SlideShare a Scribd company logo
SOYBE
AN
BREED
INGGovinda Sijapati
AFU,Rampur
SYSTEMATICS
Scientific Name:
Glycine max.
Family:
leguminoseae
Chromosome No.: 2n
= 2x= 40
INTRODUCTION
 Glycine max, commonly known
as soybean in North America or soya
bean,is a species of legume native
to East Asia, widely grown for its
edible bean which has numerous uses.
 The plant, classed as an oilseed rather
than a pulse by the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization, produces
significantly more protein per acre than
most other uses of land.
 Soybean is the major legume crop of
INTRODUCTION
 Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a
significant and cheap source of protein for
animal feeds and many packaged
materials.
 For example, soybean products, such
as texture vegetables proteins (TVP), are
ingredients in many meat
and dairy substitutes. The beans contain
significant amounts of phytic acid, dieatry
minearls and B vitamins.
 Soy vegetables oil, used in food and
industrial applications, is another product of
INTRODUCTION
 The supply of protein is becoming scarce
especially in the developing countries.
 The new source has been invented for both
protein and oil in the developing countries, in
which soybean has been found as a good
source for both due to high content of oil and
protein( Hart wig& Kilen,1991).
 Latest statistics indicates that the area of
soybean in Nepal was 23757 ha with an
average productivity of 1.18 ton/ha
(MOAD,2015).
HISTORY
 Soybeans originate from China. In 2853 BC,
Emperor Sheng-Nung of China named five
sacred plants – soybeans, rice, wheat, barley,
and millet.
 Soybean plants were domesticated between
17th and 11th century BC in the eastern half of
China where they were cultivated into a food
crop.
 From about the first century AC to the Age of
Discovery (15-16th century), soybeans were
introduced into several countries such as
HISTORY
 The earliest Japanese reference to the
soybean is in the classic Kojiki (Records of
Ancient Matters) which was completed in 712
AC.
 Europeans had been aware of soybeans as
early as 1712 through the writing of a
German botanist
 Some soybean seed may have been sent
from China by missionaries as early as 1740
and planted in France
DESCRIPTION
 Soybean is well known for its high nutritional
qualities, it contains on an average 40%
protein and 19% oil.
 Soybean being a legume crop also adds about
40 kg N/ha to the soil by way of nitrogen
fixation.
 It grows to a height of 60-100 cm.
 It flowers in 30-6o days and whole life cycle
completes in 95-125 days.
 Soybean has slightly woody stem which makes
DESCRIPTION
 Mature pods usually contain 1-3 seeds per
pod.
 The average 100 seed weight is 11-15 g
 The cultivated soybean is self pollinated with
only slight amount of natural cross-pollination
 There are 10 genus of Glycine according to a
recent revision
 The soybean originated in china, with
G.ussuriensis as a probable progenitor.
 It belongs to family Leguminosae.
CYTOLOGY
 Glycine is the only genus where species have
diploid chromosome number of 40 and 80 but
not 20.
 The large number of chromosomes, small size,
and similarity of the chromosome have often
discouraged cytological investigation in
soybean.
 In G.tabacina and G.tometela the 2n=80
 Vidyabhusan 1980 classified soybean
chromosome as two large,14 intermediate and
RELATED SPECIES OF
SOYBEAN.
A.SUB GENUS GLYCINE.
Glycine
clandestine.
G.tomentella
B.SUB GENUS SOJA.
G.soja
FLORAL BIOLOGY
 Soybean belongs to
family
leguminoseae and it
is highly self
pollinated.
 Soybean has
perfect flower
consisting of calyx,
Corolla, pistil and
stamens.
CONTD…
 The corolla begins to
emerge from the
sepals.
 There are five petals,
one standard, two
keel and two wing
petals.
 The keel petals
encloses the pistal
and the stamen.
 Stamens are 10 in
number and
Contd…
The pistal has a single ovary
with generally two or three ovules,
a long style and stigma.
 The stigma is slightly hairy and
covered by the Keel.
Fruit is a legume
SELFING AND CROSSING
TECHNIQUES
Equipments required
 Dissecting forceps.
 Needles.
 Paper clips.
 Cover bags.
SELFING
 Soybean is
predominantly a
self pollinated
crop.
 In order to ensure
complete selfing,
the inflorescence
is enclosed in a
bag.
ANTHESIS
Starts in morning around 6 am
and continues till 11 am.
Maximum flower opening –11am
to 5 pm.
STEPS FOR
EMASCULATION
Select the
inflorescence
containing
young buds
for
emasculation.
CONTD…
Remove the
immature
buds.
CONTD…
Remove the
corolla by
grasping with
a forceps
above the
calyx scar and
lifting them
REMOVE ALL THE DIADELPHOUS
STAMENS WITH THE HELP OF FORCEPS
OR NEEDLE
STEPS OF POLLINATION
Pollination is
done in the
next morning.
Collect all the
pollen from the
male parent by
removing
organs with the
forceps when
CONT…
Anthers
are gently
brushed
on the
stigma
untill the
pollen is
CONT…
Bag the
pollinate
d
inflorosc
ence
CONT…
Attach the tag with the following
information.
Objective.
Date of emasculation.
Date of pollination
Name of the breeder
GENETICS OF QUALITATIVE TRAITS AND
QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN SOYBEAN
1.Qualitative traits
 A qualitative trait is expressed
qualitatively, which means that the
phenotype falls into different categories.
 These categories do not necessarily have
a certain order.
 The pattern of inheritance for a qualitative
trait is typically monogenetic, which
means that the trait is only influenced by a
single gene.
CONT…
Examples of qualitative traits
 Flower color
 Stem color
 Pod number per peduncle
 Seed surface
 Seed type
 Seed coat color
 Growth vigor
QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
 Quantitative trait shows continued variation.
 This is because the trait is the sum of several
small effects caused by the gene.
 Environments has a very great role in this type
of traits.
Examples:
 Days to flowering
 Days to maturity
 100-seed weightPlant heightI'lant width
 Number of primary branches pcr plant
 Number of secondary branches per pl:mt
 Number of pods per plant
CONT…
 Number of seeds per pod
 Seed yield per plant
 Leaf size
 Leaf weight
 Specific leaf weight
 Seed fibre etc.
SEED PRODUCTION AND
CERTIFICATION OF SOYBEAN
1.LAND REQUIREMENTS
A. A crop of soybeans will not be eligible for
certification if planted on land on
which soybeans were grown the previous year
1. Unless the previous soybean crop was planted
with a class of Certified seed of the same
variety, or
2. Unless the variety being planted is of a
contrasting pubescence, hilum, flower color,
leaf shape and/or other distinguishing
CONT..
2.FIELD INSPECTION
A. At least one field inspection per season shall
be made in a manner approved by the
Certification Agency. The field inspection shall
be made either at blossom time or near
maturity.
B. Applicants desiring re-inspection of fields not
meeting certification standards on first
inspection will be charged an additional fee per
field re-inspected.
C. The inspector shall cross the field sufficiently
CONT…
IV. FIELD STANDARDS
A. Unit of Certification (Field) and Boundaries
1. The unit of certification shall be a field or portion of
a field isolated a minimum of 6 feet from other
soybean varieties.
Soybean Certification Standards 36
A field is defined as an area occupied by one crop
which is covered by
one application (or isolation), and/or inspection
report, and is undivided
by fences, ditches (sod waterways excepted),
highways, public
roadways, other crops(except crossable strips no
more than 200 feet wide
CONT…
Factors Class of seed
Genetic Field
Standards Other
varieties &
offtypes
Foundation Registered Certified
0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200)
Other varieties and offtypes
shall be considered to include
offtype
plants and plants
that can be differentiated from
the variety that is being
inspected
SEED STANDARDS
Factors Class of seed
Genetic Field Standards Other
varieties & offtypes
Foundation Registered
Certified
0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500)
0.50%(1:200)
Other varieties and offtypes
shall be considered to include offtype
plants and plants
that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected.
THANK YOU

More Related Content

What's hot

Seed plot technique in Potato
Seed plot technique  in PotatoSeed plot technique  in Potato
Seed plot technique in PotatoVIVEK YADAV
 
Maintenance breeding
Maintenance breedingMaintenance breeding
Maintenance breedingPawan Nagar
 
Hybrid seed production of castor and maize
Hybrid seed production of castor and maizeHybrid seed production of castor and maize
Hybrid seed production of castor and maizeRahul Chandera
 
principles of seed production
principles of seed productionprinciples of seed production
principles of seed productionHARISH J
 
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.NSStudents
 
Ear to row method
Ear to row methodEar to row method
Ear to row methodDev Hingra
 
Floral biology of Okra
Floral biology of OkraFloral biology of Okra
Floral biology of OkraJay Khaniya
 
Hybrid Seed Production of Tomato
Hybrid Seed Production of TomatoHybrid Seed Production of Tomato
Hybrid Seed Production of TomatoSubham Dwivedi
 
Okra breeding (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)
Okra   breeding  (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)Okra   breeding  (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)
Okra breeding (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)Official dkmakwana
 
Seed production in blackgram
Seed production in blackgramSeed production in blackgram
Seed production in blackgramSushrutMohapatra
 
19. inbred lines development
19. inbred lines development19. inbred lines development
19. inbred lines developmentNaveen Kumar
 
Breeding of cowpea
Breeding of cowpeaBreeding of cowpea
Breeding of cowpeaarunchacko14
 
Ideotype breeding
Ideotype breedingIdeotype breeding
Ideotype breedingPawan Nagar
 
Principles of hybrid seed production
Principles of hybrid seed productionPrinciples of hybrid seed production
Principles of hybrid seed productionVIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
 
Hybrid seed production in castor and maize
Hybrid seed production in castor and maizeHybrid seed production in castor and maize
Hybrid seed production in castor and maizeRAHULCHANDERA1
 

What's hot (20)

Hybrid seed production of pigeonpea
Hybrid seed production of pigeonpea Hybrid seed production of pigeonpea
Hybrid seed production of pigeonpea
 
Maize
MaizeMaize
Maize
 
Seed plot technique in Potato
Seed plot technique  in PotatoSeed plot technique  in Potato
Seed plot technique in Potato
 
Maintenance breeding
Maintenance breedingMaintenance breeding
Maintenance breeding
 
Rice Introduction, origin, floral description, floral formula and cultivation...
Rice Introduction, origin, floral description, floral formula and cultivation...Rice Introduction, origin, floral description, floral formula and cultivation...
Rice Introduction, origin, floral description, floral formula and cultivation...
 
Grow out test
Grow out testGrow out test
Grow out test
 
Hybrid seed production of castor and maize
Hybrid seed production of castor and maizeHybrid seed production of castor and maize
Hybrid seed production of castor and maize
 
principles of seed production
principles of seed productionprinciples of seed production
principles of seed production
 
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
 
Ear to row method
Ear to row methodEar to row method
Ear to row method
 
Floral biology of Okra
Floral biology of OkraFloral biology of Okra
Floral biology of Okra
 
Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Soyabean
Presentation on Breeding Techniques of SoyabeanPresentation on Breeding Techniques of Soyabean
Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Soyabean
 
Hybrid Seed Production of Tomato
Hybrid Seed Production of TomatoHybrid Seed Production of Tomato
Hybrid Seed Production of Tomato
 
Okra breeding (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)
Okra   breeding  (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)Okra   breeding  (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)
Okra breeding (Breeding methods applicable in Okra)
 
Seed production in blackgram
Seed production in blackgramSeed production in blackgram
Seed production in blackgram
 
19. inbred lines development
19. inbred lines development19. inbred lines development
19. inbred lines development
 
Breeding of cowpea
Breeding of cowpeaBreeding of cowpea
Breeding of cowpea
 
Ideotype breeding
Ideotype breedingIdeotype breeding
Ideotype breeding
 
Principles of hybrid seed production
Principles of hybrid seed productionPrinciples of hybrid seed production
Principles of hybrid seed production
 
Hybrid seed production in castor and maize
Hybrid seed production in castor and maizeHybrid seed production in castor and maize
Hybrid seed production in castor and maize
 

Similar to Breeding of soyabean (20)

Cowpea
CowpeaCowpea
Cowpea
 
soyabean.pptx
soyabean.pptxsoyabean.pptx
soyabean.pptx
 
MAIZE
MAIZEMAIZE
MAIZE
 
Soya bean
Soya bean  Soya bean
Soya bean
 
Soyabean
Soyabean   Soyabean
Soyabean
 
CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptx
CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptxCROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptx
CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptx
 
Soybean breeding
Soybean breedingSoybean breeding
Soybean breeding
 
Advances in soyabean and wheat
Advances in soyabean and wheatAdvances in soyabean and wheat
Advances in soyabean and wheat
 
Agro technology of soybean for efficient use of water
Agro technology of soybean for efficient use of waterAgro technology of soybean for efficient use of water
Agro technology of soybean for efficient use of water
 
PROJECT PROPSAL ON CHICKPEA SEED PRODUCTIO TECHNOLOGY594.pptx
 PROJECT PROPSAL ON CHICKPEA SEED PRODUCTIO TECHNOLOGY594.pptx PROJECT PROPSAL ON CHICKPEA SEED PRODUCTIO TECHNOLOGY594.pptx
PROJECT PROPSAL ON CHICKPEA SEED PRODUCTIO TECHNOLOGY594.pptx
 
Soybean production technology saad
Soybean production technology saadSoybean production technology saad
Soybean production technology saad
 
Seed production technology of wheat
Seed production technology of wheatSeed production technology of wheat
Seed production technology of wheat
 
VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION IN MAIZE.pdf
VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION IN MAIZE.pdfVARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION IN MAIZE.pdf
VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION IN MAIZE.pdf
 
Topic is Micropropgation assignment.pptx
Topic is Micropropgation assignment.pptxTopic is Micropropgation assignment.pptx
Topic is Micropropgation assignment.pptx
 
the soyeans varieties production&challenges
the soyeans varieties production&challengesthe soyeans varieties production&challenges
the soyeans varieties production&challenges
 
Soyabean
SoyabeanSoyabean
Soyabean
 
Oats
OatsOats
Oats
 
Soyabean ppt 3
Soyabean ppt 3Soyabean ppt 3
Soyabean ppt 3
 
Sorghum ppt. -S Md Abbas.pptx
Sorghum ppt. -S Md Abbas.pptxSorghum ppt. -S Md Abbas.pptx
Sorghum ppt. -S Md Abbas.pptx
 
Rice
Rice Rice
Rice
 

Recently uploaded

Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdfDanh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdfQucHHunhnh
 
Salient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptx
Salient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptxSalient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptx
Salient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptxakshayaramakrishnan21
 
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General QuizPragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General QuizPragya - UEM Kolkata Quiz Club
 
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational ResourcesThe Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resourcesaileywriter
 
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. HenryThe Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. HenryEugene Lysak
 
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational ResourcesBenefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resourcesdimpy50
 
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxInstructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
 
50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...
50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...
50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfINU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfbu07226
 
Basic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.ppt
Basic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.pptBasic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.ppt
Basic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.pptSourabh Kumar
 
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointOpen Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointELaRue0
 
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdfSectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdfVivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345beazzy04
 
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17Celine George
 
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6, Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6,  Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6,  Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6, Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...Denish Jangid
 
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonThe Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdfDanh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
 
Salient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptx
Salient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptxSalient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptx
Salient features of Environment protection Act 1986.pptx
 
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General QuizPragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
 
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational ResourcesThe Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
 
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. HenryThe Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
 
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational ResourcesBenefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources
 
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxInstructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
 
50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...
50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...
50 ĐỀ LUYỆN THI IOE LỚP 9 - NĂM HỌC 2022-2023 (CÓ LINK HÌNH, FILE AUDIO VÀ ĐÁ...
 
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfINU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
 
Basic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.ppt
Basic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.pptBasic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.ppt
Basic_QTL_Marker-assisted_Selection_Sourabh.ppt
 
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointOpen Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
 
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
 
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdfSectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
 
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p  - Dr. Abdulfatah A. SalemOperations Management - Book1.p  - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
 
Introduction to Quality Improvement Essentials
Introduction to Quality Improvement EssentialsIntroduction to Quality Improvement Essentials
Introduction to Quality Improvement Essentials
 
B.ed spl. HI pdusu exam paper-2023-24.pdf
B.ed spl. HI pdusu exam paper-2023-24.pdfB.ed spl. HI pdusu exam paper-2023-24.pdf
B.ed spl. HI pdusu exam paper-2023-24.pdf
 
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
Sha'Carri Richardson Presentation 202345
 
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
 
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6, Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6,  Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6,  Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6, Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity G...
 
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonThe Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
 

Breeding of soyabean

  • 3. INTRODUCTION  Glycine max, commonly known as soybean in North America or soya bean,is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses.  The plant, classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, produces significantly more protein per acre than most other uses of land.  Soybean is the major legume crop of
  • 4. INTRODUCTION  Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged materials.  For example, soybean products, such as texture vegetables proteins (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. The beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dieatry minearls and B vitamins.  Soy vegetables oil, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of
  • 5. INTRODUCTION  The supply of protein is becoming scarce especially in the developing countries.  The new source has been invented for both protein and oil in the developing countries, in which soybean has been found as a good source for both due to high content of oil and protein( Hart wig& Kilen,1991).  Latest statistics indicates that the area of soybean in Nepal was 23757 ha with an average productivity of 1.18 ton/ha (MOAD,2015).
  • 6. HISTORY  Soybeans originate from China. In 2853 BC, Emperor Sheng-Nung of China named five sacred plants – soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and millet.  Soybean plants were domesticated between 17th and 11th century BC in the eastern half of China where they were cultivated into a food crop.  From about the first century AC to the Age of Discovery (15-16th century), soybeans were introduced into several countries such as
  • 7. HISTORY  The earliest Japanese reference to the soybean is in the classic Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) which was completed in 712 AC.  Europeans had been aware of soybeans as early as 1712 through the writing of a German botanist  Some soybean seed may have been sent from China by missionaries as early as 1740 and planted in France
  • 8. DESCRIPTION  Soybean is well known for its high nutritional qualities, it contains on an average 40% protein and 19% oil.  Soybean being a legume crop also adds about 40 kg N/ha to the soil by way of nitrogen fixation.  It grows to a height of 60-100 cm.  It flowers in 30-6o days and whole life cycle completes in 95-125 days.  Soybean has slightly woody stem which makes
  • 9. DESCRIPTION  Mature pods usually contain 1-3 seeds per pod.  The average 100 seed weight is 11-15 g  The cultivated soybean is self pollinated with only slight amount of natural cross-pollination  There are 10 genus of Glycine according to a recent revision  The soybean originated in china, with G.ussuriensis as a probable progenitor.  It belongs to family Leguminosae.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. CYTOLOGY  Glycine is the only genus where species have diploid chromosome number of 40 and 80 but not 20.  The large number of chromosomes, small size, and similarity of the chromosome have often discouraged cytological investigation in soybean.  In G.tabacina and G.tometela the 2n=80  Vidyabhusan 1980 classified soybean chromosome as two large,14 intermediate and
  • 13. RELATED SPECIES OF SOYBEAN. A.SUB GENUS GLYCINE. Glycine clandestine. G.tomentella B.SUB GENUS SOJA. G.soja
  • 14. FLORAL BIOLOGY  Soybean belongs to family leguminoseae and it is highly self pollinated.  Soybean has perfect flower consisting of calyx, Corolla, pistil and stamens.
  • 15. CONTD…  The corolla begins to emerge from the sepals.  There are five petals, one standard, two keel and two wing petals.  The keel petals encloses the pistal and the stamen.  Stamens are 10 in number and
  • 16. Contd… The pistal has a single ovary with generally two or three ovules, a long style and stigma.  The stigma is slightly hairy and covered by the Keel. Fruit is a legume
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES Equipments required  Dissecting forceps.  Needles.  Paper clips.  Cover bags.
  • 34. SELFING  Soybean is predominantly a self pollinated crop.  In order to ensure complete selfing, the inflorescence is enclosed in a bag.
  • 35. ANTHESIS Starts in morning around 6 am and continues till 11 am. Maximum flower opening –11am to 5 pm.
  • 38. CONTD… Remove the corolla by grasping with a forceps above the calyx scar and lifting them
  • 39. REMOVE ALL THE DIADELPHOUS STAMENS WITH THE HELP OF FORCEPS OR NEEDLE
  • 40. STEPS OF POLLINATION Pollination is done in the next morning. Collect all the pollen from the male parent by removing organs with the forceps when
  • 43. CONT… Attach the tag with the following information. Objective. Date of emasculation. Date of pollination Name of the breeder
  • 44. GENETICS OF QUALITATIVE TRAITS AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN SOYBEAN 1.Qualitative traits  A qualitative trait is expressed qualitatively, which means that the phenotype falls into different categories.  These categories do not necessarily have a certain order.  The pattern of inheritance for a qualitative trait is typically monogenetic, which means that the trait is only influenced by a single gene.
  • 45. CONT… Examples of qualitative traits  Flower color  Stem color  Pod number per peduncle  Seed surface  Seed type  Seed coat color  Growth vigor
  • 46. QUANTITATIVE TRAITS  Quantitative trait shows continued variation.  This is because the trait is the sum of several small effects caused by the gene.  Environments has a very great role in this type of traits. Examples:  Days to flowering  Days to maturity  100-seed weightPlant heightI'lant width  Number of primary branches pcr plant  Number of secondary branches per pl:mt  Number of pods per plant
  • 47. CONT…  Number of seeds per pod  Seed yield per plant  Leaf size  Leaf weight  Specific leaf weight  Seed fibre etc.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54. SEED PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION OF SOYBEAN 1.LAND REQUIREMENTS A. A crop of soybeans will not be eligible for certification if planted on land on which soybeans were grown the previous year 1. Unless the previous soybean crop was planted with a class of Certified seed of the same variety, or 2. Unless the variety being planted is of a contrasting pubescence, hilum, flower color, leaf shape and/or other distinguishing
  • 55. CONT.. 2.FIELD INSPECTION A. At least one field inspection per season shall be made in a manner approved by the Certification Agency. The field inspection shall be made either at blossom time or near maturity. B. Applicants desiring re-inspection of fields not meeting certification standards on first inspection will be charged an additional fee per field re-inspected. C. The inspector shall cross the field sufficiently
  • 56. CONT… IV. FIELD STANDARDS A. Unit of Certification (Field) and Boundaries 1. The unit of certification shall be a field or portion of a field isolated a minimum of 6 feet from other soybean varieties. Soybean Certification Standards 36 A field is defined as an area occupied by one crop which is covered by one application (or isolation), and/or inspection report, and is undivided by fences, ditches (sod waterways excepted), highways, public roadways, other crops(except crossable strips no more than 200 feet wide
  • 57. CONT… Factors Class of seed Genetic Field Standards Other varieties & offtypes Foundation Registered Certified 0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200) Other varieties and offtypes shall be considered to include offtype plants and plants that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected
  • 58. SEED STANDARDS Factors Class of seed Genetic Field Standards Other varieties & offtypes Foundation Registered Certified 0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200) Other varieties and offtypes shall be considered to include offtype plants and plants that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected.