sociodemographic factors.
Methods
Data from a cross-sectional evaluative study in the pro-
vince of Yogyakarta in 2010 were used. Of the 12 CHCs
originally included, four were selected, due to their con-
venience and the following characteristics: one CHC with
good SBDP performance and one CHC with poor SBDP
performance from an urban and rural area respectively:
the SBDP performance was assessed by comparing data
from the CHCs’ annual reports from the previous year
with the national targets outlined in the SBDP manual
mentioned in the introduction. All 12 year olds, from
both primary public and private schools in the working
areas of the four CHCs, were invited to participate in the
study.
The Child-OIDP measure was used to acquire informa-
tion relating to the children’s OHRQoL using structured
interviews in schools, whereby four dental nurses were
trained to collect the data. The training comprised
imparting sufficient background knowledge about the
study and ensuring the nurses could follow the standard-
ized procedures of the questionnaire, for instance deter-
mining how a point on a scale should be applied.
Children were asked to indicate from a list of common
oral problems, those they had experienced in the preced-
ing 3 months. The interviewer then asked, for each of the
oral problems experienced, about their impact on eight
daily performances: eating, speaking, mouth cleaning,
relaxing, smiling, studying, emotion, and social contact.
Upon the indication of the presence of an impact, the fre-
quency and the severity of its effect on daily life were
scored. These frequency scores were: 0 (never), 1 (once or
twice a month), 2 (once or twice a week) or 3 (every day/
nearly every day). The severity scores were 0 (none), 1
(little), 2 (moderate) or 3 (severe). For each daily perfor-
mance, both scores were multiplied to produce a perfor-
mance score (0–9). The aggregate impact is the sum of
the impacts on all eight performances divided by 72 and
multiplied by 100 to arrive at a range of aggregate
impacts ranging from 0 to 100.
The Child-OIDP also permits analysis of condition-
specific (CS) impacts on daily performances. The causes
of oral impacts related to caries chosen here were “tooth-
ache,” “sensitive teeth,” and “cavity.”14
To yield a more
meaningful picture of impact than the aggregate CS
Child-OIDP score, the variable “intensity” was used.
2 ª 2015 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Oral health quality of children R. Amalia et al.
3. Intensity is a classification of the highest performance
score: 0 = no impact, 1 = very little, 2 = little, 3 and
4 = moderate, 6 = severe and 9 = very severe.15
Prior to its use in this study, the Child-OIDP question-
naire was subjected to a cross-cultural translation into
Indonesian and an adjustment process following the pub-
lished guidelines.16
Teachers were consulted regarding the
phrasing of the questions. The version adopted was
piloted with a sample of 150 children aged 12, from two
primary schools not included in the study. The students
were able to respond to the questionnaire, and had no
difficulty understanding the content in general, or partic-
ular words. To assess the reliability of the measurements,
test-retest reliability (the intraclass correlation coefficient
for the total score) was checked in a pilot study through
repeated testing of 65 randomly selected children 2 weeks
after the initial administration. In addition to test-retest
reliability, internal consistency was estimated by calculat-
ing Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s alpha values of above
0.50 are considered acceptable in a child population with
a small number of items on the scale,17
and a correlation
coefficient of > 0.70 is desirable.18
The intraclass correla-
tion shows satisfactory results for the eight categorical CS
Child-OIDP items, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87
and an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha)
of 0.64. The corrected item-total correlation for each item
ranges from 0.65 (for eating) to 0.27 (for speaking),
which is above the minimum level of 0.20 required for an
item to be included into a scale.19
The DT component for untreated caries was taken
from a visual DMFT count according to the World
Health Organization (WHO) criteria for epidemiological
studies.20
Thus, a tooth is classified as decayed (DT) when
a lesion in a pit or fissure, or on a smooth or a proximal
surface, has the appearance of an unmistakable cavity or
undermined enamel visible to the eye. The examination
for this was carried out in the classroom using plane
mouth mirrors, standard explorers and battery-powered
torches, the batteries for which were replaced every
2 days. Prior to the study, the first author (RA) and three
dentists (examiners) were trained in Faculty of Dentistry
Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta and their assess-
ments were calibrated to ensure the reliability of the
examination results. The trainer, a senior lecturer in den-
tal public health at Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
with extensive experience in oral health surveys, provided
the benchmark standard for the examinations. An assess-
ment of interexaminer reliability was first conducted on
12 year olds who were not included in the actual clinical
survey. An examiner and the trainer performed the caries
examination independently on a minimum of 20 children.
Kappa values for interexaminer agreement for the clinical
assessment of DMFT during training ranged from 0.88 to
0.91. During the fieldwork, intraexaminer reliability was
calculated for a randomly selected 10% sample of the
subjects from each school included in this study, who
were examined twice on the same day. The Kappa value
of intraexaminer agreement throughout the survey ranged
from 0.89 to 0.94; both of these values are acceptable
according to WHO standards.21
A questionnaire was used
as part of the structured interview to collect information
relating to sociodemographic characteristics, including
place of residence, specifically rural or urban, length of
mother’s education, and gender.
Table 1. Prevalence and intensity of oral impacts on children, by CS Child-OIDP (N = 1906)
SBDP performance Oral impacts
Impacts on daily performances (%)
Eating Speaking Cleaning Sleeping Emotion Smiling Studying Contact
Good (N = 1012) Prevalence 42.4†
18.4*,† 30.5*,† 1.6*,† 1.8*,† 1.4*,† 3.0*,† 1.0*,†
Impact intensity
Very little 49.0 50.8 82.7 73.3 52.9 69.2 71.4 77.8
Little 45.5 44.3 13.5 13.3 41.2 30.8 17.9 22.2
Moderate 5.0 1.6 2.1 13.4 5.9 0.0 10.7 0.0
Severe 0.3 3.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Very severe 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Poor (N = 894) Prevalence 38.6†
6.8†
19.9†
13.0†
5.3†
4.3†
1.0†
2.7†
Impact intensity
Very little 28.9 50.0 24.9 32.4 38.0 45.3 77.8 55.7
Little 42.3 33.6 50.4 50.5 38.0 37.9 22.2 13.8
Moderate 15.0 11.8 10.9 15.8 8.3 14.7 0.0 8.9
Severe 5.9 2.0 7.6 3.4 5.8 0.0 0.0 7.3
Very severe 7.8 2.6 6.2 2.0 9.9 2.1 0.0 6.2
*Significant at P < 0.05.
†Chi-square test.
ª 2015 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd 3
R. Amalia et al. Oral health quality of children
4. The prevalence of impacted daily performance resulting
from caries was compared between the good performance
SBDP and poor performance SBDP groups, using the Chi
square test (Table 1). Regression was used to examine the
relationship between CS Child-OIDP (the outcome vari-
able) and SBDP performance affected by sociodemo-
graphic factors and untreated caries (Table 2). However,
since the distribution of CS Child-OIDP scores appeared
skewed, a negative binomial regression analysis was used
for modelling to allow the dispersion to be estimated.22
The rate ratios (RR), with 95% confidence intervals, were
computed, and the predictor variables were coded as fol-
lows: SBDP performance (0 = good, 1 = poor), place of
residence (0 = urban, 1 = rural), gender (0 = boy,
1 = girl), and mother’s education (0 = ≥ 10 years of edu-
cation, 1 = < 10 years of education). The level of
mother’s education was standardized in terms of the
basic level of education in Indonesia.23
Untreated caries
was coded as: 0 = having no untreated cavities, 1 = hav-
ing one or two untreated cavities, and 2 = having more
than two untreated cavities. First, a crude (unadjusted)
analysis was performed by way of comparison with an
analysis using all the predictors (adjusted), using SPSS
version 20.0. Statistical significance was set at a P-value
of < 0.05.
The protocol for the original evaluative study received
approval from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of
Dentistry at Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta,
Indonesia. As part of this protocol, parents and children
were given information about the study and clearly
informed of the fact that participants could withdraw
from the study at any time. The research team also
assured parents that the information obtained would
remain confidential.
Results
A total of 1906 primary school children aged 12 (1000
from urban areas and 906 from rural areas) completed
the questionnaire and were clinically examined. Children
who did not have a consent letter from their parents, or
who were not at school at the time of the data collection,
were not included, yielding a response rate of 81.3%. Of
the 1906 children included, 54% were male, 56% had a
mother with < 10 years’ education and 53% resided in an
urban area. The impacts felt by the children produced
CS-OIDP scores ranging from 0 to 50, out of a maximum
of 72. The mean CS-OIDP score was 1.63 (SD Æ 3.20)
for a well performing SBDP and 6.89 (SD Æ 8.85) for a
poorly performing SBDP. The experience of problems
related to caries for all children was reported as the fol-
lowing: toothache (N = 821 or 43.1%), cavity (N = 493
or 25.9%) and sensitive teeth (N = 465 or 24.4%). Some
of the children did not describe any adverse impacts. The
average DT was 3.04 (SD Æ 2.9), with an average DT for
boys of 2.83 (SD Æ 2.72) and 3.29 (SD Æ 3.10) for girls.
Of the 1476 children with untreated cavities, only 833
indicated an impact on any of the eight performances.
On the other hand, of the 430 children who were free
from untreated cavities, 227 indicated one or more
impacts related to caries.
Figure 1 shows percentage distribution of impact on
daily performances in children for both levels of SBDP
performance. The data in Table 1 show that difficulty
with eating is the most prevalent oral impact for both
levels of SBDP performance, at 42.4% for good SBDPs
and 38.6% for poor, while impacts on smiling, study, and
contact with other people are rare. The prevalence of oral
impacts on speaking, teeth cleaning, sleeping, emotion,
Table 2. Relationship between SBDP performance and CS Child-OIDP with and without adjustment for predictor variables (negative binomial
analysis)
Variables Response N
Mean (SD)
CS OIDP
RR
unadjusted 95% CI P
RR
adjusted 95% CI P
SBDP performance Good 1012 1.63 (3.20) 1 1
Poor 894 6.89 (8.85) 4.22 3.67–4.84 <0.001* 4.45 3.87–5.13 <0.001*
Place of residence Urban 1000 4.08 (6.59) 1 1
Rural 906 4.12 (7.45) 1.01 0.87–1.18 0.92 1.44 1.21–1.70 < 0.001*
Gender Boy 1026 3.84 (6.96) 1 1
Girl 880 4.41 (7.05) 1.15 0.99–1.34 0.07 1.15 1.01–1.33 0.04*
Mother’s education (years) < 10 1062 4.32 (7.48) 1 1
≥ 10 844 3.82 (6.35) 0.88 0.76–1.03 0.12 0.94 0.81–1.08 0.36
Having untreated caries (DT) DT = 0 430 3.81 (7.39) 1 1
DT 1 and 2 551 3.76 (6.80) 0.99 0.80–1.23 0.92 0.92 0.75–1.12 0.39
DT > 2 925 4.44 (6.94) 1.17 0.96–1.42 0.12 1.13 0.93–1.39 0.23
RR, rate ratios; CI, confidence interval.
*Significant at P < 0.05.
4 ª 2015 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Oral health quality of children R. Amalia et al.
5. smiling, studying, and contact in the good SBDP group
versus the poor SBDP group is statistically significant.
Intensity is mostly very little to little, for all impacts. In
terms of the aggregate impact (CS Child-OIDP) scores, a
tendency for a greater frequency of moderate intensity in
poor SBDPs is evident.
Figure 2 shows percentage distribution of dental caries
in children for both levels of SBDP performance. The
analysis of associations between the CS Child-OIDP
scores and predictor variables using negative binomial
regression are presented in Table 2. Without adjustment
for predictor variables, SBDP performance is the only
predictor that is statistically significantly in relation to the
CS Child-OIDP score. Children participating in a poorly
performing SBDP have a greater likelihood (unadjusted
RR = 4.2) of experiencing an oral impact on their quality
of life. The predictor variables were adjusted for each
other in the second analysis. It appears that in addition
to SBDP performance having a high predictive value,
place of residence and gender are also significantly related
to CS Child-OIDP scores. For instance, children living in
rural areas (adjusted RR = 1.44) and girls (adjusted
RR = 1.15) have a greater likelihood of experiencing an
oral impact on their quality of life than boys, or those liv-
ing in urban areas. However, the findings indicate no sig-
nificant relationship between oral impact and the degree
of untreated caries.
Discussion
The results show that SBDP performance is related to CS
Child-OIDP scores. Specifically, poor performance is sig-
nificantly associated with a lower quality of life in chil-
dren. This is influenced, however, by place or residence
and gender. Poor SBDP performance therefore seems not
only to result in clinically undesirable results, but also in
causing a greater intensity impact on quality of life, which
to a lesser extent can also be said of living in a rural area,
and being a girl. Surprisingly, the degree of untreated car-
ies as such appears not to be associated.
The results of this study show that in the total child
population studied, the prevalence of oral impact related
to caries experienced during 3 months preceding the
study was 56%, which is slightly higher than results for
the same age group in Thailand (47%).24
In the present
study, the most frequently indicated cause of impairment
is toothache, and the most prevalent impact is on eating.
This result is consistent with studies from Tanzania
and Sudan in comparable populations using the
CS-Child-OIDP.25,26
The present study also shows that
SBDP performance is indicated as a predictor for impact
on daily life related to caries, and at the same time there
is no relationship between the presence of untreated car-
ies and impact on daily life. A possible explanation for
this finding lies in the implementation of oral health edu-
cation in the classroom and teacher training as regular
activities in good SBDPs, both of which raise children’s
awareness of oral health and related problems, and thus
they may become more inclined to follow treatment upon
referral and develop other behaviors to inhibit caries pro-
gression. In turn, this can result in good OHRQoL, as the
children do not experience symptoms or disturbances in
terms of their physical functions. More generally, regular
activities conducted in good SBDPs can have positive psy-
chological effects on children’s self-esteem, as they have
close contact with health professionals.27
In addition, reg-
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of impact on daily performances in
children for both levels of SBDP performance.
