Highlights on 2019 research outputs and outcomes

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
icarda.org cgiar.org
A CGIAR Research Center
Highlights on 2019 research
outputs and outcomes
BOT 65 – PC Meeting
November 18, 2019
DDG-R, Program Directors and Team Coordinators

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SRP1: Preserve, protect and use agricultural biodiversity
of the non-tropical dry areas in order to meet future
climates and market related challenges
Genetic Resources Team
Ahmed Amri (coord.)
Mariana Yazbek
Zakaria Kehel
Athanasios Tsivelikas
Ali Shehadeh
Presentation: Michael Baum

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Latest major developments and achievements in core genebank activities
2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-19
Regenerated Svalbard/Routine Regenerated Svalbard/Routine Regenerated Svalbard/Routine Regenerated Svalbard/Routine
Morocco 16,066 14,847/1219 17,197 15,475/1722 19,278 18,470/808 19,243 16,003/3240
Lebanon 13,456 4497/8959 8915 5191/3724 14,022 8495/5527 11,247 5470/5777
Total 29,522 26,112 33,300 30,490
• Total of 95,799 accessions regenerated, characterized and processed into active and
base collections in Lebanon and Morocco (61% of holdings).
• All these accessions will be safety duplicated between Lebanon and Morocco ICARDA
genebanks. Around 70,000 accessions already sent to Svalbard for long-term
conservation.
• Bar-coding applied for all field and laboratory activities and use of tablets for
characterization.
• 900 strains of rhizobium regenerated and characterized with 400 lyophilized.
• Viability testing still a backlog.
• External review report: Highly positive.
Expansion of genebank facilities in Morocco to have the
capacity of storage of 150,000 accessions for each of active
and base collections;
Genetic Resources Activities

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Collecting missions in Lebanon and Tajikistan
B. Adaptation to climate change
Targeted collecting missions through GAP analysis
164 samples collected from 25 sites (28 different genera, mostly landraces) at Tajikistan
261 samples collected from 77 sites (7 genera, mostly landraces) in Lebanon

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• New sources of resistance to major insects and diseases found in
case of barley, lentil and wheat.
• More than 4700 samples were evaluated for quality attributes (grain
scanning, protein content, etc. ).
• Successful interspeciffic crosses between grass pea and six wild
Lathyrus species for transgressing resistance to Orobanche and low
ODAP content.
• International workshop on “Use of Crop wild relatives in pre-
breeding”, 24-26 April 2019, in Morocco, attended by 125
participants.
• FIGS approach links adaptive traits, environments (and associated
selection pressures) with genebank accessions (e.g. landraces and
crop wild relatives).
• A total of 13 FIGS subsets were provided to partners, more than
13,500 samples distributed in 2018 and additional 1600 samples so
far in 2019.
Linking conservation to use of genetic resources

FAP Team
Stefanie Christmann
Aden Aw-Hassan
Pierre Rasmont
Patrick Lhomme
6 phD students
INRA
Rachid Mrabet
Moulay Chrif Smaili
6

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• Analysis of results based on 120 fields in 2018:
- 177% income gain on average
- 55% average reduction of pests
• Collaboration with ONCA started in 2019 for
outscaling in Morocco
Field trials and outscaling in Morocco

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10 May 2019 Morocco joined the Coalition of the Willing on
Pollinators as first Arab country
Currently we work on the National Strategy and Action Plan for
pollinator protection using a new cross-sector policy mix (Christmann
2019a)
Knowledge sharing on FAP and value of pollinators
→ Aichi targets 1 and 7
8 min film of Deutsche Welle in 4 languages
45 min film in English/Arabic under preparation
Various blogs
Project website online
https://mel.cgiar.org/projects/iki-pollinators

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High recognition for the project and FAP globaly
2 invitations to present during COP CBD
• invitation by the Coalition of the Willing on Pollinators
(18 November 2018) on FAP induced income increase
• invitation by FAO (25 November 2018) – Cross-sector policy strategy
Article in The Guardian
→ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/23/scientist-
unveils-blueprint-to-save-bees-and-enrich-farmers
• 3rd Elsevier Agriculture and Climate Change Conference, March 2019
in Budapest,
October 2019 Global Development Network
• Global Development Conference 23-25 October 2019

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SRP2 Develop climate-adapted crops and livestock for greater
food and nutritional security in the face of increasing water
scarcity, climate change and changing markets

Small Ruminants Team
Coord. Barbara Rischkowsky
11
Presentation: Barbara Rischkowsky

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Decoding genetic mechanisms for adaptation in African indigenous sheep:
genomic regions associated with fat tail deposition
3. Long fat-tail (southern) vs Long thin-tail
NPR2 - Fat Depth EYA2; SULF2 – Development
of bones and cartilage
FABP3 – Fatty acid metabolism, Backfat thickness and Subcutaneous
and Intramuscular fat content
HSPH1 – Heat stress adaptation
 Possible candidate genes for fat deposition,
metabolism and localization:
- NPR2 and FABP3
 Possible candidate genes for tail length:
- EYA2 and SULF2
 Possible candidate genes for heat stress adaptation:
- HSPH1
 Published article:
1. Fat-rump vs long thin-tail
2. Long fat tail vs long thin-tail

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AniCloud/ AniCapture developed
• Data base platform called AniCloud has been
developed in collaboration with EMBRAPA and
Abacus Bio
• The platform is used to capture and store data
• It integrates with the AniCapture smart device
software designed for offline gathering of data
in situation where connectivity is challenging
• Anicloud can also build reports, do analysis and
create graphics
• AniCloud works for any species, any record and
Anywhere.
Tools for rapid data collection and
management

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Sheep
Breed Village HHs
Lambing records
with pedigree
Weight
record
Bonga 2 359 14215 22899
Doyogena 5 477 5097 7709
Menz 3 208 20837 58306
Horro 2 140 11438 14757
Total 12 1184 51587 103671
Data made available online on sheep
CBBPs in Ethiopia

Cereals Team
Michael Baum (coord.)
Wuletaw Tadesse
Filippo Bassi
Mustapha Bouhsini
Kumarse Nazari
SM Udupa
Solomon Assefa
Mesut Keser
Ram Sharma
Miguel Garcia-Sanchez
Andrea Visioni
15

• One Global Wheat Program is
approved and fully aligned with
ICARDA’s major focus to be on
rainfed wheat breeding program.
• The CIMMYT Australia ICARDA
Germplasm Exchange project
(CAIGE) in spring bread wheat
(165k) was extended for three
years approved.
• For wheat speed breeding
facilities are being developed in
Toluca and are available for
CIMMT and ICARDA; crosses can
be made in Toluca, advanced to F4
via speed breeding and receive
material for testing in North
Africa. Participatory Variety Selection, demonstration under Conservation
Agriculture, and linkage across the value chain in Morocco
Spring bread wheat program
16

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A product profile strategy for Durum Wheat
Principles of working with a multi-disciplinary team
• Need to improve our understanding of the clients
(farm system, farm size, farm composition, access
to market)
• Need to have better access to stakeholders
We need to define better the TPE with
“climatologists”
including “social TPE” with “socio-economists”
and “management TPE” with “agronomists”

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Durum Wheat comparison of germplasm strategies
Genomic selection works: less crosses, less field, more glasshouse
Marchouch 2017-18Marchouch 2018-19

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Durum wheat: on farm yield gain (DIIVA)
• 20-60% yield gain in farmers field
17

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Durum wheat impact in Ethiopia
• Released in 2015 as ‘Utuba’ for SR resistance and high
yield
• On farm yield 4.7-5.2 tons per hectare
• 1 t ha-1 more than the previously cultivated variety
• It has been demonstrated and scaled by AfricaRISING
and AICS
• Minjar and Oromia farmers have purchased >40 tons of
seeds in 2018.
• Alvima PLC pasta factory is making contracts with
farmers to buy the harvest at 500 Birr more than normal
price
• Profit gain is measured at +1,020 usd per ha
Nachit
2018, PM Tony Blair with Nobel Peace price winner
PM Abiy Ahmed to Utuba fields

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Barley breeding
• 21 Product Profiles for 7 countries
updated in EiB website
• Eight new high yielding barley cultivars released from the ICARDA spring
barley elite germplasm (Iran, Turkey, Ethiopia and India)
• MAS strategy implemented, 105 SNP markers for abiotic
stress, phenology, biotic stress and quality
• Fast Generation Advancement protocol established; next step is
enclosing disease screening during generation advance
• BYDV success story : Pyramiding of
Ryd3 with Ryd2 through MAS
• Identification of several elite lines for
“Dual Purpose” barley

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Trait Locus SNPid Position Germplasm Remarks Status
Stripe Rust AK361289 SCRI_RS_188827 4H 97.29 cM Lenetah x Granellose Zwellige MLO locus Validated
Stripe Rust SCRI_RS_189878 6H 31.29 cM Lenetah x Granellose Zwellige Validated
Stripe Rust AK373449 11_10069 7H 81.07 Lenetah x Granellose Zwellige Validated
Net Bloch 11_10383 2H 10.9 cM iSlelect SNP RILs Falcon x Azul Global set of p.teres isolates
Net Bloch AK360727 11_20269 4H 31.2 cM iSlelect SNP RILs Falcon x Azul Global set of p.teres isolates
Net Bloch SCRI_RS_146867 6H 54.89 iSlelect SNP ICARDA Li-AM
Spot blotch 11_10253 3H 78cM iSlelect SNP reported in different studies
Spot blotch AK358288 11_11497 5H 155cM iSlelect SNP reported in different studies
Spot blotch AK371919 11_10939 6H 33cM iSlelect SNP reported in different studies
Scald AK361933 11_10005 1.2 cM from Rrs1 iSlelect SNP DH with Betarix (Higly Susceptible) Fine mapping , CAPS, SSR
A total of 105 markers selected from database, literature
and in-house GWAS studies:
• 64 abiotic stress and phenology
• 5 quality
• 12 stripe rust
• 8 net blotch
• 14 spot blotch
• 2 for scald
A first step toward: genotyping of 1500 genotypes within winter and spring barley with a subset of 10 markers:
Implementing MAS for Both Spring and Winter Barley

Legumes Team
Shiv Kumar Agrawal (coord.)
Aladdin Hamwieh
Fouad Maalouf
Ashutosh Sarker
Seid Ahmed Kemal
23

Speed Breeding Protocol for Cool-season Food Legumes
Photoperiod of 22 h light/25.5 °C and 2 h dark/15 °C
Year 1
Year 1
Year 2
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 1
Year 1
Year 2
Year 2
Year 2
Year 2
Year 3
24

Orobanche resistance in Faba bean-Egypt
Field evaluation at Sids Station –March 2019
Visit of minister of Agriculture with
ICARDA DG- Sids March 2019
Trait Mean No. of Best entries Range Ratio%
DFLR 49.93 49 42-67 -15.9 to -34.3
DMAT 149.67 48 145-155 -3.1 to – 3.7
NBPLT 5.59 39 2-13 -64 to132.5
NPPLT 38.71 41 19-105 -50.9 to171. 3
NSPLT 125.09 39 72-335 -42.4 to 167.8
PLHT 103.54 36 50-135 -51.2 to30.3
GYPLT 108.16 39 79.4-294.8 -26.6 to172. 6
Sq. Or 2.54 54 0-4 -100 to - 57.25
25

