This document provides information about soybean breeding in three parts. It begins with an introduction to soybean including its scientific name, family, uses, protein and oil production. Next is a history of soybean originating in China and spreading to other countries. The document concludes with descriptions of soybean plants, their floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, genetics of traits, and seed production and certification standards.
3. INTRODUCTION
Glycine max, commonly known
as soybean in North America or soya
bean,is a species of legume native
to East Asia, widely grown for its
edible bean which has numerous uses.
The plant, classed as an oilseed rather
than a pulse by the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization, produces
significantly more protein per acre than
most other uses of land.
Soybean is the major legume crop of
4. INTRODUCTION
Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a
significant and cheap source of protein for
animal feeds and many packaged
materials.
For example, soybean products, such
as texture vegetables proteins (TVP), are
ingredients in many meat
and dairy substitutes. The beans contain
significant amounts of phytic acid, dieatry
minearls and B vitamins.
Soy vegetables oil, used in food and
industrial applications, is another product of
5. INTRODUCTION
The supply of protein is becoming scarce
especially in the developing countries.
The new source has been invented for both
protein and oil in the developing countries, in
which soybean has been found as a good
source for both due to high content of oil and
protein( Hart wig& Kilen,1991).
Latest statistics indicates that the area of
soybean in Nepal was 23757 ha with an
average productivity of 1.18 ton/ha
(MOAD,2015).
6. HISTORY
Soybeans originate from China. In 2853 BC,
Emperor Sheng-Nung of China named five
sacred plants – soybeans, rice, wheat, barley,
and millet.
Soybean plants were domesticated between
17th and 11th century BC in the eastern half of
China where they were cultivated into a food
crop.
From about the first century AC to the Age of
Discovery (15-16th century), soybeans were
introduced into several countries such as
7. HISTORY
The earliest Japanese reference to the
soybean is in the classic Kojiki (Records of
Ancient Matters) which was completed in 712
AC.
Europeans had been aware of soybeans as
early as 1712 through the writing of a
German botanist
Some soybean seed may have been sent
from China by missionaries as early as 1740
and planted in France
8. DESCRIPTION
Soybean is well known for its high nutritional
qualities, it contains on an average 40%
protein and 19% oil.
Soybean being a legume crop also adds about
40 kg N/ha to the soil by way of nitrogen
fixation.
It grows to a height of 60-100 cm.
It flowers in 30-6o days and whole life cycle
completes in 95-125 days.
Soybean has slightly woody stem which makes
9. DESCRIPTION
Mature pods usually contain 1-3 seeds per
pod.
The average 100 seed weight is 11-15 g
The cultivated soybean is self pollinated with
only slight amount of natural cross-pollination
There are 10 genus of Glycine according to a
recent revision
The soybean originated in china, with
G.ussuriensis as a probable progenitor.
It belongs to family Leguminosae.
10.
11.
12. CYTOLOGY
Glycine is the only genus where species have
diploid chromosome number of 40 and 80 but
not 20.
The large number of chromosomes, small size,
and similarity of the chromosome have often
discouraged cytological investigation in
soybean.
In G.tabacina and G.tometela the 2n=80
Vidyabhusan 1980 classified soybean
chromosome as two large,14 intermediate and
14. FLORAL BIOLOGY
Soybean belongs to
family
leguminoseae and it
is highly self
pollinated.
Soybean has
perfect flower
consisting of calyx,
Corolla, pistil and
stamens.
15. CONTD…
The corolla begins to
emerge from the
sepals.
There are five petals,
one standard, two
keel and two wing
petals.
The keel petals
encloses the pistal
and the stamen.
Stamens are 10 in
number and
16. Contd…
The pistal has a single ovary
with generally two or three ovules,
a long style and stigma.
The stigma is slightly hairy and
covered by the Keel.
Fruit is a legume
43. CONT…
Attach the tag with the following
information.
Objective.
Date of emasculation.
Date of pollination
Name of the breeder
44. GENETICS OF QUALITATIVE TRAITS AND
QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN SOYBEAN
1.Qualitative traits
A qualitative trait is expressed
qualitatively, which means that the
phenotype falls into different categories.
These categories do not necessarily have
a certain order.
The pattern of inheritance for a qualitative
trait is typically monogenetic, which
means that the trait is only influenced by a
single gene.
45. CONT…
Examples of qualitative traits
Flower color
Stem color
Pod number per peduncle
Seed surface
Seed type
Seed coat color
Growth vigor
46. QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
Quantitative trait shows continued variation.
This is because the trait is the sum of several
small effects caused by the gene.
Environments has a very great role in this type
of traits.
Examples:
Days to flowering
Days to maturity
100-seed weightPlant heightI'lant width
Number of primary branches pcr plant
Number of secondary branches per pl:mt
Number of pods per plant
47. CONT…
Number of seeds per pod
Seed yield per plant
Leaf size
Leaf weight
Specific leaf weight
Seed fibre etc.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54. SEED PRODUCTION AND
CERTIFICATION OF SOYBEAN
1.LAND REQUIREMENTS
A. A crop of soybeans will not be eligible for
certification if planted on land on
which soybeans were grown the previous year
1. Unless the previous soybean crop was planted
with a class of Certified seed of the same
variety, or
2. Unless the variety being planted is of a
contrasting pubescence, hilum, flower color,
leaf shape and/or other distinguishing
55. CONT..
2.FIELD INSPECTION
A. At least one field inspection per season shall
be made in a manner approved by the
Certification Agency. The field inspection shall
be made either at blossom time or near
maturity.
B. Applicants desiring re-inspection of fields not
meeting certification standards on first
inspection will be charged an additional fee per
field re-inspected.
C. The inspector shall cross the field sufficiently
56. CONT…
IV. FIELD STANDARDS
A. Unit of Certification (Field) and Boundaries
1. The unit of certification shall be a field or portion of
a field isolated a minimum of 6 feet from other
soybean varieties.
Soybean Certification Standards 36
A field is defined as an area occupied by one crop
which is covered by
one application (or isolation), and/or inspection
report, and is undivided
by fences, ditches (sod waterways excepted),
highways, public
roadways, other crops(except crossable strips no
more than 200 feet wide
57. CONT…
Factors Class of seed
Genetic Field
Standards Other
varieties &
offtypes
Foundation Registered Certified
0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200)
Other varieties and offtypes
shall be considered to include
offtype
plants and plants
that can be differentiated from
the variety that is being
inspected
58. SEED STANDARDS
Factors Class of seed
Genetic Field Standards Other
varieties & offtypes
Foundation Registered
Certified
0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500)
0.50%(1:200)
Other varieties and offtypes
shall be considered to include offtype
plants and plants
that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected.