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Breeding of soyabean
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- 3. INTRODUCTION Glycine max,commonly known as soybean in North America or soya bean,is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses. The plant, classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, produces significantly more protein per acre than most other uses of land. Soybean is the major legume crop of
- 4. INTRODUCTION Fat-free (defatted)soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged materials. For example, soybean products, such as texture vegetables proteins (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. The beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dieatry minearls and B vitamins. Soy vegetables oil, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of
- 5. INTRODUCTION The supplyof protein is becoming scarce especially in the developing countries. The new source has been invented for both protein and oil in the developing countries, in which soybean has been found as a good source for both due to high content of oil and protein( Hart wig& Kilen,1991). Latest statistics indicates that the area of soybean in Nepal was 23757 ha with an average productivity of 1.18 ton/ha (MOAD,2015).
- 6. HISTORY Soybeans originatefrom China. In 2853 BC, Emperor Sheng-Nung of China named five sacred plants – soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and millet. Soybean plants were domesticated between 17th and 11th century BC in the eastern half of China where they were cultivated into a food crop. From about the first century AC to the Age of Discovery (15-16th century), soybeans were introduced into several countries such as
- 7. HISTORY The earliestJapanese reference to the soybean is in the classic Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) which was completed in 712 AC. Europeans had been aware of soybeans as early as 1712 through the writing of a German botanist Some soybean seed may have been sent from China by missionaries as early as 1740 and planted in France
- 8. DESCRIPTION Soybean iswell known for its high nutritional qualities, it contains on an average 40% protein and 19% oil. Soybean being a legume crop also adds about 40 kg N/ha to the soil by way of nitrogen fixation. It grows to a height of 60-100 cm. It flowers in 30-6o days and whole life cycle completes in 95-125 days. Soybean has slightly woody stem which makes
- 9. DESCRIPTION Mature podsusually contain 1-3 seeds per pod. The average 100 seed weight is 11-15 g The cultivated soybean is self pollinated with only slight amount of natural cross-pollination There are 10 genus of Glycine according to a recent revision The soybean originated in china, with G.ussuriensis as a probable progenitor. It belongs to family Leguminosae.
- 12. CYTOLOGY Glycine isthe only genus where species have diploid chromosome number of 40 and 80 but not 20. The large number of chromosomes, small size, and similarity of the chromosome have often discouraged cytological investigation in soybean. In G.tabacina and G.tometela the 2n=80 Vidyabhusan 1980 classified soybean chromosome as two large,14 intermediate and
- 13. RELATED SPECIES OF SOYBEAN. A.SUBGENUS GLYCINE. Glycine clandestine. G.tomentella B.SUB GENUS SOJA. G.soja
- 14. FLORAL BIOLOGY Soybeanbelongs to family leguminoseae and it is highly self pollinated. Soybean has perfect flower consisting of calyx, Corolla, pistil and stamens.
- 15. CONTD… The corollabegins to emerge from the sepals. There are five petals, one standard, two keel and two wing petals. The keel petals encloses the pistal and the stamen. Stamens are 10 in number and
- 16. Contd… The pistal hasa single ovary with generally two or three ovules, a long style and stigma. The stigma is slightly hairy and covered by the Keel. Fruit is a legume
- 33. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES Equipmentsrequired Dissecting forceps. Needles. Paper clips. Cover bags.
- 34. SELFING Soybean is predominantlya self pollinated crop. In order to ensure complete selfing, the inflorescence is enclosed in a bag.
- 35. ANTHESIS Starts in morningaround 6 am and continues till 11 am. Maximum flower opening –11am to 5 pm.
- 36. STEPS FOR EMASCULATION Select the inflorescence containing youngbuds for emasculation.
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- 38. CONTD… Remove the corolla by graspingwith a forceps above the calyx scar and lifting them
- 39. REMOVE ALL THEDIADELPHOUS STAMENS WITH THE HELP OF FORCEPS OR NEEDLE
- 40. STEPS OF POLLINATION Pollinationis done in the next morning. Collect all the pollen from the male parent by removing organs with the forceps when
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- 43. CONT… Attach the tagwith the following information. Objective. Date of emasculation. Date of pollination Name of the breeder
- 44. GENETICS OF QUALITATIVETRAITS AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN SOYBEAN 1.Qualitative traits A qualitative trait is expressed qualitatively, which means that the phenotype falls into different categories. These categories do not necessarily have a certain order. The pattern of inheritance for a qualitative trait is typically monogenetic, which means that the trait is only influenced by a single gene.
- 45. CONT… Examples of qualitativetraits Flower color Stem color Pod number per peduncle Seed surface Seed type Seed coat color Growth vigor
- 46. QUANTITATIVE TRAITS Quantitativetrait shows continued variation. This is because the trait is the sum of several small effects caused by the gene. Environments has a very great role in this type of traits. Examples: Days to flowering Days to maturity 100-seed weightPlant heightI'lant width Number of primary branches pcr plant Number of secondary branches per pl:mt Number of pods per plant
- 47. CONT… Number ofseeds per pod Seed yield per plant Leaf size Leaf weight Specific leaf weight Seed fibre etc.
- 54. SEED PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATIONOF SOYBEAN 1.LAND REQUIREMENTS A. A crop of soybeans will not be eligible for certification if planted on land on which soybeans were grown the previous year 1. Unless the previous soybean crop was planted with a class of Certified seed of the same variety, or 2. Unless the variety being planted is of a contrasting pubescence, hilum, flower color, leaf shape and/or other distinguishing
- 55. CONT.. 2.FIELD INSPECTION A. Atleast one field inspection per season shall be made in a manner approved by the Certification Agency. The field inspection shall be made either at blossom time or near maturity. B. Applicants desiring re-inspection of fields not meeting certification standards on first inspection will be charged an additional fee per field re-inspected. C. The inspector shall cross the field sufficiently
- 56. CONT… IV. FIELD STANDARDS A.Unit of Certification (Field) and Boundaries 1. The unit of certification shall be a field or portion of a field isolated a minimum of 6 feet from other soybean varieties. Soybean Certification Standards 36 A field is defined as an area occupied by one crop which is covered by one application (or isolation), and/or inspection report, and is undivided by fences, ditches (sod waterways excepted), highways, public roadways, other crops(except crossable strips no more than 200 feet wide
- 57. CONT… Factors Class ofseed Genetic Field Standards Other varieties & offtypes Foundation Registered Certified 0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200) Other varieties and offtypes shall be considered to include offtype plants and plants that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected
- 58. SEED STANDARDS Factors Classof seed Genetic Field Standards Other varieties & offtypes Foundation Registered Certified 0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200) Other varieties and offtypes shall be considered to include offtype plants and plants that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected.
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