snp10258154_C10.7
drt5825939_C1 drt5825858_C12.3
drt5824594_C13.2
drt10266344_C16.2
snp5825801_C16.6
snp10264102_C16.7
snp10263955_C16.9
drt10260049_C17.0
drt10260128_C17.5
drt10257578_C1 drt10259444_C17.6
snp5826043_C17.7
drt8822680_C18.8
snp10265575_C111.3
drt13144777_C112.6
snp100007980_C112.7
snp10264644_C113.9
snp10264345_C1 snp13144404_C114.7
snp10265063_C115.1
snp10268340_C115.4
snp13144440_C115.6
snp29967475_C117.8
snp10268186_C1 snp100048296_C118.8
snp10265376_C123.3
snp10266264_C123.4
snp10263683_C125.5
snp10265569_C126.6
snp23889014_C1 snp10264120_C128.8
drt5824564_C131.0
snp10266341_C131.4
snp10266074_C1 snp100008261_C132.4
drt5824725_C1 drt5824601_C134.5
drt5824891_C1 snp5825272_C134.6
drt5824690_C134.7
snp10269419_C136.0
snp10270126_C136.7
snp10264275_C136.9
snp10268733_C140.9
snp10269638_C142.1
snp10269639_C1 snp36362156_C1
snp36362156_C142.4
snp10266018_C142.5
snp29631664_C146.0
snp5825213_C147.1
drt5824722_C147.4
snp5825259_C147.6
snp5825414_C148.1
snp10264419_C149.0
drt5824553_C1 drt5824721_C150.3
snp5825268_C150.7
drt10268304_C151.2
snp10265878_C152.4
drt5825636_C153.8
snp100008539_C155.7
snp10267424_C156.2
snp30068373_C156.3
snp100008459_C157.0
snp5825363_C157.4
snp10266930_C157.5
snp10265588_C160.1
snp10264892_C161.0
snp10265294_C161.3
snp10265243_C161.7
drt10266612_C162.1
drt5824668_C1 drt5824667_C163.7
drt5824908_C164.6
snp5826272_C165.0
snp10264326_C165.6
snp15979463_C1 drt5824705_C168.2
snp5825387_C168.3
drt5825090_C171.4
snp36361023_C1 snp13146128_C1
snp37049961_C173.3
snp10265248_C173.5
snp10269234_C1 snp10269233_C173.7
snp10264348_C175.1
snp10268927_C176.7
snp10265673_C176.8
snp10264010_C178.2
snp10265722_C178.8
snp100008085_C181.2
snp10265691_C182.0
drt13146242_C186.2
drt29631654_C188.3
snp5825149_C1 drt5825149_C197.7
snp30068849_C1101.2
snp8776023_C1102.1
snp8776142_C1104.2
snp100037559_C1 snp100009140_C1104.6
drt5824939_C1110.2
snp10266170_C1 snp10266106_C1111.7
snp11063169_C1115.0
drt10266166_C1118.1
snp30068909_C1119.0
snp100047963_C1119.1
drt13144381_C1120.8
drt5825042_C1 drt5825079_C1121.4
snp11063684_C1124.1
snp10266016_C1124.6
snp23870054_C1126.0
snp5826049_C1 drt5826049_C1128.4
drt10258818_C1 drt8822633_C1133.3
snp10267660_C1133.9
snp8776076_C1140.6
drt10257678_C1145.5
snp15979599_C1150.5
drt8822642_C1 snp13144358_C1151.4
snp10267235_C1154.2
drt5825005_C1 drt5824945_C1156.0
snp30069692_C1156.1
snp10265208_C1159.6
drt10258911_C1161.5
drt8822756_C1169.7
drt5825045_C1171.1
drt5824790_C1 snp5824768_C1
drt5824768_C1171.7
snp5825971_C1172.3
snp5825697_C1 snp8776116_C1
snp5825991_C1172.4
snp5826070_C1 snp10264125_C1
drt5824689_C1 snp5825882_C1172.5
snp10265440_C1173.1
snp5826091_C1173.4
snp100068773_C1183.8
drt39411779_C1184.0
drt13145007_C1184.8
snp10264700_C1 snp37047909_C1187.6
snp11063410_C1190.4
drt13144997_C1192.7
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snp30069395_C1198.9
snp23870854_C1200.4
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snp10265358_C1213.1
snp15979396_C1 drt8776020_C1
drt15979396_C1214.7
snp10267673_C1218.8
snp10269412_C1225.8
snp5825473_C1227.8
drt5824559_C1 drt10263816_C1232.4
drt10258864_C1233.7
snp100008227_C1236.3
drt10268627_C1238.1
drt8822787_C1 drt8822566_C1241.6
snp5825732_C1 drt5825732_C1
drt5826066_C1 drt5824789_C1241.8
snp10265597_C1242.9
snp5825416_C1 snp5825471_C1
drt11063716_C1 drt5825471_C1249.6
snp11064800_C1250.6
drt8822684_C1250.7
drt5824774_C1251.0
drt11064029_C1254.7
snp10265142_C1256.9
drt30068885_C1258.4
drt10267803_C1263.4
snp10265739_C1264.2
drt10260047_C1264.5
drt8822628_C1267.8
snp10269104_C1270.6
snp10267638_C1 snp10268174_C1270.7
snp10268619_C1273.0
snp10266324_C1276.6
snp10265360_C1 snp10264407_C1277.5
snp10264070_C1278.2
drt8822627_C1280.4
snp11064852_C1281.2
snp10268205_C1285.8
snp5825118_C1286.4
snp10265423_C1 snp30068368_C1288.0
drt13144810_C1288.7
drt5825058_C1289.1
drt29967169_C1290.0
drt11062742_C1292.5
snp29967414_C1292.6
snp10264305_C1 snp13144402_C1297.7
snp10267064_C1299.8
snp5826129_C1301.5
snp5824848_C1 drt5824848_C1
drt5824691_C1302.4
snp5826134_C1 snp5825438_C1303.0
snp5826053_C1 snp5825332_C1
snp5825177_C1 snp8776161_C1303.1
snp10265033_C1303.5
snp10268240_C1 drt29966879_C1305.3
snp10258050_C1305.4
snp5826248_C1306.1
drt5825642_C1 drt5824871_C1307.1
snp5824850_C1 drt5824850_C1
snp8776008_C1307.8
snp5825779_C1 snp5825171_C1
snp5825171_C1 drt5825172_C1
drt5825171_C1
308.0
snp15990261_C1 snp10266405_C1308.5
snp5825591_C1308.7
snp10265001_C1308.8
snp10268478_C1309.1
drt10258107_C1309.4
snp10265744_C1309.6
snp10270116_C1 snp10267560_C1
drt10267561_C1 snp8822549_C1
drt10263699_C1 drt8822549_C1
309.7
drt10260556_C1 snp10258671_C1310.0
1-a
snp8776162_C1310.7
snp10270051_C1311.4
snp10265685_C1311.5
snp10263656_C1 snp10263656_C1311.7
snp15990348_C1 drt15989487_C1311.9
snp15979475_C1312.8
snp100009110_C1316.9
snp10263665_C1 snp10264900_C1
snp10265461_C1317.5
snp10269489_C1317.6
snp10268521_C1318.0
snp5825505_C1320.4
snp10268181_C1322.2
snp10264522_C1 snp15979490_C1322.3
snp10265897_C1 snp100008007_C1323.7
drt10264511_C1324.1
snp5825305_C1324.5
drt10257783_C1325.0
drt10264772_C1325.1
snp8776147_C1326.9
snp8776152_C1327.1
snp8776016_C1 drt8776016_C1
drt8822740_C1327.2
snp10257806_C1329.0
snp100008631_C1329.1
snp23871085_C1329.3
snp5825206_C1 snp5826007_C1
snp5826007_C1 drt5826008_C1
drt5826007_C1
329.6
snp10269115_C1330.4
drt5824588_C1 drt8822759_C1
snp10264586_C1 snp5826228_C1
snp10268481_C1 drt5826228_C1
330.8
snp8822674_C1 snp15980032_C1
drt15990583_C1 drt15980032_C1
snp15990196_C1
331.1
snp8776052_C1 drt8776052_C1331.4
snp8776042_C1331.6
drt8822677_C1 drt8822661_C1331.7
snp10269753_C1332.1
snp10263900_C1332.2
snp5826009_C1332.5
drt5825229_C1 drt5825029_C1
snp29966499_C1335.1
snp10267014_C1 snp37049907_C1335.7
snp15990227_C1336.2
snp15979642_C1 snp10268199_C1
snp10268199_C1 drt15979642_C1
drt10268199_C1
336.3
drt10269437_C1336.4
drt10261213_C1 drt10263538_C1336.5
snp10265457_C1337.7
snp10265002_C1 snp8776046_C1
snp10269249_C1 snp10270013_C1337.9
snp10265110_C1338.6
drt5825748_C1339.3
snp36361820_C1339.4
snp8776049_C1 snp10268403_C1339.5
drt10260023_C1340.1
drt15979833_C1340.3
snp36069177_C1 snp10268505_C1340.4
snp10264680_C1341.0
snp10270027_C1342.8
snp10258779_C1 drt10258779_C1343.0
snp100037842_C1 drt10260039_C1
snp10264859_C1 snp10265776_C1344.6
snp29967450_C1 snp10266496_C1345.1
snp10265855_C1 snp10264978_C1345.5
snp10263589_C1 snp10264487_C1346.1
snp23885823_C1346.9
snp10264133_C1347.1
snp10269344_C1347.6
snp10268384_C1347.9
snp10264051_C1348.2
snp10268869_C1348.9
snp10269095_C1349.5
drt8822655_C1 drt8822659_C1349.9
snp10267793_C1 snp23885583_C1350.6
snp10269391_C1351.4
snp10264081_C1351.5
snp10268269_C1 snp10263530_C1351.6
snp10269619_C1351.8
drt5824676_C1 snp5825361_C1
drt5825361_C1352.9
drt5825749_C1 drt5825007_C1353.1
drt5825929_C1353.2
snp5826099_C1353.4
snp5825328_C1 drt5825329_C1
drt5825328_C1354.8
snp5825656_C1 drt5825655_C1
drt5825656_C1 snp8776163_C1355.9
snp10268650_C1 snp10259928_C1356.2
snp13147395_C1357.2
snp10265366_C1358.0
snp10265036_C1358.8
snp10266116_C1359.1
drt23870258_C1359.3
snp11063160_C1360.0
snp100008971_C1360.1
snp30068474_C1360.5
drt5824595_C1360.6
snp10264648_C1360.9
snp37047552_C1361.9
snp100009128_C1362.6
snp10264691_C1363.5
snp35486370_C1364.7
snp10263730_C1 snp29967445_C1365.4
drt5824783_C1366.0
snp100059896_C1367.5
snp10269751_C1367.9
drt10267635_C1368.0
snp10263639_C1368.3
snp15990186_C1368.5
snp5825528_C1 drt8822754_C1
drt5825528_C1 drt8822586_C1
drt8822670_C1 drt8822601_C1
369.1
snp5825678_C1 drt5825678_C1
drt8822760_C1 drt10258588_C1
drt8822675_C1
369.2
snp5825513_C1369.5
snp10265668_C1369.6
snp23870757_C1370.1
snp10266041_C1370.5
snp8776104_C1 snp8775996_C1
drt8822623_C1371.0
drt8822678_C1371.1
snp10266362_C1 snp10264027_C1371.3
snp10263820_C1372.1
snp23871249_C1 snp10265551_C1372.5
snp10268835_C1372.6
snp100008120_C1 snp13147033_C1373.2
snp23871150_C1374.8
snp5825611_C1 snp5825150_C1375.5
snp10270127_C1 snp5825351_C1376.3
drt10260136_C1376.5
snp10266146_C1 snp10268252_C1378.3
snp10267614_C1378.7
snp5825205_C1 drt5825204_C1
drt5825205_C1378.8
drt5824841_C1 drt5824989_C1378.9
drt5824767_C1 drt5825077_C1
snp5825215_C1 drt13155095_C1
drt5824729_C1
379.0
snp5825488_C1 drt5825487_C1
drt5825488_C1 snp11064004_C1379.1
snp5826258_C1 snp5825217_C1
drt5825216_C1 drt5825217_C1380.6
snp5825989_C1 drt5825050_C1380.7
snp5825262_C1381.0
snp5826137_C1 drt5826138_C1
drt5826137_C1 snp5825457_C1381.1
drt5826106_C1 drt10260116_C1
drt5825064_C1381.4
snp8776064_C1381.5
drt5824826_C1382.0
drt5824749_C1 drt5824611_C1382.3
snp36362085_C1 snp10268639_C1
snp8822758_C1383.4
snp8776171_C1383.8
drt5826028_C1 snp5825840_C1
snp10268333_C1 snp5825602_C1
snp10268707_C1
384.2
snp10270109_C1384.8
drt5824984_C1 drt5824664_C1385.1
drt5824777_C1385.3
snp8776174_C1385.7
snp5826146_C1386.3
drt5825267_C1386.7
snp5825490_C1 snp8776077_C1
snp5825728_C1387.1
drt5824960_C1 snp5825483_C1387.3
drt5824704_C1 drt10266609_C1387.4
drt10260046_C1388.7
snp5825852_C1389.0
snp29631792_C1390.1
snp10264243_C1 snp10267073_C1390.2
snp10265353_C1390.4
snp10267368_C1390.5
snp29967451_C1390.6
snp5825218_C1390.8
drt15989229_C1392.2
drt10258597_C1 drt10266674_C1394.4
snp5825523_C1395.1
snp10264851_C1 snp10266086_C1396.4
snp10266591_C1396.9
1-b
snp5825159_C2 drt5825158_C2
drt5825159_C25.5
snp13144417_C25.6
drt5824819_C2 drt5824770_C2
drt5825906_C25.8
snp5825520_C2 drt5825520_C2
drt5825521_C2 drt5825849_C2
snp5825848_C2 drt5825848_C2
6.1
drt5824669_C26.5
snp5825844_C27.3
snp5825588_C2 snp13144399_C2
snp5826165_C2
8.2
drt5825225_C2 snp5826152_C2
drt5826153_C2 drt5826152_C28.3
drt5824650_C2 drt5824833_C28.4
drt5824551_C29.3
drt10260151_C2 drt10260161_C29.8
drt5824665_C2 drt5824666_C210.4
drt10258773_C2 drt10269225_C2
drt10264774_C2 drt5826121_C2
snp10258197_C2 drt10258197_C2
13.5
drt10258863_C2 drt5824881_C213.6
snp37047316_C213.7
snp5825137_C2 drt5825137_C2
drt5825138_C2 snp15990550_C2
14.6
drt5825222_C2 snp5825221_C2
drt5825221_C214.7
snp5825201_C214.9
snp15979814_C2 drt5825957_C2
drt15979814_C215.0
snp5825450_C215.2
snp5826206_C2 snp5825358_C2
drt5825359_C2 drt5825358_C215.6
snp5825595_C2 drt5825594_C2
drt5825595_C217.9
snp10268595_C219.2
snp5826075_C220.3
drt5825868_C2 snp5825869_C2
drt5825869_C2 drt15979176_C220.4
snp5825263_C2 snp5825207_C220.8
snp5825325_C2 drt5825325_C2
drt5825326_C2 drt5824580_C2
drt5824812_C2
20.9
drt5824647_C221.5
snp5825346_C221.6
drt8822743_C2 drt8822658_C222.8
snp5826181_C2 drt8822780_C2
drt5826181_C222.9
snp5825228_C223.0
snp5825453_C225.1
snp5825829_C2 drt10268761_C225.3
snp10266295_C2 snp15979405_C225.5
snp10269379_C226.6
snp23871041_C226.7
drt10266596_C2 drt10257837_C2
snp11063680_C227.5
drt10260055_C227.9
drt11062838_C228.1
snp10267019_C228.3
drt10258659_C2 drt10260052_C2
drt10269185_C2 snp5826149_C2
drt10266901_C2 drt5826149_C2
snp5825396_C2 drt5825396_C2
28.6
snp5825339_C228.7
snp5825219_C2 drt5825219_C228.8
snp15979432_C228.9
snp5826051_C2 drt8822688_C229.0
drt10264890_C229.1
snp15979666_C229.5
drt5825044_C2 drt5824557_C2
drt5824846_C2 drt5824829_C229.7
snp5826023_C2 drt5826023_C2
drt5826024_C229.8
snp10264073_C230.8
snp5825185_C231.1
snp5825617_C2 snp5825798_C2
drt5825799_C2 drt5825798_C231.6
snp5826080_C231.8
snp5825966_C232.4
snp5825384_C232.9
drt8822681_C2 drt5824692_C233.2
drt5824629_C2 drt5824827_C233.8
snp36362176_C233.9
snp13144398_C234.1
snp10270082_C234.2
snp5825557_C2 drt5825557_C2
drt5825558_C2 drt5825693_C2
drt5826002_C2
34.4
drt5825873_C234.6
snp5825447_C235.8
snp23887846_C236.0
snp29967365_C238.0
snp10265630_C238.1
drt13144302_C2 drt10260074_C2
drt10260033_C2 drt29966564_C239.3
snp5825998_C240.7
snp29967320_C241.8
drt5824937_C2 drt5825043_C2
drt10258162_C2 drt23870347_C2
42.4
drt10260060_C245.4
snp100053270_C245.7
snp5826068_C247.7
snp10270138_C2 snp10268215_C2
snp10269891_C2
48.6
snp5825922_C251.2
snp13144397_C252.2
snp5826246_C2 drt5826246_C2
drt15979298_C2 snp8822594_C2
drt8822594_C2
53.9
snp5825331_C254.0
snp5825314_C254.1
drt15979548_C254.8
snp15989203_C2 drt15989203_C2
snp8776141_C257.0
drt29967255_C258.9
snp5825324_C259.3
snp10265211_C262.1
drt5824587_C2 drt5824720_C262.8
snp5825308_C2 snp8776009_C263.6
snp5825975_C263.7
drt5824828_C2 drt5824633_C264.2
drt100002176_C264.9
drt5824912_C2 drt5824921_C265.7
drt10265613_C266.0
drt15990123_C266.1
drt13144298_C2 drt5824913_C267.0
snp8776106_C2 snp8776005_C267.1
snp5825382_C268.7
snp5826247_C2 drt5826247_C2
snp8822762_C269.2
snp10267398_C270.6
snp37049228_C272.7
snp5825562_C273.0
snp23871455_C274.1
snp8776001_C2 snp8776001_C2
snp5825666_C2 snp5825666_C2
drt5825028_C2 drt15979069_C2
75.1
snp5826151_C2 snp5826151_C2
drt5826151_C275.4
drt5824918_C275.5
snp15990199_C276.2
snp10264131_C276.4
snp5825410_C276.6
drt5826014_C280.3
snp5825715_C281.0
snp10263841_C2 snp5825181_C281.1
drt5825108_C2 drt5824935_C281.2
snp5825673_C281.3
snp13144395_C281.6
snp5825660_C2 snp5825846_C281.7
snp5825515_C2 snp5826000_C2
snp23870928_C281.9
snp29967457_C282.3
snp5825193_C2 snp5825135_C2
drt5825134_C2 drt5825135_C285.5
snp5826103_C285.8
drt5825281_C2 snp5825280_C2
drt5825280_C286.5
snp10263887_C287.7
snp8776098_C288.0
snp39436811_C288.4
snp5825946_C289.1
snp10265852_C289.6
snp30070044_C2 snp10264092_C292.5
snp29967459_C297.0
drt10266879_C298.9
drt36069176_C299.0
snp10263692_C299.9
drt5826214_C2100.8
drt13146572_C2101.6
drt37049633_C2101.8
snp10269031_C2109.4
drt10257893_C2116.6
drt10259592_C2118.0
snp10268355_C2118.1
drt10260050_C2121.1
snp13144481_C2121.2
snp100030407_C2122.3
drt10266542_C2122.5
snp15979367_C2 snp10266997_C2123.9
snp10264152_C2127.1
drt10261728_C2 snp10263922_C2131.8
snp15990274_C2132.3
snp10266262_C2132.7
snp10265700_C2133.3
drt15979161_C2140.7
snp23870906_C2141.2
snp13144414_C2142.6
snp10263652_C2143.7
snp13144426_C2144.0
snp10266169_C2149.2
drt5824825_C2 drt5824882_C2157.2
drt15979311_C2157.4
drt5825391_C2162.5
snp5826101_C2163.6
drt10260062_C2 drt10260031_C2166.2
drt5825089_C2176.3
snp11065181_C2179.6
drt13146634_C2184.4
snp8822745_C2 drt8822745_C2187.3
snp10266270_C2196.3
snp10264471_C2 snp10263869_C2198.3
snp10267152_C2203.3
drt11062311_C2207.9
drt10257760_C2 drt10259829_C2210.5
drt5825124_C2216.0
snp10266367_C2221.9
snp10270025_C2 snp10267940_C2223.5
snp10269615_C2226.5
drt13144649_C2 snp10265546_C2230.9
snp10266021_C2231.3
snp10269475_C2231.4
snp10265198_C2232.9
drt5824626_C2237.4
snp5825423_C2239.0
snp29631776_C2239.8
drt5825676_C2241.1
drt13147216_C2241.5
snp5825908_C2243.8
drt5824927_C2 drt8822557_C2
drt8822584_C2244.7
snp10269315_C2247.3
drt10259176_C2249.3
drt5824696_C2249.7
snp10266054_C2250.3
snp37047542_C2252.3
snp5825897_C2 snp5825897_C2252.4
snp39436813_C2254.6
drt10264450_C2258.1
drt13155001_C2263.8
drt10261571_C2 snp10267706_C2265.0
snp100008827_C2265.4
snp10263865_C2265.9
drt10258400_C2 drt10267350_C2266.2
snp10264091_C2266.6
drt15979123_C2268.4
snp10264807_C2268.5
snp23870748_C2268.8
snp30068675_C2 snp10269523_C2272.9
snp10264437_C2 drt10264436_C2274.6
snp10265192_C2275.0
snp8776101_C2277.9
drt15989180_C2 drt10258983_C2278.7
snp10270074_C2 snp10265854_C2278.8
snp37050283_C2279.9
snp8776118_C2282.7
snp23886992_C2283.3
snp5825463_C2285.2
snp10268337_C2 drt10268337_C2
drt15990497_C2285.8
snp10266429_C2287.2
snp10265526_C2290.1
drt10259731_C2290.2
snp10269367_C2 snp10265629_C2
snp10266970_C2291.2
drt15979699_C2291.3
snp10268994_C2291.9
snp10263855_C2292.7
snp10264179_C2296.6
snp10268227_C2 snp10268227_C2
snp10269791_C2 snp10269791_C2298.7
snp10264793_C2298.8
drt13144501_C2 drt15989252_C2
drt10259394_C2300.3
snp5825772_C2303.2
drt10268468_C2304.4
drt5825214_C2 drt5824766_C2305.3
snp5825993_C2305.4
snp13144355_C2 snp5825402_C2306.6
drt10269486_C2307.1
snp10265153_C2307.2
drt10264894_C2307.5
snp10266083_C2308.6
snp37047721_C2308.7
drt5825644_C2312.8
snp5826065_C2318.2
snp8776131_C2318.3
drt10257821_C2319.3
snp5826192_C2327.7
drt5825040_C2327.8
snp8776179_C2328.0
snp5825237_C2 snp5826012_C2328.1
snp8776041_C2328.4
drt5825048_C2328.7
drt8822676_C3 drt8822737_C33.1
snp100008684_C33.9
drt10267951_C3 drt10265755_C35.4
snp10265013_C35.5
snp10269174_C35.8
drt5824977_C3 drt5824769_C312.1
drt5824547_C3 drt5824955_C313.4
snp23887185_C317.2
snp11063214_C3 snp10269487_C318.4
snp10265612_C318.6
snp10265173_C3 drt10269621_C318.7
snp10268988_C3 snp15979768_C319.3
drt10259153_C319.5
drt5824628_C321.5
snp10264296_C322.7
drt10260021_C3 drt10257622_C327.1
drt5825857_C3 snp10268665_C327.5
snp100009041_C329.8
drt15979315_C332.3
snp13147314_C343.7
snp39436814_C349.5
snp10266026_C353.5
snp10267770_C353.6
snp5825511_C358.8
snp5825618_C358.9
snp5825960_C3 drt10258024_C359.0
drt10258257_C3 drt10266665_C359.2
drt5825392_C3 drt5825401_C3
snp5825400_C3 drt5825400_C3
drt5825335_C3 snp5825427_C3
drt5825427_C3 drt5825428_C3
59.6
snp100007981_C360.1
drt10267434_C360.7
snp10264753_C361.2
snp23889110_C366.8
snp5826050_C370.7
drt5824788_C376.6
snp100010506_C377.6
snp13144323_C378.1
drt13144728_C3 snp10269903_C3
snp5826266_C379.9
snp10268739_C382.1
snp13147149_C382.2
snp10266213_C3 snp23888154_C382.7
snp5825956_C385.5
drt10269692_C386.6
snp10269904_C3 drt11062275_C387.6
snp23871329_C392.1
snp10269607_C3 snp5826174_C3
snp5826174_C394.6
snp5824843_C3 drt5824843_C398.6
drt10264234_C3105.2
drt29631703_C3105.6
snp39436816_C3106.9
snp5825962_C3107.5
snp10269357_C3 snp5825582_C3109.3
snp10264618_C3111.4
snp5825491_C3115.6
snp8776006_C3117.6
drt5825729_C3 drt8822686_C3119.3
snp10266383_C3120.8
snp8776136_C3 snp39436817_C3
drt5826155_C3 drt10259804_C3
drt13144368_C3
130.1
snp10269910_C3130.4
snp5826172_C3 snp10268762_C3132.5
snp10264824_C3134.3
snp5825576_C3137.4
snp5825360_C3 drt5825360_C3138.8
snp10257517_C3 drt10257517_C3143.6
snp10270098_C3144.8
snp5826055_C3 drt5826056_C3
drt5826055_C3145.5
snp10264757_C3146.9
drt10259114_C3150.6
snp10269544_C3151.0
snp10268289_C3154.9
snp10264211_C3161.1
drt10263890_C3 drt10258770_C3161.5
drt10260088_C3165.3
drt10268581_C3166.7
snp37047750_C3 snp13144442_C3169.2
snp10269219_C3169.7
drt10260092_C3172.9
drt5825887_C3174.0
snp13146360_C3 drt13146360_C3175.7
snp10264030_C3176.9
snp10268659_C3178.9
snp5826156_C3 drt5826156_C3181.7
snp10267883_C3183.5
drt10259255_C3184.6
drt8822582_C3187.2
snp5825720_C3 drt5825720_C3187.3
drt8822736_C3189.6
drt13145135_C3 drt10265485_C3191.9
snp30069117_C3194.4
snp13144443_C3201.8
snp100009598_C3204.3
drt15979163_C3 drt5825059_C3206.6
drt5824604_C3 drt5825718_C3207.5
drt10269446_C3213.0
drt15979113_C3217.5
snp23889078_C3220.4
snp5825420_C3 drt5825420_C3
drt5825768_C3221.1
snp5825233_C3222.7
drt10267261_C3223.0
drt10259356_C3226.7
snp5825755_C3229.0
snp11063251_C3229.5
drt10265773_C3244.4
drt10258530_C3244.5
drt10266694_C3246.3
snp13146554_C3246.7
snp5825574_C3247.4
snp10263983_C3248.3
snp5825584_C3251.5
snp13146751_C3256.7
snp39436812_C3257.2
snp10265071_C3257.3
drt15989493_C3258.9
drt10267407_C3259.0
snp13146403_C3 drt13146403_C3259.4
snp100009014_C3260.3
snp10259931_C3260.5
snp10264052_C3264.5
drt5824802_C3265.1
snp10266163_C3267.9
snp37049345_C3268.4
snp8776021_C3268.7
drt10265556_C3 drt10268408_C3269.8
snp100009186_C3270.2
snp10264214_C3272.5
snp10269545_C3272.6
snp10264272_C3276.8
snp10267426_C3 snp10269162_C3277.3
snp10263537_C3278.1
snp10264330_C3 snp10268702_C3281.4
snp5825585_C3284.3
snp23888306_C3286.2
drt15979724_C3 drt10269047_C3290.9
drt13144585_C3294.0
snp10265008_C3296.6
snp10264393_C3296.7
snp10264298_C3297.8
drt23870464_C3297.9
drt5825203_C3298.4
snp10266249_C3298.5
snp10266408_C3 snp10267006_C3301.0
snp13147334_C3301.4
snp10258626_C3302.5
drt5824970_C3 drt5824672_C3304.3
drt8822611_C3307.6
drt5825266_C3310.5
drt10264676_C3312.9
drt10258455_C3315.5
drt10260020_C3316.5
snp15990331_C3321.2
drt10268158_C3321.4
snp15990243_C3322.1
drt13144522_C3323.9
snp5824877_C3 drt5824877_C3327.0
snp15990277_C3327.9
drt10268343_C3 snp5825120_C3329.3
snp5825753_C3329.8
drt10260137_C3330.0
drt10259443_C3 drt10258661_C3
drt10269054_C3 drt10258190_C3
drt10260129_C3
330.3
snp29967625_C3 snp5825386_C3
drt10268434_C3 drt5825386_C3330.6
drt15979090_C3330.7
snp23870953_C3 drt5825526_C3
drt23870953_C3331.7
snp5825176_C3 drt10260155_C3332.1
snp10270024_C3 drt10260167_C3
drt10267343_C3332.5
drt8822706_C3 drt8822577_C3335.5
drt29967630_C3339.8
drt10261926_C3 drt10259946_C3339.9
drt10257652_C3 snp10263870_C3
drt10258542_C3340.2
snp10266570_C3 snp15990241_C3
drt10259512_C3340.5
snp10265244_C3 drt100008683_C3
drt10265244_C3
340.6
snp10265830_C3340.8
snp39436804_C3 drt10265035_C3
snp10265034_C3 drt10265034_C3
snp10265188_C3
340.9
drt10259927_C3 drt10258325_C3341.0
snp10264056_C3341.3
drt13145705_C3 drt100001616_C3342.6
drt10259062_C3 drt10259291_C3342.8
snp10257619_C3343.0
snp23888689_C3 drt23888689_C3343.2
snp36361837_C3343.4
drt10261740_C3 snp10258521_C3
drt10258521_C3343.5
drt35487833_C3 drt10265807_C3343.6
snp10264969_C3343.9
snp100060243_C3344.8
drt13144803_C3348.3
snp10270053_C3349.0
snp5826010_C3 drt5826011_C3
drt5826010_C3
351.6
drt8822696_C3 drt8822591_C3352.0
snp5826147_C3354.6
snp10267079_C3357.0
snp5825745_C3 drt5825745_C3359.4
snp5825891_C3359.5
drt10268440_C3359.7
drt5825884_C3 drt10265615_C3
drt10258418_C3 drt5825877_C3359.9
snp5826140_C3360.2
snp15979687_C3 drt10270196_C3
drt15979687_C3 snp10270064_C3
snp5825353_C3
360.6
drt10265476_C3 drt5825739_C3361.0
snp5825304_C3361.3
snp5825173_C3 snp5825406_C3
snp10270006_C3361.8
snp5825723_C3362.2
snp5825368_C3 snp29967330_C3362.4
snp5825613_C3362.7
drt10260156_C3363.1
snp29967335_C3365.0
snp5825550_C3365.1
snp5825913_C3365.3
drt5825726_C3 drt5826084_C3367.2
drt10258152_C3372.0
snp10269762_C3372.7
drt10269757_C3375.7
snp100009076_C3379.2
snp10265287_C3381.8
drt10268630_C3382.1
drt11062423_C3382.5
snp37049094_C3383.3
snp11064735_C3383.8
snp5825951_C3384.5
drt5824926_C3 drt5824923_C3384.6
drt5824878_C3386.8
drt11062594_C3389.3
drt8822636_C3 drt8822775_C3390.4
snp5825279_C3391.1
snp5825547_C3 drt5825547_C3393.1
snp23889102_C3393.3
snp5825320_C3 snp5825893_C3
snp5826183_C3394.6
snp8776000_C3 snp8776000_C3396.0
drt5824931_C3 drt5825679_C3
drt5825794_C3 snp5825603_C3396.1
snp5825411_C3 snp5826107_C3
drt10266667_C3 drt29967002_C3396.3
snp5825984_C3 snp15990560_C3396.4
snp5825531_C3396.5
snp5826004_C3396.6
drt10260119_C3 drt29631644_C3
snp5825769_C3396.9
snp5825736_C3397.0
drt29424160_C3397.1
snp5825700_C3397.2
snp13144424_C3 snp5826102_C3397.3
drt5824613_C3397.7
snp5825608_C3398.1
snp5825703_C3398.3
snp5825442_C3398.5
drt10260125_C3399.0
snp10268628_C3400.4
snp5825674_C3 snp5826097_C3
snp5825977_C3 snp10269686_C3
snp10267513_C3 snp5825706_C3
snp37047635_C3 snp100030368_C3
drt5825959_C3 drt5824983_C3
drt5825088_C3 drt5824954_C3
drt5825002_C3 drt8822727_C3
drt5825065_C3 drt10260073_C3
drt5825115_C3 drt5825046_C3
drt10267201_C3 drt5824993_C3
drt5825019_C3 drt5825083_C3
drt5825778_C3 drt10259001_C3
drt10267431_C3 drt29967576_C3
drt36069262_C3 drt29967672_C3
403.6
drt5825049_C3404.4
snp13155344_C3412.4
drt15979278_C3 snp11064901_C3
drt13145469_C3 drt39436824_C3414.3
drt29967553_C3 drt10259440_C3415.6
snp5825696_C3 snp11064378_C3
drt5824973_C3416.0
snp23871220_C3417.8
snp10267838_C3 snp5825770_C3
drt10269196_C3418.0
snp10265246_C3418.1
snp5825425_C3421.9
snp5825831_C4 snp5825606_C4
drt5825606_C41.1
drt5825247_C41.2
drt15979170_C41.6
drt10258218_C4 snp5825295_C4
drt5825295_C41.7
drt5826185_C4 snp5826041_C4
snp5826041_C42.0
snp100008572_C43.0
drt5826015_C4 drt5824830_C4
drt5825061_C4 snp5826230_C4
drt5826231_C4 drt5826230_C4
drt5824857_C4
9.1
drt10259025_C49.2
snp5825933_C49.4
snp15979458_C410.1
snp5825273_C411.8
snp5825901_C411.9
snp23870895_C412.9
snp10263966_C420.9
snp39436801_C421.5
drt10269671_C422.2
snp8776099_C424.5
snp100059868_C425.2
snp5825389_C428.2
snp5825482_C4 drt10259939_C428.6
snp10264616_C428.9
snp5825695_C430.0
drt5824697_C4 drt5824607_C430.7
snp37049080_C4 snp23889006_C430.8
snp10265868_C431.1
drt5825972_C434.0
snp10265230_C4 snp10269723_C434.5
drt10260048_C435.3
snp37047678_C4 snp10269693_C435.8
snp10267396_C4 snp10268943_C4
drt10259130_C4 drt10260025_C435.9
drt10260067_C4 drt10268893_C4
snp10264756_C4 drt10264756_C4
drt39436807_C4
36.0
drt10267750_C436.4
snp39436821_C4 snp39436818_C4
snp11063448_C436.8
snp39436810_C437.2
snp10268451_C4 drt10268451_C4
drt10268452_C4
37.3
snp5825390_C438.3
snp5825800_C4 snp5825800_C439.1
drt8822615_C440.7
snp10266546_C442.3
drt13144324_C4 snp5825847_C4
snp5825847_C4 drt5825847_C442.4
drt13145205_C444.5
drt5824840_C445.5
snp5825377_C447.9
snp5825184_C449.5
drt5824896_C4 snp5825999_C4
drt5825999_C4 snp5826217_C452.5
snp5825802_C4 snp5825802_C4
drt5825802_C4 drt5824558_C4
snp5825245_C4 drt5825246_C4
drt5825245_C4
54.7
snp10267531_C4 snp5825615_C4
snp5826157_C4 drt5824821_C4
snp15979409_C4
54.8
drt5824602_C454.9
drt10266430_C4 drt5825084_C4
drt10260080_C4 drt5824864_C455.1
drt5824853_C4 snp5825174_C4
snp5825900_C4 drt5825900_C4
drt5825899_C4
55.2
snp5825598_C458.0
drt10268202_C458.1
snp10265625_C458.2
snp13144400_C459.0
drt13147415_C461.7
snp8822749_C4 drt8776040_C4
drt8822749_C4 drt8822604_C4
drt8822605_C4
62.9
drt8822555_C4 drt8822556_C463.3
drt5825087_C463.7
snp8776133_C464.0
snp8822752_C4 drt8776065_C4
drt8822752_C4 snp10270130_C4
snp10268187_C4
64.1
snp8776070_C4 snp15990254_C464.4
snp8776054_C464.5
snp13144410_C465.3
drt5825927_C4 drt5824742_C465.6
drt10264574_C4 drt8822579_C466.0
snp5825552_C467.0
drt5824818_C468.5
snp10268209_C470.5
snp13144406_C474.3
snp15979701_C474.7
snp5826202_C475.0
snp23870838_C4 drt23870348_C476.3
snp5826241_C4 snp15979499_C476.8
snp5825292_C477.5
snp5826250_C478.0
snp5825593_C478.1
snp13155345_C478.7
drt10267447_C478.8
snp5826082_C4 drt5825663_C479.2
drt5825285_C4 drt5825941_C479.3
drt5824885_C4 snp5826180_C4
snp5825297_C479.4
drt5826143_C479.5
snp5825529_C479.7
snp10268416_C480.0
drt15979718_C481.9
snp13144428_C482.0
snp5825275_C482.2
snp13144429_C482.3
snp5825592_C482.4
drt5825152_C482.7
drt5824933_C4 drt5824932_C4
drt5824627_C482.8
snp5826160_C4 drt5826160_C4
drt5825699_C4 drt5826162_C4
snp5826188_C4
83.1
drt5824726_C4 snp5825235_C483.2
drt5825055_C4 drt5825705_C4
snp10267958_C4
84.5
drt5824762_C4 snp13144425_C484.7
snp10267925_C486.4
snp35488060_C486.6
drt5824972_C486.9
snp11063538_C487.4
snp5825872_C487.6
snp5826285_C4 drt5826285_C4
snp10269937_C4 snp10269936_C4
drt10269937_C4 drt10269936_C4
88.2
snp10265425_C488.3
drt5825393_C488.8
snp5824814_C4 drt5824814_C489.0
snp5825429_C489.1
drt5824741_C4 drt5824863_C489.4
drt5825057_C4 snp5825437_C489.5
drt5824874_C489.7
snp5825776_C489.9
drt10265183_C493.5
drt5824934_C494.4
drt13144731_C495.6
snp10268691_C496.0
drt13155200_C4 drt5824569_C496.8
snp36069349_C4 snp5825455_C4
snp5825454_C4 snp5825132_C4
snp5825132_C4
97.7
drt8822750_C4 drt8822693_C499.8
drt30068674_C4101.1
drt5825054_C4104.1
snp8776140_C4 snp10270073_C4104.2
snp5825139_C4104.5
snp11063991_C4 snp5826150_C4105.2
drt5824940_C4 drt15979284_C4105.4
drt5824787_C4105.5
snp8776051_C4 drt8822573_C4
drt8822572_C4 snp8776177_C4106.0
snp8776149_C4 drt10260126_C4106.1
snp8776092_C4 drt8822587_C4
drt29631539_C4 drt8822560_C4106.5
snp8776022_C4106.8
drt29631563_C4107.1
snp8776078_C4107.3
drt8822558_C4107.6
drt8822598_C4 drt10260097_C4107.7
snp8776034_C4108.1
drt8822614_C4 drt8822613_C4108.3
snp5825381_C4 snp5825708_C4108.5
snp5825564_C4108.6
snp11063553_C4108.8
snp5825440_C4 drt5825441_C4
drt5825440_C4109.0
drt5825252_C4 drt5825251_C4
snp5825690_C4109.7
snp11063329_C4109.9
drt10259336_C4112.3
snp10268528_C4116.6
snp15979513_C4120.1
drt8822563_C4 drt15979407_C4124.4
snp15979481_C4 snp8776013_C4124.5
drt5824593_C4 drt5825646_C4124.6
snp39436809_C4 drt15979130_C4124.8
drt5824751_C4127.3
snp10270004_C4140.3
snp15979439_C4 snp5825418_C4140.4
drt5825224_C4142.4
drt8822738_C4 drt8822735_C4142.6
drt8822741_C4 drt8822571_C4143.0
snp8776165_C4143.1
drt8822773_C4 drt8822548_C4149.6
drt13144720_C4151.0
snp15990279_C4154.5
snp15979520_C4156.3
snp8776031_C4158.3
drt5825632_C4162.0
snp15979511_C4 drt10266440_C4
drt10260042_C4162.5
snp5826148_C4163.9
snp10270022_C4165.0
drt10258045_C4 drt10266501_C4165.3
snp5825232_C4 drt5825232_C4165.4
snp10269997_C4 snp5825850_C4
drt5825850_C4165.5
drt10259692_C4165.8
drt5825068_C4 drt5824880_C4170.7
snp15979375_C4170.8
snp5826115_C4172.0
snp5825894_C4 drt8822731_C4172.1
drt5824765_C4 drt5825711_C4172.9
snp37047465_C4173.1
snp5825578_C4177.7
drt5825792_C4 drt5824899_C4179.5
snp29631698_C4182.5
snp10266487_C4 drt5825733_C4
drt5824902_C4182.8
drt10259095_C4 drt29966706_C4184.2
snp29631737_C4 snp5825950_C4186.7
snp5825683_C4 drt13144675_C4
snp10268942_C4187.0
snp10269852_C4187.4
snp10265618_C4187.7
drt5824838_C4188.0
snp5825395_C4 snp8776108_C4189.1
snp29967327_C4 drt13144562_C4189.2
4-a
drt8822593_C4 snp5825743_C4
drt5825743_C4190.1
snp5825271_C4 snp5825367_C4190.4
drt5825067_C4191.7
drt5826110_C4195.2
drt10259452_C4195.9
snp5825436_C4197.0
drt8822719_C4197.1
snp5825990_C4198.1
snp5825254_C4199.7
drt13145247_C4200.0
drt8822714_C4 drt8822547_C4200.5
drt8822721_C4 drt8822581_C4
snp5825397_C4200.9
drt8822723_C4 drt8822590_C4201.0
drt23888923_C4 snp5825625_C4201.2
snp5825422_C4201.5
snp8776055_C4201.6
drt10268899_C4 drt5825637_C4203.5
drt8822763_C4203.6
snp10263500_C4206.1
drt8822726_C4 drt8822757_C4206.7
drt5824637_C4208.3
drt10267666_C4210.1
snp10268332_C4213.0
snp100060412_C4 drt5825744_C4213.1
drt5826264_C4214.4
snp5825837_C4215.6
snp5825545_C4220.1
drt5824798_C4220.3
snp10263533_C4221.1
snp5825419_C4222.8
drt10266499_C4 drt5824835_C4
drt10258969_C4222.9
snp5825836_C4 drt5825835_C4
drt5825836_C4223.1
snp5826257_C4223.6
drt15989903_C4225.2
snp10269138_C4228.2
snp10268115_C4228.5
snp10270011_C4228.7
snp11063883_C4238.6
snp11064763_C4239.0
snp15979695_C4239.2
snp11064696_C4 drt11064696_C4239.9
drt15990192_C4 drt5825821_C4240.3
drt10258189_C4 drt10257996_C4
drt29631559_C4 drt10259997_C4241.1
snp23870740_C4241.2
snp5825123_C4 drt10268120_C4
drt5825123_C4241.3
snp10269013_C4241.4
drt10259084_C4 drt10260135_C4242.3
snp10268123_C4242.9
drt5824928_C4244.0
snp5826006_C4246.9
snp5826176_C4247.1
drt5825532_C4 drt5825533_C4
snp10267410_C4247.9
drt15979185_C4248.1
drt5824673_C4 snp5825470_C4248.5
snp39436808_C4251.4
drt5825856_C4252.0
snp23870926_C4254.2
drt5824736_C4 drt5824860_C4255.0
drt5825814_C4 snp5825813_C4
drt5825813_C4258.2
snp5825538_C4259.7
drt10259546_C4261.6
snp10264634_C4262.3
snp5825364_C4 drt5825364_C4262.4
snp5825486_C4262.5
snp11063857_C4263.3
drt29967381_C4264.4
snp5825362_C4270.3
drt5824678_C4270.6
snp15979433_C4270.7
snp5825317_C4 drt5825316_C4
drt5825317_C4270.9
drt5824800_C4271.3
snp5825589_C4 drt5824709_C4271.5
snp5825248_C4271.6
snp15979395_C4 drt15979395_C4
drt8776019_C4272.5
snp10266454_C4272.6
drt5824723_C4 snp5825465_C4
drt5825465_C4272.7
snp5826093_C4 drt5824938_C4273.0
drt10258811_C4 snp5825880_C4
drt5825880_C4273.2
snp5825710_C4273.5
snp11064400_C4274.1
snp23871072_C4274.5
snp5825146_C4 drt5825147_C4
drt5825146_C4275.8
snp5826054_C4 snp10269352_C4
drt5826054_C4275.9
drt10265652_C4276.4
snp5825355_C4 drt15979673_C4
drt5825355_C4 snp5825883_C4276.5
drt10258206_C4 drt5824873_C4276.7
snp5826212_C4 drt5826212_C4
drt5826211_C4278.2
snp15979501_C4278.6
snp5825586_C4278.7
drt5826064_C4 drt5824807_C4278.8
snp5825458_C4279.5
snp8776086_C4 snp8776086_C4
snp5825154_C4279.6
drt5824964_C4 drt5825782_C4
snp5825306_C4
279.7
snp5826179_C4 snp5826178_C4
drt5826178_C4280.2
snp5825264_C4 drt5825264_C4
drt5824671_C4280.3
snp5825409_C4280.5
drt13144700_C4283.3
snp10267674_C4286.0
snp5825415_C4 drt5825415_C4289.1
snp13146525_C4 drt39436799_C4
drt10267904_C4289.9
snp5825805_C4290.0
snp5825627_C4292.4
drt13144357_C4293.8
drt5826175_C4 drt8822716_C4
drt8822564_C4 snp10264530_C4294.4
drt23871228_C4296.4
drt5824625_C4297.3
snp10268147_C4300.0
snp37047429_C4300.7
snp10268173_C4302.7
drt5825810_C4302.9
snp10266553_C4303.2
snp5825842_C4 drt5825843_C4
drt5825842_C4303.7
snp10264848_C4304.0
snp10263572_C4304.9
drt10264651_C4305.0
snp10264307_C4306.3
snp10268892_C4 drt5826048_C4307.1
snp11063339_C4307.9
snp8776061_C4308.7
snp23870771_C4309.3
snp100038192_C4310.1
snp10269134_C4 snp10267769_C4310.8
snp5825912_C4 snp5825912_C4
drt10269416_C4 drt5825912_C4312.8
snp10267389_C4 drt10267390_C4
drt10267389_C4 snp10267387_C4
drt10267387_C4 drt10267388_C4
314.3
snp11063189_C4 snp11063740_C4314.6
drt10258815_C4 drt10269682_C4
snp10268419_C4 snp5825964_C4315.1
snp30069706_C4315.6
drt8822732_C4 drt15979141_C4316.7
drt5825062_C4317.3
snp5825278_C4317.4
drt15979307_C4 drt5824716_C4
snp5824854_C4 drt5824854_C4
snp5825236_C4
317.7
snp10266500_C4319.1
snp29967610_C4319.2
drt10269788_C4320.0
snp5825504_C4320.7
snp5825191_C4321.3
snp10265906_C4322.1
drt5824699_C4 drt5824562_C4325.4
snp5825183_C4 snp5826033_C4
drt5826034_C4 drt5826033_C4326.5
snp5826233_C4326.8
drt5824730_C4330.7
snp5825841_C4 snp5825841_C4
drt10268338_C4 drt5825841_C4
drt10266617_C4 drt10260082_C4
snp5825509_C4
331.4
snp5825747_C4 drt10269045_C4
drt5825747_C4 drt10267919_C4
drt10260064_C4
331.5
snp11063929_C4 drt29967645_C4
drt11063929_C4 snp13155368_C4331.6
snp5825879_C4331.7
drt10266958_C4 drt10269370_C4
snp5826027_C4 drt5826027_C4332.5
snp10264580_C4332.8
drt10260054_C4 drt10259858_C4
snp10267177_C4 snp5825503_C4332.9
snp10265076_C4 drt10258103_C4
drt10260038_C4333.0
drt10260057_C4333.1
snp10265186_C4333.3
drt10259633_C4333.6
snp5826163_C4 drt10260051_C4
drt10260061_C4333.7
snp5825449_C4333.8
snp10265506_C4334.2
snp5825499_C4 drt10265817_C4
drt5825499_C4 snp10263544_C4334.3
drt10260026_C4334.8
snp5825472_C4335.4
drt5824962_C4335.7
snp10268694_C4336.5
snp5825892_C4336.7
drt10266597_C4 drt13155094_C4
drt10266625_C4336.8
snp5825969_C4336.9
snp5825240_C4 drt10264203_C4
drt5825240_C4337.0
4-b
snp10265875_C4 snp5825898_C4
drt10268599_C4 drt5825898_C4337.1
snp10264572_C4337.4
drt10260019_C4 drt10258962_C4337.6
drt5825976_C4337.9
drt5825689_C4 drt5824571_C4
drt5824805_C4338.3
snp15990252_C4340.8
drt5825645_C4 drt5825024_C4
snp8776111_C4341.7
snp10270198_C4 drt15979694_C4
drt10270198_C4344.4
snp15979730_C4 snp5825854_C4
drt5825854_C4 drt15979730_C4344.7
snp5825830_C4 snp5825931_C4
snp5825932_C4 drt5825932_C4
drt5825931_C4
344.8
snp5825198_C4 drt5825198_C4346.0
drt13144492_C4347.2
snp5825375_C4 snp5825569_C4
drt5825570_C4 drt5825569_C4350.1
snp5825121_C4350.4
drt15979314_C4350.6
drt15979027_C4 snp5825143_C4351.5
drt5824845_C4352.0
snp5826182_C4 snp5826182_C4355.0
snp5825167_C4 snp5825344_C4
drt5825343_C4 drt5825344_C4
snp15979657_C4 drt5824683_C4
drt5824847_C4 snp10269458_C4
355.3
drt5824581_C4 drt5824813_C4355.9
snp5825987_C4 snp10266839_C4356.6
snp5825758_C4 drt5825758_C4357.9
snp5825313_C4359.2
snp5825421_C4360.3
snp5825947_C4360.9
snp15979447_C4361.5
snp15979422_C4362.5
drt5826205_C4 drt5825039_C4362.8
drt5824975_C4365.1
snp10268183_C4366.5
drt5825657_C4 snp5826164_C4
drt5825220_C4 drt5824795_C4
drt5824717_C4 drt5824855_C4
368.2
drt5824759_C4 snp5825949_C4
snp5825949_C4368.7
snp10270047_C4370.1
drt15979165_C4370.2
drt5825970_C4 drt5825011_C4
drt5825773_C4 drt5824600_C4
drt5824816_C4
370.8
drt5826168_C4 drt10260070_C4371.4
snp5825554_C4373.4
drt5825803_C4374.3
snp5826062_C4 drt5824620_C4374.4
snp5825530_C4374.8
snp10266006_C4376.1
snp10270118_C4377.2
drt36069333_C4377.7
snp5825541_C4378.0
snp5825349_C4 drt10262003_C4
drt10259284_C4378.2
snp5825209_C4 drt5825210_C4
drt5825209_C4378.3
snp10268203_C4 drt10268203_C4380.2
snp5826047_C4382.9
snp23870727_C4389.5
drt10260075_C4391.7
drt5825031_C4 snp10268524_C4
drt10268524_C4 drt5825448_C4393.0
snp5826120_C4 drt10264904_C4
drt5826120_C4393.1
snp10267891_C4 snp10267938_C4
drt10267938_C4 drt10267072_C4
snp10268767_C4 drt10268767_C4
drt10268625_C4
393.2
snp23871369_C4395.6
drt10268458_C4397.2
drt10260029_C4 drt10257855_C4399.0
drt11062552_C4402.0
snp10268727_C4405.5
drt5824775_C4408.1
snp5825527_C4410.7
drt5824859_C4 drt15979313_C4415.1
snp8776090_C4415.7
snp5825257_C4 snp5825534_C4417.4
snp5825535_C4417.5
snp5826042_C4 snp5826042_C4
drt8822725_C4 drt5826042_C4417.9
snp11063413_C4422.9
snp15979366_C4429.8
snp15979145_C4430.9
snp15990223_C4 drt13145071_C4435.0
snp10269999_C4 snp11063302_C4
snp5825921_C4436.2
snp5825577_C4437.3
drt10257955_C4 drt10258242_C4438.1
snp10270225_C4440.1
snp15979377_C4449.0
snp35487999_C4451.7
snp10269170_C4451.9
snp10265281_C4453.9
drt5824644_C4455.8
snp11064030_C4456.2
snp5825774_C4456.7
drt5825764_C4456.9
drt5824865_C4459.5
snp5825816_C4462.5
snp5825243_C4464.1
drt5825036_C4466.3
drt5824844_C4 drt5824992_C4466.5
snp5825607_C4466.6
snp5825915_C4 drt5825916_C4
drt5825915_C4467.3
drt10258514_C4470.6
drt5825635_C4 drt5824806_C4
drt10259627_C4473.2
snp15990217_C4 snp5825327_C4473.4
snp5826249_C4475.1
snp5825692_C4 drt5825692_C4477.6
snp5825498_C4482.9
snp5825822_C4483.5
drt5825287_C4483.9
drt5824552_C4484.2
snp29967453_C4 snp29967453_C4485.9
snp5825168_C4491.7
drt10260078_C4 drt15990409_C4492.0
drt5824748_C4 drt5825963_C4494.4
drt5825032_C4 drt5825771_C4494.7
drt11062978_C4496.9
drt5824733_C4 drt15979044_C4497.1
snp11064111_C4 snp15979457_C4497.3
snp5825675_C4 drt13144640_C4497.5
snp5826025_C4497.6
drt10258442_C4497.8
drt13144490_C4501.7
drt5824727_C4502.6
snp5825479_C4508.8
snp5826114_C4509.8
drt5825109_C4 drt5825006_C4510.8
drt13144294_C4511.0
snp8776146_C4515.4
drt5824820_C4 drt5825056_C4516.2
drt10260086_C4 snp10268669_C4
drt10268669_C4 snp5825914_C4
drt5825914_C4
516.8
snp5825955_C4517.0
drt5824822_C4 drt5824615_C4517.6
drt5824831_C4518.0
drt5825161_C4518.1
drt5825070_C4 snp5826118_C4
drt5826118_C4 drt5826119_C4523.0
snp5825859_C4523.6
snp5825187_C4 drt5825025_C4
drt5826003_C4524.5
snp5825494_C4 snp10270101_C4526.7
drt5824916_C4527.1
drt5824919_C4 drt5824718_C4
drt5826096_C4 drt5826095_C4
drt5825180_C4 drt5825179_C4
527.2
drt5825871_C4 drt5825870_C4
drt5825112_C4 drt5825026_C4
drt10265942_C4 drt5825988_C4
527.3
drt13144600_C4527.4
snp5824914_C4 drt5825825_C4527.6
drt13144597_C4532.0
drt11063088_C4 drt39436800_C4
drt10262016_C4532.1
snp5825561_C4 snp13146286_C4532.4
snp5824832_C4 drt5824832_C4
drt10264498_C4 drt5824649_C4
drt10260059_C4 drt5824744_C4
532.6
drt11062384_C4 drt10264886_C4533.7
snp10263987_C4533.9
snp100008103_C4 snp10268967_C4534.2
snp10270016_C4 snp10269267_C4534.3
snp29424058_C4 snp10268923_C4
drt10263912_C4 snp10263913_C4
drt10263913_C4 snp10269613_C4
534.4
snp11063433_C4 drt10260066_C4
drt10264401_C4534.5
drt10258458_C4537.0
drt10258122_C4 drt10267276_C4537.2
snp10270067_C4538.4
drt29967413_C4 snp5825369_C4
drt5825369_C4541.0
snp15979704_C4541.4
drt5824869_C4541.7
snp15989546_C4542.5
snp10270151_C4 snp10267097_C4
snp11063934_C4542.6
snp10266187_C4543.1
snp10264219_C4543.2
drt10267834_C4543.3
drt10257852_C4 snp10267051_C4
snp5825954_C4543.4
snp37050171_C4544.2
drt10258033_C4 drt10260036_C4544.9
snp11063996_C4 snp11063996_C4
drt10270105_C4 drt11063996_C4545.1
snp29967643_C4 snp5825469_C4
snp10265886_C4545.2
snp8776145_C4545.7
snp8822748_C4 drt8822748_C4
drt8776039_C4 snp8776137_C4
snp8776037_C4
545.8
snp10268380_C4546.0
snp10266484_C4546.2
snp10269349_C4 drt5826126_C4
drt8822798_C4547.3
drt10259877_C4548.2
4-c
drt13145000_C51.0
snp5825352_C5 snp5825903_C5
drt5825902_C5 drt5825903_C53.0
drt5824651_C53.1
snp5825878_C5 snp5825878_C53.3
snp5825153_C5 snp5825823_C53.4
drt13144436_C53.5
drt10257632_C59.0
snp10264287_C510.8
drt5824713_C5 drt8822595_C511.9
snp8776093_C517.1
drt5824986_C5 snp5825863_C5
drt5825862_C5 drt5825863_C5
drt10260018_C5 drt15979465_C5
drt15979557_C5
17.2
snp10268961_C523.2
snp5826166_C529.2
snp100008002_C533.3
snp15990511_C5 drt10257933_C5
drt10258516_C537.6
drt10259575_C544.5
snp39436802_C547.1
drt10269845_C555.0
drt11062422_C556.5
drt8822637_C557.1
snp100008909_C561.2
snp39436803_C563.5
snp11064141_C565.4
drt5825763_C566.5
drt11063536_C568.1
snp100009228_C569.0
drt13145279_C569.1
snp10269749_C5 drt10269749_C569.8
snp10268578_C570.4
drt8822574_C571.8
snp10267704_C572.3
snp10270018_C573.4
snp10263981_C574.1
snp23870782_C575.9
snp10264252_C577.2
snp10268662_C583.9
drt5824793_C5 drt5824732_C584.9
snp13155375_C5 snp5825451_C585.2
snp5825612_C585.7
snp5826223_C5 drt5826223_C5
drt5826224_C597.2
snp5825579_C5102.5
snp5825380_C5105.1
drt13155355_C5107.1
drt5826061_C5108.1
snp13155070_C5115.4
snp5825478_C5118.5
snp5826113_C5122.5
drt8822782_C5 drt10261992_C5127.8
snp5825651_C5 drt5825651_C5134.1
snp5825934_C5134.5
snp5826169_C5134.8
snp5825336_C5 drt5825337_C5
drt5825336_C5135.0
drt15989713_C5 drt15989179_C5135.9
drt5825051_C5136.4
snp10269786_C5137.4
drt5824763_C5139.0
drt15979151_C5 drt5824952_C5148.5
snp10265394_C5148.8
drt23871080_C5156.3
drt5825622_C5 drt5824660_C5160.4
snp8822653_C5 drt10266618_C5
drt13145222_C5 drt8822789_C5
snp100009282_C5
165.8
drt10259234_C5168.2
snp8776094_C5170.4
drt10269635_C5171.3
drt13145200_C5174.0
snp10264968_C5174.9
snp5825495_C5 snp5825495_C5
drt5825495_C5183.6
drt15990002_C5188.2
drt13144335_C5 snp10264673_C5197.3
drt5824866_C5211.2
snp13147360_C5218.0
drt29967139_C5221.2
drt10258471_C5225.1
drt8822562_C5 drt13144970_C5
drt13146838_C5225.2
drt8822691_C5226.1
drt15979761_C5230.9
snp11063436_C5241.4
drt10259237_C5 drt10260162_C5
snp5825489_C5 snp10270040_C5
drt29967366_C5 drt10270040_C5
snp15979514_C5
245.8
snp5825261_C5246.3
snp10269111_C5246.7
snp8776067_C5247.3
snp5825807_C5 drt5825807_C5
drt23871202_C5247.8
snp23871005_C5 snp5825943_C5249.1
drt5826085_C5 drt10262004_C5249.2
snp10268324_C5249.6
snp5825189_C5 snp10268972_C5250.1
snp5825935_C5 snp5825740_C5250.4
drt11063090_C5256.1
drt15979127_C5261.4
snp100053683_C5263.2
drt10268804_C5264.0
snp5825568_C5266.6
snp10264293_C5267.3
drt8822689_C5268.7
snp13144388_C5271.4
snp23888216_C5271.9
snp36360846_C5273.0
snp8776134_C5 drt8776134_C5
snp8776072_C5276.8
snp5825559_C5 snp10263759_C5
drt10263759_C5277.6
drt5824560_C5280.2
snp5825752_C5280.4
drt5824641_C5 drt5824924_C5280.8
drt5824655_C5282.4
drt10259030_C5282.5
snp5825601_C5282.8
drt5824958_C5284.0
drt5825078_C5290.9
drt37049842_C5 drt10259374_C5293.4
snp30069257_C5 snp100036980_C5293.9
snp100036971_C5296.0
snp10269270_C5299.4
snp5825496_C5 snp5825496_C5301.6
snp23870921_C5309.0
snp10258960_C5311.6
drt5824648_C5 drt5825551_C5312.0
drt13144614_C5312.3
drt35486085_C5316.3
snp5825621_C5320.2
snp5825928_C5 drt5825928_C5325.8
snp23870861_C5326.3
snp15979506_C5326.7
snp10264777_C5327.2
snp15979597_C5327.4
drt13145072_C5328.2
drt13144679_C5328.9
snp10268699_C5 snp10269041_C5
snp10269041_C5 snp10269237_C5331.3
drt13144516_C5332.6
snp5825737_C5333.9
snp100009463_C5334.9
snp23871018_C5339.8
drt13144303_C5 snp10269494_C5
drt10269495_C5 drt10268439_C5
snp13146463_C5
342.3
snp100008667_C5 snp10266417_C5344.7
snp10264112_C5344.9
snp5826125_C5345.0
snp13147092_C5346.4
snp10258449_C5346.6
snp5825260_C5 snp5825260_C5347.6
snp100058396_C5347.8
snp11064886_C5348.0
snp10268480_C5349.0
snp100008760_C5349.2
drt5825034_C5349.8
snp10268551_C5 drt5824915_C5362.4
snp39436815_C5 snp11062598_C5362.8
snp15990230_C5364.5
snp8822666_C5 snp8822666_C5365.0
snp10265177_C5366.1
snp5825610_C5366.8
drt23870243_C5368.8
drt8822639_C5 drt8822638_C5369.5
snp5825282_C5370.7
snp13146263_C5371.4
snp5825688_C5 snp8776122_C5
drt10258486_C5374.7
snp5825583_C5 drt8822673_C5375.9
snp5825194_C5 drt5825195_C5
drt5825194_C5376.0
snp23889060_C5379.0
snp23871246_C5380.3
snp11063918_C5381.0
snp39436806_C5382.0
snp5825366_C5385.8
drt5824778_C5 drt5824656_C5
drt5824948_C5386.2
snp100008936_C5386.4
snp5826019_C5388.1
snp10264761_C5393.0
snp5825253_C5393.2
snp5826026_C5398.3
drt13144474_C5 snp11063609_C5399.7
drt15979115_C5402.1
snp5825426_C5 snp5825334_C5403.9
drt15989194_C5404.5
drt5824708_C5408.5
snp5825839_C5409.3
drt10268557_C5 snp15990285_C5
snp36360792_C5
415.3
snp8776044_C5416.3
snp10264917_C5416.9
snp10268814_C5417.9
snp5825318_C5418.6
snp13144403_C5423.3
drt10267220_C5425.9
drt29967202_C5429.9
snp100009364_C5431.8
snp5826087_C5433.1
drt5824687_C5 drt5824619_C5437.4
snp5825333_C5446.2
snp5825979_C5448.0
snp5826039_C5 drt5826039_C5
drt10258528_C5449.0
snp5825952_C5449.2
drt5825258_C5450.3
snp13145323_C5 drt5824785_C5453.1
snp5825590_C5453.3
snp5825565_C5 drt5826171_C5
drt5824811_C5 snp5825186_C5
snp5826167_C5
453.4
5
snp5826088_C6 drt5826088_C64.2
snp39436805_C65.3
snp10265104_C6 snp10267622_C66.1
drt5826200_C66.5
snp23871112_C6 snp13145994_C66.6
snp10265687_C67.6
drt5825643_C6 drt5826141_C67.9
drt5824616_C6 drt5824753_C68.9
drt5824621_C6 drt5826100_C69.0
snp5826071_C69.2
snp5825300_C69.3
drt5824700_C6 drt5824701_C69.5
drt5824659_C6 drt5824663_C612.9
snp100060270_C6 snp100060270_C614.3
drt15989893_C616.2
snp29967448_C625.5
snp10268477_C626.6
snp10267112_C626.9
snp15990225_C628.2
snp15990245_C628.3
snp37048230_C631.9
snp13146756_C632.0
snp23871138_C632.3
snp10265895_C634.4
snp15989736_C634.8
snp10263898_C634.9
snp15990244_C635.0
drt5825015_C6 drt5824747_C635.4
snp5825910_C6 snp5825407_C635.6
drt36361507_C6 drt13147467_C646.5
drt13146992_C646.6
snp5825544_C646.9
drt5826142_C648.4
drt10269326_C650.5
snp5826017_C651.8
drt37049487_C653.8
snp11064344_C654.2
drt5824680_C656.8
drt5824917_C661.0
drt29967174_C662.9
snp10263554_C6 snp8776068_C6
drt8776068_C6 drt10263554_C666.0
snp5825373_C667.7
snp8776060_C671.2
snp100063556_C672.9
drt10259167_C675.5
drt10269835_C678.3
drt5825639_C6 drt5824780_C6
drt5826254_C6 drt8822803_C6
snp5826213_C6 drt8822801_C6
78.4
drt13144909_C6 drt13155216_C6
drt8822802_C678.5
drt5826259_C678.6
snp23887690_C6 drt5825041_C678.7
snp23871205_C678.8
snp15979466_C681.7
snp13144420_C681.8
drt15979984_C6 drt5824951_C6
snp5825283_C6 drt5825283_C6
drt5825284_C6
82.0
snp8822779_C682.1
drt5825762_C682.3
snp5825920_C682.7
drt5824576_C6 snp15979461_C683.1
drt10264866_C6 drt10260164_C685.6
snp5825212_C686.6
snp23870856_C689.2
snp10263992_C6 snp5825864_C6
drt5825865_C6 drt5825864_C689.4
snp5826216_C6 drt5826215_C6
drt5826216_C6
89.5
snp15979691_C689.6
snp5825230_C6 drt5825231_C6
drt5825230_C690.2
snp15990232_C690.3
drt5824606_C696.5
drt5824630_C699.2
snp10268812_C6101.2
snp10269571_C6105.1
snp10269182_C6 drt10269182_C6105.8
drt5825629_C6108.8
snp5825838_C6 drt5826079_C6
drt5824658_C6111.2
snp5825953_C6111.3
snp5825200_C6 drt5825860_C6
snp5826030_C6 drt5826029_C6
drt5826030_C6 drt29966707_C6
111.4
snp5826132_C6 drt5826132_C6111.5
snp5825886_C6 snp5825682_C6
drt5825682_C6111.7
snp5825806_C6116.4
drt15979166_C6 snp5825599_C6117.7
snp5825492_C6 drt5825492_C6118.1
snp5825394_C6118.7
snp5825202_C6 snp13144359_C6
drt13144359_C6118.9
snp13155351_C6119.1
snp10270092_C6 snp5825242_C6119.3
snp5825721_C6 drt5825721_C6119.5
snp5825519_C6 drt5824624_C6
drt5824711_C6 drt5824944_C6119.6
snp5825307_C6 snp5825315_C6
snp5826201_C6119.7
snp5825298_C6 snp5825493_C6
snp8776121_C6119.9
snp8776160_C6 snp29967620_C6
snp8776164_C6120.4
snp5825581_C6120.5
drt5825522_C6 drt5824750_C6
snp5826069_C6121.5
snp5825909_C6 drt37048496_C6
drt5824978_C6121.9
snp5825321_C6 snp5825587_C6122.1
drt5825196_C6122.5
snp5825944_C6 drt5824773_C6
drt5824674_C6122.6
drt5824824_C6 drt5824622_C6122.7
snp5825269_C6122.9
snp15979492_C6 drt36069172_C6123.2
snp5826112_C6123.6
snp10269175_C6 snp10269175_C6
drt5825777_C6 drt10269175_C6124.1
snp5825713_C6 drt10268953_C6
drt5825713_C6 drt10258314_C6124.3
drt10258005_C6124.6
drt8822647_C6 drt8822626_C6
drt8822729_C6 drt8776168_C6
drt8822766_C6 drt8776135_C6
snp8776062_C6
134.3
drt8822724_C6134.4
drt8822713_C6 drt8822559_C6134.5
drt8822734_C6134.7
drt8822722_C6134.8
drt8822712_C6 drt8822630_C6135.0
drt13144811_C6135.1
snp10266064_C6 snp10267826_C6136.5
snp15990194_C6142.8
drt5825698_C6144.6
drt10259303_C6145.5
snp10268398_C6146.2
snp10265215_C6146.5
snp10269707_C6148.2
drt13144724_C6149.3
drt10259244_C6 drt10267941_C6156.0
snp5825155_C6156.3
drt10264295_C6160.4
snp5825560_C6166.4
snp23870713_C6166.7
snp37050123_C6166.8
drt8822643_C6 drt8822733_C6167.1
snp8776143_C6167.4
drt29967274_C6 drt29631569_C6
snp8776024_C6 snp8776170_C6167.5
drt10258086_C6 drt10265031_C6170.1
snp30068577_C6170.5
snp10264870_C6170.9
snp15990262_C6172.1
snp5824801_C6 drt5824801_C6174.3
drt10260032_C6175.9
snp5825714_C6181.4
snp5825501_C6181.7
drt10260571_C6184.5
drt35485796_C6 drt8822730_C6
snp8776180_C6 drt8822796_C6
drt8776180_C6 snp8776057_C6
189.3
drt39436798_C6190.1
snp23871106_C6192.1
snp8822610_C6 drt8822610_C6
drt8822634_C6193.3
drt23870370_C6194.6
snp10263677_C6198.6
snp15989512_C6200.2
drt13145179_C6200.5
drt10263917_C6202.2
snp35487379_C6202.4
drt11062773_C6203.0
snp5826135_C6204.7
drt10263888_C6206.1
snp5825474_C6207.8
drt8822618_C6208.1
snp5825208_C6210.9
snp8776028_C6212.4
snp11063376_C6213.1
drt10259307_C6215.7
snp11063270_C6218.0
snp8776047_C6221.5
drt5825291_C6224.4
snp11063427_C6225.0
snp10264819_C6225.4
snp10267498_C6226.1
snp5825464_C6226.5
snp23886895_C6226.8
snp100008789_C6227.6
snp10269663_C6230.4
drt10267499_C6230.6
snp13144390_C6 drt13144390_C6231.1
snp10265497_C6232.5
drt10267512_C6234.7
snp11063301_C6236.3
snp13147307_C6 snp13147307_C6
snp13147307_C6
243.6
snp5825997_C6244.0
snp37050079_C6245.2
snp5825277_C6245.6
drt5826221_C6250.7
drt10260083_C6 drt10266622_C6250.9
6
drt10258805_C6251.1
snp5825936_C6251.8
snp10269274_C6 snp10266378_C6254.7
drt10260340_C6256.0
snp10268271_C6258.5
snp10267881_C6 snp5825750_C6
drt29424120_C6263.9
drt10268386_C6264.5
drt13144830_C6265.4
drt5824582_C6 drt5825160_C6269.1
drt37048364_C6270.7
drt15989849_C6273.3
snp13155409_C6276.3
snp100007877_C6277.0
drt5824603_C6 drt5824817_C6278.2
snp100030341_C6280.4
drt10259513_C6 drt10269180_C6282.1
snp15990251_C6285.3
snp8776154_C6286.5
snp29967703_C6289.1
snp10269884_C6 drt5824728_C6289.2
snp13144465_C6 snp100068021_C6291.0
drt10264541_C6293.9
snp5825741_C6 snp23871052_C6294.2
drt10258032_C6 drt5824583_C6301.5
drt15989204_C6 snp11064676_C6
snp11064676_C6 snp11064676_C6307.8
drt29966873_C6310.6
snp10263758_C6 drt5824682_C6312.3
snp15979531_C6312.9
snp10267086_C6314.1
snp10269839_C6316.4
snp5826036_C6322.0
drt5825681_C6322.3
drt5824996_C6322.9
snp10258204_C6 drt10258204_C6325.3
snp10265069_C6333.2
drt13144307_C6335.4
snp10267096_C6338.4
snp5825276_C6338.7
snp5825992_C6345.0
drt13144582_C6345.1
drt37047695_C6349.2
snp10265403_C6350.3
drt39436792_C6353.4
drt5825722_C6 drt5825716_C6
snp5825804_C6 drt5825804_C6355.0
snp10265570_C6355.2
drt5826253_C6356.5
drt10265117_C6357.2
drt10259395_C6 snp5825667_C6357.9
snp10257982_C6 snp11062294_C6
drt10259148_C6363.0
drt10257919_C6 drt13155362_C6370.2
drt10260077_C6 drt10260081_C6
drt10260028_C6375.2
snp5826219_C6376.1
snp10265256_C6379.4
drt29966807_C6380.5
drt5824738_C6384.8
drt5824997_C6 drt15979098_C6391.8
snp10270237_C6 snp23888912_C6
drt23888912_C6 snp5826266_C6
snp10269879_C6 snp37047755_C6
393.7
snp39436820_C6394.8
snp23870242_C6394.9
snp5826022_C6 drt13145153_C6404.3
drt10259991_C6405.3
snp11063195_C6405.4
drt29631691_C6 snp5825766_C6
drt5825766_C6408.4
drt10264959_C6408.5
drt13144297_C6412.4
snp13145312_C6 snp13145293_C6
snp11065065_C6419.6
snp5825995_C6420.3
snp10265393_C6422.9
snp5825136_C6423.3
drt5825066_C6427.0
drt37049539_C6430.3
snp36069178_C6 drt36069168_C6432.7
drt5825961_C6 drt5824614_C6433.2
snp100008126_C6434.9
snp23889133_C6435.0
drt11064416_C6443.5
drt5824851_C6446.9
drt8822774_C6447.8
drt5825738_C6 drt8822668_C6448.9
snp10264282_C6458.7
drt23871432_C6459.1
drt5824976_C6459.9
drt10258087_C6 drt36069315_C6460.6
snp10266907_C6462.8
snp23884871_C6464.2
drt5824772_C6465.6
drt15979175_C6 drt10266338_C6468.5
drt23870085_C6473.0
snp15989223_C6473.1
drt36069195_C6 drt13155023_C6479.6
drt5824739_C6480.2
drt13145250_C6480.6
drt5824640_C6480.9
snp5825597_C6483.6
drt5824867_C6485.4
drt5825985_C6 drt5825357_C6489.8
drt15979133_C6 drt29631641_C6491.1
drt5825784_C6 drt5825783_C6
drt10260040_C6491.9
drt5824985_C6492.1
snp5825881_C6493.0
snp5826234_C6 snp5825809_C6493.3
drt5826245_C6 snp5826073_C6493.5
drt5825815_C6496.9
snp5826222_C6497.5
drt10267664_C6500.1
drt5825638_C6501.1
drt13146807_C6 drt23870359_C6
drt5824565_C6501.3
snp15979484_C6501.4
drt5824922_C6501.8
snp15990207_C6501.9
drt5825085_C6 drt5826057_C6502.1
snp5826189_C6502.3
drt5826209_C6502.5
snp15979469_C6504.7
snp10269334_C6 snp23870170_C6505.7
drt11064270_C6 snp5825484_C6
snp5826136_C6509.6
drt5824677_C6 drt5824839_C6509.9
drt5825556_C6511.4
snp5825290_C6512.0
drt10259085_C6512.1
snp10265316_C6512.8
snp29631523_C6 snp10268469_C6513.4
snp5824573_C6 snp5824573_C6513.5
snp5825107_C6 snp10259574_C6
snp5825537_C6514.4
drt5824598_C6 drt5825097_C6514.8
snp5825775_C6 drt5824888_C6
snp5825452_C6 drt5825452_C6514.9
drt5824884_C6 drt5824592_C6516.1
snp29631697_C6517.0
snp5825795_C6517.2
drt29967064_C6517.6
drt10259699_C6518.1
snp10264405_C6519.1
snp23871118_C6519.7
snp5825680_C6524.0
drt10259448_C6525.4
snp10266130_C6525.5
snp10264076_C6525.9
drt39436793_C6526.0
snp10269252_C6 drt10269252_C6526.1
snp100059730_C6529.9
snp37048456_C6531.1
snp11063799_C6533.6
snp10264285_C6 snp10270080_C6
snp5825354_C6534.1
snp10268807_C6 snp10270089_C6534.3
snp39436823_C6 snp8776138_C6536.0
snp5825704_C6537.7
snp5825417_C6537.8
snp5825182_C6538.0
snp5826240_C6 drt5826239_C6
drt5826240_C6538.1
drt5824967_C6 drt5824968_C6538.2
snp8776100_C6539.6
snp23871340_C6541.3
snp15979230_C6 snp10267537_C6541.9
snp10264834_C6546.3
6-b
drt10258936_C70.5
snp10265216_C71.1
drt5825497_C7 drt5824577_C71.4
drt5824685_C7 drt5824724_C71.6
snp100052113_C73.2
snp10263517_C73.6
snp8776011_C75.3
drt23887114_C75.4
drt5825512_C77.5
snp35487965_C77.7
snp29967318_C79.1
drt5825787_C7 drt5824808_C710.5
snp5825303_C7 snp5825163_C7
snp5825169_C7 drt5825170_C7
drt5825169_C7
10.6
snp5825510_C7 drt5824837_C7
drt5824670_C711.0
drt5825925_C7 snp5825398_C711.1
drt5825081_C7 drt5824779_C7
snp5825312_C7
12.6
drt5824646_C713.7
drt5825241_C7 snp13144408_C716.2
snp10268690_C716.7
snp10269574_C7 snp10267244_C716.9
snp29631748_C718.1
snp5826018_C718.4
drt15979319_C718.6
Chr. 1 Chr. 2 Chr. 3 Chr. 4 Chr. 5 Chr. 6 Chr. 7 Chr. 8
a b a b a b a b c a b a b
FW
AB CT
DRST
QTL mapping of stress tolerance in Chickpea
26