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of dental caries in children for both
levels of SBDP performance.
ª 2015 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd 5
R. Amalia et al. Oral health quality of children
6. ular oral health education, specifically cognitive behav-
ioral mechanisms such as skills mastery, for instance
tooth brushing, and increased self-efficacy are also impor-
tant to counter the progressive deterioration of caries and
the consequent impact on OHRQoL.28
This finding sug-
gests that aspects other than purely clinical measures are
important in an oral health program.
These findings and considerations can form the basis
for improving SBDPs, for instance through oral health
education and other preventive measures. However, other
factors also need to be considered. For example, rural liv-
ing is related to a lower perceived quality of life; this is in
agreement with findings that children living in rural areas
face significant health disadvantages and impaired living
conditions, consequently leading to poorer health quality
of life.29
Furthermore, living in a rural area is related to
lower socioeconomic circumstances such as less income,
but also less favorable conditions for transportation, and
so less access to oral care. Gender is also shown to have
an independent influence, which is inconsistent with the
findings of other studies.13
However, these influences are
not consistent; sometimes girls show higher impact of
oral disease on their daily lives, sometimes boys show
greater impact. Explanations for these gender differences
are not conclusive; it is argued that boys are more active
than girls, and regular physical activity has been associ-
ated with a better perception of health; on the other
hand, being female is associated with a greater awareness
of the mouth and possible oral problems.30
Thus, as the
influence is not significant and explanations are inconclu-
sive, it is difficult to explain the role of gender in improv-
ing SBDP.
Certain limitations should be highlighted regarding the
interpretation of the analysis of this study. The data were
collected from a small number of CHCs that carry out
SBDPs, with a convenience sample rather than a random
sample. The CHCs were chosen on the basis of their will-
ingness to be involved in this project evaluation; the
number of children involved was therefore not based on
power analysis. However, the CHCs and children repre-
sent a variation in performance and location that is repre-
sentative of the level of variation to be expected.
Nonetheless, the results of this study should be taken as
indications that require further exploration in designs that
can provide greater generalizability. However, in such
designs, it is advisable to take the possible skewness of
data into account. Using CS Child-OIDP as an outcome
variable of an oral health care program is not yet com-
mon, and its validity as an outcome-measure of OHRQoL
is not yet established. Another important suggestion for
future studies is to include type of school, such as public
or private, as a variable, to provide further explanation of
the role of schools in influencing children’s perception of
oral impact by using multivariate analysis.
In addition, untreated caries is found not to be related
to CS Child-OIDP scores, and only a small percentage of
children described moderate or severe intensity impacts.
Comparable findings were reported in a study carried out
in Thailand on the same age group.31
There is a possible
explanation for this finding: as the prevalence is high,
untreated caries could be socioculturally accepted as a
“norm” by children, influenced by the value placed on
oral health and availability of dental services. Another
possible explanation is that many children experience no
significant impact on their daily living, as the caries
lesions are asymptomatic,25
which could also explain why
a large number of children in this study leave cavities
untreated. To examine these issues, a more detailed mea-
surement of caries is required than the relatively crude
DT used in this study. For instance, measurement per
surface (DS) could help differentiate untreated caries with
respect to OHRQoL. By contrast, many children without
caries indicated some impact, which could be caused by
the choice of impacts used in this study. For instance,
“toothache” was a frequently indicated impact; however,
this could also be related to other causes of pain. To
remedy this issue in a further study would require an
adaptation of the impacts chosen to measure Child-
OIDP.
Conclusions
The findings of this study indicate that SBDP perfor-
mance influences OHRQoL in relation to caries in
12 year olds. The findings suggest that OHRQoL could be
combined with clinical data to provide a better under-
standing of the effect of SBDP performance on children’s
oral health. Moreover, it might be useful to also consider
the role of place of residence and gender in relation to
oral health.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the
participating Yogyakarta provincial and district adminis-
trative authorities, CHCs, and primary schools for their
support of this study. We would also like to thank the
University of Groningen, The Netherlands, for its sup-
port. We especially thank all of the children who gave
their time to participate in this survey.
Conflict of interest
None of the authors have any conflicts of interest.
6 ª 2015 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Oral health quality of children R. Amalia et al.
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