Seed Systems Team
Zewdie Bishaw (Coord.)
Aziz Niane (international Nurseries)
Safaa Kumari (Seed Health Lab.)
32

icarda.org 33
Scaling improved crop technologies
In 2018/19 crop season, under seed and scaling projects on chickpea, faba bean
and malt barley 2,258 tons of seed was distributed through small-seed packs by
ICARDA, partners and stakeholders and 17,607 ha were planted benefitting
78,811 farmers in Ethiopia
Under TAAT, EGS production with NARS and partnering with public and private
sector for certified seed and with communities for quality declared seed (QDS)
production is a major undertaking in target countries like Ethiopia, Nigeria and
Sudan
• About 204 participants from NARS, public and privates seed sector,
regulatory agencies, development practitioners and policy makers from
the Ministries of Agriculture attended the workshop in 3 countries
• In Sudan, 213.5 tons of EGS and 280 tons of QDS produced by NARS and
communities at IP sites, respectively. A High Seed Self-Sufficiency
Committee established to spearhead self-sufficiency in wheat production
where close to 50,000 tons of certified seed was produced in partnership
between public (58%) and private sector (42%) composed of 15 private
seed companies
Seed Systems, International Nurseries and Seed Health
Wheat seed production fields
in Sudan

icarda.org 34
• In Ethiopia 176.4 tons of EGS produced by NARS and 201.8 tons of
QDS by farmers in IP sites in rainfed highlands and irrigated
lowlands. Partnership with public sector led to production of 26,800
tonnes of certified seed by ESE and OSE
• In Nigeria, about 25.7 tons of breeder seed produced by NARS and
SG200 and 2150.3 tons of basic seed produced by private seed
companies
• In Syria, ICARDA is working in collaboration with FAO under DFID
funded project to rehabilitate the seed sector and to accelerate the
agricultural sector recovery in the country (including training)
• In 2019, about 43.6 tons of basic seeds of wheat, barley, chickpea
and lentil was produced working with farmers in two target districts
in Aleppo province.
• The basic seed will be used for in-coming EU project where it will be
multiplied further on 360 ha and produce an estimated 1552.3 tons
of certified seed in 2019/20 crop season
Seed Systems for scaling improved crop
technologies
Early generation seed multiplication plots in
Syria
National seed workshop in Nigeria
Participants of training course from Syria

icarda.org 35
Distribution of international nurseries
A total of 1208 sets of international nurseries
were distributed to 139 co-operators in 46
countries.
50% Observation nurseries (F4)
50% Elite Nurseries (F7)
Varietal releases
Partnership with NARS led to release of new
improved varieties with key traits such as high
grain yield and grain quality, abiotic (drought,
heat) and biotic (rusts) stress tolerance, early
maturity, etc.
Three bread wheat and two winter wheat
varieties were released in Afghanistan and
Turkey, respectively.
International Nurseries
Distribution of international nurseries 2019/20

icarda.org 36
• ICARDA’s Seed Health Laboratory facilitates the international
movement of germplasm among collaborators
• SHLs in Lebanon and Morocco provided services in
monitoring quarantine pests and phytosanitary clearances in
collaboration with national plant quarantine services in host
countries
• Gene banks: 9,767 accessions
• Breeding programs: 8,559 breeding lines
• International nurseries: 3,293 elite lines
Seed Health for International germplasm
movement

icarda.org 37
Building resilience
Integrated crop-livestock farming systems to address economic,
social, and environmental conditions
Integrated approaches across Research teams:
• Small Ruminants,
• Rangeland & Forages,
• Soil, Water & Agronomy,
• Social, Economy & Policy
Presentation: Barbara RischkowskyPresentation: Barbara Rischkowsky

icarda.org 38
Science of the Total Environment 692: 1223 – 1233. 2019
IF: 5.589
Assessing the long-term impact of conservation agriculture on wheat-based systems in Tunisia
using APSIM simulations under a climate change context
Haithem Bahri a, Mohamed Annabib, Hatem Cheikh M’hamed b, Aymen Frija c
a National Research Institute for Rural Engineering, Water and Forests (INRGREF), Tunisia.
b Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), Tunisia.
c International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (ICARDA), Tunis Office.
Scientific evidence: Conservation Agriculture (CA) to adapt
wheat-based-systems to climate change in Tunisia
This evidence from Tunisia is
important to demonstrate to policy
and decision makers that sustainable
durum wheat production is possible
under climate change conditions in
Tunisia through adoption of CA
practices in both sub-humid and
semi-arid areas.
This paper shows how Zero-tillage and soil residue retention vs.
Conventional Tillage over 260,000 ha makes wheat production more
resilient to climate change in Tunisia through:
 Enhancing wheat yield (15%),
 Improvement of water use efficiency (13% to 18%),
 Increase organic carbon accumulation (0.13 t ha−1 year−1 to 0.18 t
ha−1 year−1);
 Reduction of soil loss caused by water runoff (1.7 t ha −1 year −1 to
4.6 t ha−1 year −1 of soil loss). Healthy Soils (under CA), Kef,
Tunisia

icarda.org 39
CLCA practices
Conventional Tillage
Rainfall simulator in
Chouarnia Site – Seliana,
Establishment of Wischmeyer
plots in EI Krib site – Seliana,68
365
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
CLCA system Conventional
Tillage
Soilloss(Kgha-1)
SOIL RESILIENCE - PREVENTING WATER
EROSION Chouarnia Site - Seliana, Tunisia
62
72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CLCA System Conventional
Tillage
Soilloss(kgha-1)
SOIL RESILIENCE - PREVENTING WATER
EROSION
El Krib Site - Seliana, Tunisia
At the end of the CLCA-II Project in 2022, results from
these two (2) sites related to soil health and water use
efficiency will provide invaluable information on the
impact of a CLCA system on natural resources.
CLCA practices for soil resilience, El Krib Site - Tunisia
Scientific evidence: The value of CLCA system to combat soil
erosion in Tunisia (6 consecutive years)

icarda.org 40
Recently completed studies in Morocco showed that:
• Retention of 30% and 60% residue on the field led to respectively 22.8% and 39%
higher yields in the subsequent crop.
• Ownership of livestock and problem of pests and unavailability of herbicides have
negative and significant effect on the decision whether or not to retain residue.
• Adoption of ZT led to 660 kg/ha (73.6%) higher yields, US$213.5/ha (77%) higher net
returns, 18.9 kg/capita/year (32.6%) more consumption of wheat and 100% and
65.6% reductions in the risks of obtaining yield levels below 500 kg/ha and 1000
kg/ha respectively.
• The first tillage led to the highest yield loss where loss were consistently reduced
with each additional tillage.
Socio-economic justifications for adoption of residue retention
and Zero Tillage

icarda.org 41
Promoting Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) as drought
resilient feed resource under different agro-
ecological production systems across India
The best planting time in India is July before the monsoon
Alordonalyoom TV, Enjaznews, Malf news, Noor Jordan news, Al Difteen news, Jebal Alblaqaa news,
Alrai, Amen Amm, Al Mrfa’a News, Shbeb news, Al Raad news, Ammon news, Al Anbat news, Ouion,
Free sound, Jordan news agency, Al Raad news, Al Difteen news, Ouion, Nabd Al Share’e, Ammon
news
Regional Training Course on Cactus Pear Evaluation & Best-Agronomic Practices: 13-19
July 2019. Jordan
Visibility for ICARDA: Wide coverage through television and local newspapers (20+)
Milestone: Met objective of reaching 1,000 farmers by 2019
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Farmers planted
cactus
Participans in
field days
Villages
Promoting cactus in India
Conduct trials: cactus agronomic and feeding best-practices
Rangeland Ecology & Forages (REF)
Team coordinator: Mounir Louhaichi

icarda.org 42
Under a FAO funded project a pilot site was established in
Central Tunisia:
- For the first time various departments under the umbrella of the
Ministry of Agriculture are working effectively together. The site
became a center of attention at national scale and a model for
outscaling (new site(s) are being established by the forestry
department).
- In short time the project showed huge impact summarized below:
- Increased biomass (10 folds) and reduced feeding cost by at least 66%
- Afforestation survival rate higher than 80%
- Reduced soil erosion 4800 T/km2/year while storing at least 280 m3 of
water as well as reducing runoff water loss by approximately 800 m3/ha.
- Enhanced capacity development (500 trainees)
Sustainable Development of Silvopasture Production Systems
in Semi-Arid Tunisia
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Reseeded Protected Control
Biomass(tDMha)
Sulla productivity in semi-arid Tunisia
2005 2019 Before After

icarda.org 43
Evaluation of resting duration on rangeland productivity
Rangeland productivity varies with precipitation
Long term protection (exclusion of grazing) can be
detrimental to ecosystem stability
Rigid agreement with agro-pastoralists makes them
unhappy and unwilling to embrace restoration technique
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Rested 1 year Rested 2 years Rested 2 years Rested 3 years
Biomass(kg.DM/ha)
Stipagrostis pungens
community
2018
2019
Agro-pastoralists are happy with changes
Higher adoption of the restoration technique
ICARDA is committed to capacity development of partners
During favorable years grazing should be allowed to take
advantage of the available biomass
Livestock grazing focuses on annual species without
damaging perennials
There is a need to modify the current procedure used by
development agencies

Pathways for improving rangeland governance under constraining
land tenure systems: A participatory Bayesian approach
• Objective: Identify pathways for enhancing
rangeland governance under different land
tenure systems in North Africa (Tunisia).
• Hypothesis: Different land tenure systems
involve different pathways (enabling
factors) for good rangeland governance.
• We tested three types of “grazing vs land
tenure systems”:
o Grazing in collective rangeland: collective
tenure systems.
o Grazing in private rangelands: private tenure
systems.
o Combined grazing in private and collective
rangelands: private tenure embedded into
larger collective tenure.
• Concept: We consider “rangeland
management” as part of an overall
socioecological systems.
Conceptualization of the role of rangeland management
Methodology: Bayesian belief network (BBN) to
characterize the causal relationships within a rangeland
SES that can enable good rangeland governance.
44

Private
embedded
into collective
Collective
only
Private only
Good relationship between Land owners and
land managers (CBOs)
Increase Increase Neutral
Well performing CBOs Strongly Increase Moderate Neutral
Capacity of CBOs to raise funds Increase Increase Neutral
CBO president is socially acceptable Increase Neutral Moderate
Competition over rangelands (diversified
production system)
Reduce Increase Strongly Increase
Well defined boundaries of rangelands
across neighbouring communities
Increase Strongly Increase Strongly Increase
The community benefited from development
(investment) projects
Increase Neutral Neutral
Pathways for improving rangeland governance under constraining
land tenure systems: A participatory Bayesian approach
• This table shows different factors
influencing rangeland governance and how
we need to act to improve governance
under different land tenure systems.
• Main remarks:
o Diversification is causing governance problems
due to competition across private and collective
ownership,
o Well performing CBOs are instrumental for good
governance under the most constraining land
tenure systems (private embedded into
collective).
o Clarifying rangeland boundaries across
neighboring areas is highly contributing to
enhance rangeland governance under collective
and private tenure,
o Public investments are sometimes causing
conflicts and negative effects on rangeland
governance, especially when they are not well
coordinated with local communities.
Pathways for enhancing rangeland governance under different land
tenure systems.
• Private land tenure embedded into larger collective
tenure, thus leading to combined grazing in private &
collective areas, are the most constraining tenure systems
45

icarda.org 46
Agricultural livelihood typology-based approach
Normalized values of key variables of
three main ALS types in Egyptian study sites (AFESD project)
ALS 1: Poor, non-farm-based income,
ineffective market institution
ALS 2: Medium, balanced crop-livestock-nonfarm income,
effective market institution
ALS 2: Medium, livestock/cattle- based income,
ineffective market institution
(AMA: Agricultural
Market Association)
 Whole population classified into main
livelihood system (ALS) types
 Different ALS types have different
responses regarding adoption of
innovation (e.g. MRBT)
 Type-specific determinant of adoption
 Common determinants
 ALS provide a knowledge base for
supporting better targeting, effective
out-scaling of innovations

icarda.org 47
Resource criticality assessment by nutrient flow modeling
 Macro nutrient flows in farming
system types quantified
 Resource criticality assessment:
 Depletion time of soil nutrient
stock
 Reliance of household-farm on
own nutrient resources,
reflecting supply risk
 Base for guiding farm design for
improving nutrient stocks and
effective cycles
A subset of N flows in ALS 1, Burkina Faso study site (GLDC project)

icarda.org 48
• Efficacy of improved extension and input delivery systems in
enhancing adoption of agricultural technologies was
demonstrated:
o In the first year of the introduction of the improved
variety, introduction of wheat seeds in divisible packages
of 12.5 kg, 25 kg and 50 kg instead of the traditional supply
of only 50kg packages increased adoption by 10%.
o In the second year, improved input delivery alone did not
have significant effect, but divisible inputs along with
training of extension agents in communication and process
facilitation and working with non-model farmers instead of
working with model farmers led to 5.4% higher adoption.
Improving extension and input service delivery systems to
enhance adoption
• High turnover among officials affected our ability to influence policy but Amhara region is trying
divisible input packages now.

icarda.org 49
Traveling Workshop: Improving the integration of crop-livestock systems and conservation
agriculture in the sheep-cereal production systems of North Africa
Date & Place: 1st to 4th July 2019, Tunisia;
# of Total participants: 23 (07 female) [Technical advisors, coordinators and collaborators];
# of countries: 03 (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia);
Places visited: Tunis, Fernena-Jendouba, Chouarnia/Makthar-Seliana, El Krib-Seliana, Laaroussa-SELIANA;
Blog: https://www.icarda.org/media/news/improving-integration-crop-livestock-systems-and-conservation-agriculture
Validation of unified tools for the sustainable use of stubble consistent
with CA package,
Introduction of alternative feeding methods under CA,
Intensification of forage options,
Keeping livestock for profit,
Development of KM tools for the packages under consideration.

Promoting value chains, policies
Agriculture as an income-generating business for many
poor smallholder households
Social, Economy & Policy team
In collaboration with Cereals and Legume teams.
50

icarda.org 51
Dairy Processing Training for Vulnerable Refugee and Host-community
Women in Irbid - Jordan Caritas
• 3 training courses were conducted
• 60 women were trained on dairy processing
• Improvement in knowledge was 21%
• 30 trained women were visited regularly
every 2 weeks for follow up.
• The follow up lasted 3 months
• Faced problems related to processing and
hygiene were documented and solved.
0
20
40
60
80
100
CH1 X11 XO1 YC 82 YC 180 YC 381
Texture Acidity
Results of sensory evaluation for yogurt culture
conducted during the course
Presence of mold
forms a hygienic issue

icarda.org 53
New Ideas (RALS-WLE)
Integrated food drying and backyard agriculture
Collection of different type of water
to be used in back yard agriculture Use of suitable irrigation system
(underground irrigation)
Air forced sun drier for food
(jameed, herbs, tomatoes, spices)
Solar panel to power ventilation
fans

icarda.org 54
SRP5: Enhancing water and land productivity
• Rainfed, irrigated, and agro-pastoral farming
• Reversal of environmental degradation
• Enhance intensification
Presentation: Jacques Wery

WLP Team
Coord. Atef Swelam
55
Presentation: Atef Swelam

ICARDA, in collaboration with FAO-RNE, has recently activated a NENA Regional-Network
of field ETa monitoring including (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia), to build
the capacity in field ETa measurements, accuracy assessment of RS ETa data of different
databases, and provide the opportunity for RS algorithms calibration
MENA ET-Network: Establishing and Operating Regional Network for Field Measurements of
Actual Crop Water Consumption (Evapotranspiration)
Enhancing water productivity by improving on-farm irrigation management in Minya and Fayoum, Egypt
Project objectives for 2019 have been achieved:
1) developed geodatabase for the project locations and activities,
2) improved 18 marwas rehabilitation with 9,500 m-length which reduced
irrigation time by 40% and reduced applied irrigation by 10%;
3) implemented laser land levelling in 500 demonstration fields which
increased yield by 10% and reduced water applied by 15%, and wheat
mechanized raisedbed cultivation in 500 demonstration fields and 3
consolidated platforms which saved water applied by 25% and increased
yield by 30%; and
4) trained and empowered 8 water user associations, trained 40 farmers, 10
extension officers and 5 researchers. Two farmer field schools and four field
days attended by 300 farmers.
56

 Two sites for direct and indirect reuse of treated wastewater in upper
Egypt and Nile Delta were identified and site characterization report is
developed.
 Discussions with farmers to assess the current challenges and
opportunities in the selected site.
 Frist Learning Alliance for the relevant stakeholders and uptake
partners was conducted and the questionnaire for the national
baseline survey finalized.
 Data collection of the national baseline assessment is underway.
 An intern was hosted at ICARDA to work on the project activities as
part of capacity building.
 The project’s gender specialist participated in the regional gender
training workshop.
Wastewater Reuse in the MENA Region: Addressing the Challenges
57

CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals
(CRP GLDC)
Flagship 3: Integrated Farm and Household Management
Assess the different roles of men and women within and across five Agricultural
Livelihood Systems and examine the potential challenges and opportunities to adopt
and benefit from recommended packages.
Description Burkina Faso Ethiopia
Villages considered Four villages in Houet Province, Bobo-
Dioulasso, Western Burkina Faso
Four districts in Moretna Jiru, North-Shewa
Amhara region, Highlands of Ethiopia
GLDC target crops Millet, sorghum, and cowpea Chickpeas and lentils
Data collection and
analysis
Household survey (428 households including
migrants and natives) and FGDs held with 24
farmers (45% women) from targeted
communities
Household survey (360) and FGDs held 80
farmers (40% women)
58

1. BMZ: Innovation Agriculture for Small holders Reliance
(how to scale up systemic innovation in wheat-faba
bean systems)
2. Redesigned and developed a new model of the
raisedbed machine for multi-functions for and multi-
crops. Nine machines were produced for Egypt, Syria
and Sudan (collaboration with Tanta Motors)
New Projects
59

SWA Team (RALS-WLE)
Coord. Vinay Nangia
60

icarda.org 61
Agronomic innovation for rainfed
wheat-based systems intensification

icarda.org 62
Agronomic innovations for rainfed wheat intensification
N level (kg ha-1)
Grainyield(kgha-1)
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
N-0 N-60 N-120
Application of 60 kg N which cost (~ 40
$) yield advantage of 0.7 t/ha with
additional income of ~150 $. No
additional benefit with further increase
N level after 60 kg N /ha
Fertilizer application
Grainyield(kg/ha)
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Irrigated Rainfed
43% yield increment with water mgt.
Yield advantage of 1.5 t ha-1
Additional 90 mm suppl. irrigation increase yield 1.5 t/ha
Grainyield(kg/ha)
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
NT CT
Yield advantage with NT- 0.5 t/ha
Conservation tillage
Yield advantage with adoption of NT: 0.5 t /ha
Supplementary irrigation

icarda.org 63
Attainable yield gap in wheat: under farmers’ management
Irrigated
Grainyield(kgha-1)
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
Population
Bottom_10%
Middle_80%
Top_10%
3994
3326
Yield gap = 1385
N= 395
3907
5379
Rainfed
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Population
Bottom_10%
Middle_80%
Top_10%
Yield gap = 514
N= 1901
897
1411
872
597
Attainable yield gap: Irrigated environment: 1.38 t ha/ha, Rainfed: 0.5 t/ha

icarda.org 64
Yield determinants for rainfed & irrigated wheat
Rainfed
0 10 20 30 40
Phosphorus
Certified_seed
Nitrogen
Variety
Previous_crop
Seed rate
Variety_release
Seed treat.
Pesticide
Rainfall
Dist. seedsource
Education
Credit
District
Family_involved
Gov. incentive
Herbicide
Phosphorus level, use of certified seed,
Nitrogen level, variety, Previous crop, Seed rate
were the major yield determinants for rainfed
environment
Irrigated
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Variables
Previous_crop
Variety
Variety_release
Certified_seed
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
District
Seed treat.
Dist. seedsource
Rainfall
Education
Seed_source
Credit
Previous crop, Variety, certified seed,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus level
were major yield determinants for
irrigated environment

Enhancing resource use efficiency and
farmers’ income through CA
Treatment Mean yield
(kg/ha)
Gross return
(Rs./ha)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs./ha)
Net returns
(Rs./ha)
B: C ratio
A. Tillage and Crop Establishment (Main Plot)
Conventional production system/farmer’s practice 1239 54516 28452 26064 0.92
Zero tillage based production system with standing
residue retention 1298
57112 28242 28870 1.02
Zero tillage based production system with residue
mulching 1403
61732 27142 34590 1.27
CD (0.05) 17.2 - - - -
Crop Residue(Retention/mulching)
2 ton/ha 1256 55264 27742 27522 0.99
3 ton/ha 1315 57860 28242 29618 1.05
4 ton/ha 1370 60280 28742 31538 1.09
CD (0.05) 22.4 - - - -
Cropping systems
Pearlmillet- Chickpea 1655 73260 29359 43901 1.50
Pearlmillet-Lentil 968 42592 25683 16909 0.66
Pearlmillet-Barley 1307 57508 28791 28717 0.99
CD (0.05) 22.4 - - - - 65

Water-Energy-Food Nexus Research
With solar power and ultra-low
energy drippers there is 72% saving
in irrigation energy and highly
profitable cash crops can be grown in
off-grid dry areas
66

Model predicts up to 290% water productivity
increase in India’s largest irrigation scheme
Crop Farmer N Farmer
Irrigation
Farmer
Yield
Farmer
WP
Recomm
ended N
Recomm
ended
Irrigation
WP % WP
increase
Wheat 100 500 3900 0.79 160 400 1.36 72
Cotton 100 400 2050 0.50 150 300 0.72 44
Mustard 60 300 1750 0.55 100 200 1.53 178
Cluster
Bean
60 100 900 0.90 100 100 1.53 70
Crop Farme
r N
Farmer
Irrigation
Farmer
Yield
Farmer
WP
Recomm
ended N
Recomm
ended
Irrigation
WP % WP
increase
Cluster
bean
20 200 1700 0.47 60 100 1.27 290
Mustard 60 350 1800 0.51 100 250 1.03 102
Wheat 100 550 1600 0.29 160 400 0.58 100
Groundnut 40 550 400 0.07 60 400 0.15 114
Indira Gandhi
Irrigation Scheme
Stage I
Indira Gandhi
Irrigation Scheme
Stage II

icarda.org 68
Mission
Take on land degradation challenges in the marginal agro-pastoral systems through watershed and disaster risk
management: Merging piloting, monitoring and modeling.
Target & strategy
Focus on Central and West Asia and Africa -> expansion across the DryArc.
Stimulate science through strategic partnership with ARIs and young scientist exchange.
Restoration Initiative on Dryland Ecosystems (RIDE Team)
(Coord. Stefan Strohmeier)

icarda.org 69
Hypothesis: Ecosystem transition
Degradation (red) and rehabilitation (green) of marginal drylands

icarda.org 70
Al Majidyya Badia Research Site (BRS)
• Watershed: 912ha
Upland micro-water harvesting based rehabilitation
• Uplands treated: 28ha
• Uplands potential: around 50% of the
watershed area
Downstream Marab runoff irrigation agriculture
• Marab: 10ha
• Barley agriculture
• Optional: vetch, legumes, …
Watershed approach in Al Majidyya, Jordan

icarda.org 71
Soil & Water dynamic monitoring and modeling
Scale
WatershedUplandsWaterHarvesting

icarda.org 72
Marab agriculture
WATER
Degraded Badia water balance
• Jordan’s Ministry of Agriculture (2015) estimates more than 90% of the received rainfall evaporates
unproductively.
• ICARDA’s Badia Research Site (BRS):
• Around 130 mm average annual rainfall
• Around 20-25 mm average annual surface runoff (water loss from the catchment)
Rangeland rehabilitation & Marab at ICARDA’s BRS
• Newly established upland water harvesting (Vallerani) reduces surface runoff up to 50%; long-term
rehabilitated rangeland’s surface runoff declines by around 10-30%.
• Soil water monitoring proves Vallerani structures foster groundwater recharge.
• Through rainfall and surface runoff most Marab areas receive between 200-500 mm water per year
(retaining around 1-4 mm of the catchment’s surface runoff).
• Large events overflow the Marab -> water for downstream areas.

icarda.org 73
Marab agriculture BARLEY
• Traditional Badia barley agriculture yields around 0.1-0.5 t ha-1 total biomass (no grain); interlinked
with severe land degradation.
• ICARDA’s enhanced Marab agriculture yielded 4.1-4.7 t ha-1 biomass incl. 1.4 t ha-1 grain
(2018/2019) for re-seeding with a high market value.
• Marab covers around 1% of the watershed and concentrates inputs (labor & cost saving).
• Marab biomass yield is 10-50x larger compared with traditional upland agriculture; considering 50%
cultivate-able watershed area the enhanced Marab agriculture approximates entire upland
production.
• Rangeland rehabilitation generates additional feed resources (shrublands) in uplands.
• Rehabilitation of vulnerable uplands combined with enhanced Marab agriculture strive towards
• i) maximized watershed scale agricultural productivity,
• ii) biodiversity and livestock feed nutrition diversity increase,
• while iii) approaching Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN).

icarda.org 74
Coord. Group: Udo Ruediger,
Zewdie Bishaw, Atef Swelam and
Enrico Bonaiuti
Scaling Up Proven
Technologies

icarda.org 75
Showing Impact
Producing More With Less Resources: The MRB technology in Egypt
• The MRBT is an effective measure to increase both crop productivity and
water-use efficiency in intensive irrigated systems.
• Its adoption on experimental farms resulted in an increase of crop
production by 10%, net benefits increased by 40% and variable costs
reduced by 30%.
Innovation and Technology Diffusion Methods: Mind the Gap project
in Tunisia
• The field visit (with an intermediate cost) is more preferred than training
(with a high cost) and SMS text messages (with a very low cost).
• The treatment groups receiving female empowerment training, have the
highest adoption rates of the project introduced technology.
• The introduction of a low-cost (field visit and SMS) based agricultural
extension had positive and significant effects on agricultural yields
(Increases by 30%).
Graphic 1: Testing the hypothesis that mechanized raised-bed
technology (MRBT) improves farms' efficiency frontier (F)
Figure 1: New barley Kounouz variety introduced by the project
Water
Food

icarda.org 76
Kounouz barley variety developed from ICARDA germ plasm and Tunisian local varieties has
been introduced to Tunisian seed market in 2019 through development of demand and supply.
Creation of Demand
 700 farmer HH have been trained on technical and economical aspects of Kounouz
(classroom training, “on farm” and “on station” field visits, SMS, videos, etc.);
radio broadcasting; dissemination by NARES
Supply
• Two large scale seed multiplying cooperatives (COSEM and CCSPS) and one private seed
enterprise (Tunifert) were provided with basic seeds in 2018 and have produced a total of
1624 tons of certified Kounouz seeds in 2019
New drought tolerant barley variety (Kounouz) made available on
Tunisian market
Demand of barley certified seeds by farmers
(different varieties) in 2019
Supply of Kounouz certified seeds by
cooperatives and private seed enterprise
Kounouz
(since 2019)
Manel
(since 1996)
Rihane
(since 1987)
COSEM CCSPS Tunifert
584 t
(18,9%)
700 t
(22,7%)
1800 t (58,4%) 126 t 447 t 1051 t

Empowering Women, Youth
• Improve women’s access to land, assets, knowledge
• Use technology and commodities value chain to
engage youth (with attention paid to gender
dynamics)
• Coord.: Dina Najjar
77

icarda.org 78
The Context
Number of breeding cooperatives have increased across the target VC sites and beyond.
Women participation is very limited. Almost, all registered women members are household heads and more than 50%
were represented by men in the cooperatives.
The Gender Capacity Development intervention:
• Workshops involve local actors: Breeding Cooperative leadership members, Cooperative Promotion office,
Livestock Agency, Agri. Development Office, Kebele Manager, Breeding Cooperative Facilitators, Youth & Food
Security Office, Agri. Research Centers
• Information sharing, discussions and group work
• Reasons for gendered participation status in breeding cooperatives
• Importance of gender relations in livestock husbandry and management practices
• Institutional and structural factors limiting women’s participation in cooperatives.
• Application of community conversations to enhance quality participation of women and men.
• Outcome:
• Formulation of realistic action plans that can be implemented with little/no external support to ensure quality
participation of women in breeding cooperatives
• Agreed on modalities of coaching and monitoring of the implementation and reporting of the planned activities.
Enhancing Participation of Women and Men in Breeding Cooperatives
through gender capacity development for Local Actors in Ethiopia

Women and Asset Ownership in Egypt: Continuities, Disruptions,
Contradictions• Context: MENA region has the lowest level of women’s land ownership in
the world
Key findings
• Both women and men considered land and houses to be the most economically and
socially important assets, but they differed significantly in what they considered to
be valuable assets for women.
• Differences in perceptions of ownership: Sole ownership and joint ownership are
legally defined (through names on a title). However, we found that people’s
perceptions of ownership may be legally or socially defined. Women tend to
identify land officially owned solely by themselves as belonging to both themselves
and their husbands, but men were less likely to identify wives as co-owners for land
to which they solely held title.
• Men were much more likely to identify male relatives (a brother, for example) as a
co-owner rather than a spouse. These male relatives were often legal co-inheritors
of the land they were farming.
• Women tended to control land jointly with their husbands and in some cases even
handed over control to their spouses over land that they owned solely. Men were
less likely to identify their wives as co-controllers of land to which they solely held
title. Men were again much more likely to identify a male relative as a co-controller
rather than a spouse.
79

Promoting equality of opportunity
Fostering youth employment in rural Ethiopian through Sheep
Fattening – a viable solution to empower young people and
tap their potential.
Innovative ways of working
• Collective entrepreneurship via
formation of sheep fattening youth
groups and cooperatives.
• Incorporate Entrepreneurial Skills
Development training in the sheep
fattening programs, to promote
innovation in the SRVC as well as
sharing, cogeneration and
knowledge transfer for
entrepreneurship creation and
innovation.
• Use coordination committees to
improve vertical and lateral
engagements.
Outputs
CapDev
• Each youth group has undergone at least 9 training
sessions in the past 9 months on ration balancing and
formulation, entrepreneurship skills, fundamentals of
financial and marketing management.
• Continuity rate of sheep fattening stands at 94%
among members of the youth groups, Currently there
are 466 youth (283 male; 183 female) in the program,
with an average of 12 rams each, from an initial 2-3
rams one year ago.
• Female fatteners are facing challenges in continuation
compared to males. Key reason is inability to reinvest
into subsequent fattening cycles.
Micro-Finance Landscape Assessment
• Preliminary results from a landscape analysis, reveals
that an average of 72% of youth in the program are
averse to taking loans.
• This may consequently affect their growth potential
with time.
Ongoing Activities
• Capacity development of youth groups
• Strengthening Community of Practice
• Micro-Finance Landscape Assessment
• in Ethiopia
• Development of business cases for sheep
fattening
• Development of manuals on
Entrepreneurial Skills Development in
3 languages
81

icarda.org 82
Building Capacity
Empowered young researchers and
institutions
Coord.: Charles Kleinerman
Presentation: Masafumi Tamura

83
Capacity Development 2019: Achievements
Total of Beneficiaries: 1,425
Group courses: 647
Enrolled Degree Students: 12PhD, 7 MSc, 1 BSc
Internships: 31
International Conference: 727
Nationalities: 38
Gender: 44.5% Females and 55.5% Males

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Highlights on 2019 research outputs and outcomes

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