International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET- Design and Development of Interleaved Boost Converter using Fuzzy ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes the design and development of an interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic controller. Some key points:
- The interleaved boost converter is used to boost the output voltage from a solar PV system in an efficient way with low voltage stress and higher power transfer ratio.
- A fuzzy logic controller is implemented to control the interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic algorithm for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the performance of the interleaved boost converter by reducing output voltage and current ripple compared to an open loop system.
- The proposed converter and fuzzy logic control method provide benefits such
Correlative Study on the Modeling and Control of Boost Converter using Advanc...IJSRD
DC-DC converters are switched power converters. The converters are most widely used in research and industrial applications. The DC-DC Boost Converters are used to step-up the supply voltage given to the plant model. The main advantage of using the Boost Converters is that it works in the low voltage according to the design specifications. In order to regulate the uncontrolled supply of voltage, a controller has to be designed and modeled to stabilize the output voltage. Since the convectional controllers cannot work under dynamic operating conditions, advanced controllers are to be designed to overcome the problems. In this article, the advanced controllers such as NARMA-L2, Fuzzy Logic (FLC) and Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC) are implemented and their responses are compared using MATLAB.
In this paper, several methods are developed to control the brushless DC (BLDC) motor speed. Since it is difficult to get a good showing by utilizing classical PID controller, the Dynamic Wavelet Neural Network (DWNN) is the proposed work in this paper, with parallel PID controller to obtain an novel controller named DWNN-PID controller. It collects the artificial neural ability of its networks for imparting from motor of BLDC with drive system and the ability of identification for the wavelet decomposition and control of the dynamic system furthermore to have ability for adapting and self-learning. The suggested controller method is utilizing to control the speed of BLDC motor of which supply a better showing than utilizing classical controllers with a wide range of control. The proposed controller parameters are matched continuously using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results based on proposed DWNN-PID controller demonstrate a superior in the stability and performance compared at utilizing classical WNN-PID and conventional PID controllers. The simulation results are accomplished using Matlab/Simulink. It shows that the proposed control scheme has a superior performance.
Comparative analysis of improved high performance direct power control of thr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Power Control with switching table control produces irregular ripples and variable switching frequency. In the improved DPC of PWM rectifiers using fractional control period of the active voltage vector and the rest period for the null vector not only makes it line side inductance independent of the circuit and is very simple to implement due to the duty cycle concept. By simulation it is identified that the level of distortion as well as regulation of the DC link voltage with control of power factor improves the overall performance of the drive. The improved Direct Power Control (DPC) PWM methodology is comprehensively analyzed and studied for three phase rectifiers and compared with the classical DPC with PLL. The MATLAB simulations shows the effectiveness in obtaining unity power factor and constant dc link voltage control. The power ripples are considerably reduced and input sinusoidal grid currents are obtained.
Keywords— Direct power control, instantaneous active and reactive power, pulse width modulation, duty cycle, dc link control, unity power factor
In power systems for smart grid, integration of renewable energy sources and super conducting devices brings more
positive effects. This paper suggests a Fuzzy controlled
Fault ride-through capability improvement of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind power generation. Since Fuzzy
controlled Active SFCL has higher controllability and flexibility,
derivation, cost evaluation and simulation are conducted and comparison is performed between with and without Active SFCL.
From the results active SFCL can limit the faulty currents flowing through t
compensate the terminal voltage
Fuzzy logic Technique Based Speed Control of a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC...IJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes speed control of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor using fuzzy logic techniques. It begins with an introduction to brushless DC motors and their applications. It then describes the dynamics and modeling of a brushless DC motor drive system. Next, it discusses conventional PID speed control and introduces fuzzy logic control as an alternative method. The next sections provide details on fuzzy logic controller design and simulations comparing the performance of PID and fuzzy logic controllers under different operating conditions. The conclusions indicate that the fuzzy logic controller provides better damping and disturbance rejection compared to the PID controller.
Optimization of Fuzzy Logic controller for Luo Converter using Genetic Algor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing a fuzzy logic controller for a Luo converter using a genetic algorithm. A fuzzy logic controller was designed for the Luo converter but its parameters were determined through trial and error. The document proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the fuzzy logic controller's rules, membership functions, and scaling gains in order to improve the controller's performance for the Luo converter. Simulation results showed that the genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy logic controller provided faster response, better transient performance, and more robustness to variations compared to the original fuzzy logic controller.
Iaetsd design of fuzzy self-tuned load frequency controller for power systemIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a self-tuning fuzzy controller designed for load frequency control (LFC) in a multi-machine power system. Conventional PID gains are first obtained using ant colony system optimization. These gains are then used to design fuzzy controller gains to solve the LFC problem under different loading conditions and non-linearities like generation rate constraints. The proposed self-tuning fuzzy controller is tested on a practical thermal and hydel power system and shown to perform better than conventional integral and ACS-PID controllers in dealing with system uncertainties and changing operating conditions.
IRJET- Design and Development of Interleaved Boost Converter using Fuzzy ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes the design and development of an interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic controller. Some key points:
- The interleaved boost converter is used to boost the output voltage from a solar PV system in an efficient way with low voltage stress and higher power transfer ratio.
- A fuzzy logic controller is implemented to control the interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic algorithm for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the performance of the interleaved boost converter by reducing output voltage and current ripple compared to an open loop system.
- The proposed converter and fuzzy logic control method provide benefits such
Correlative Study on the Modeling and Control of Boost Converter using Advanc...IJSRD
DC-DC converters are switched power converters. The converters are most widely used in research and industrial applications. The DC-DC Boost Converters are used to step-up the supply voltage given to the plant model. The main advantage of using the Boost Converters is that it works in the low voltage according to the design specifications. In order to regulate the uncontrolled supply of voltage, a controller has to be designed and modeled to stabilize the output voltage. Since the convectional controllers cannot work under dynamic operating conditions, advanced controllers are to be designed to overcome the problems. In this article, the advanced controllers such as NARMA-L2, Fuzzy Logic (FLC) and Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC) are implemented and their responses are compared using MATLAB.
In this paper, several methods are developed to control the brushless DC (BLDC) motor speed. Since it is difficult to get a good showing by utilizing classical PID controller, the Dynamic Wavelet Neural Network (DWNN) is the proposed work in this paper, with parallel PID controller to obtain an novel controller named DWNN-PID controller. It collects the artificial neural ability of its networks for imparting from motor of BLDC with drive system and the ability of identification for the wavelet decomposition and control of the dynamic system furthermore to have ability for adapting and self-learning. The suggested controller method is utilizing to control the speed of BLDC motor of which supply a better showing than utilizing classical controllers with a wide range of control. The proposed controller parameters are matched continuously using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results based on proposed DWNN-PID controller demonstrate a superior in the stability and performance compared at utilizing classical WNN-PID and conventional PID controllers. The simulation results are accomplished using Matlab/Simulink. It shows that the proposed control scheme has a superior performance.
Comparative analysis of improved high performance direct power control of thr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Power Control with switching table control produces irregular ripples and variable switching frequency. In the improved DPC of PWM rectifiers using fractional control period of the active voltage vector and the rest period for the null vector not only makes it line side inductance independent of the circuit and is very simple to implement due to the duty cycle concept. By simulation it is identified that the level of distortion as well as regulation of the DC link voltage with control of power factor improves the overall performance of the drive. The improved Direct Power Control (DPC) PWM methodology is comprehensively analyzed and studied for three phase rectifiers and compared with the classical DPC with PLL. The MATLAB simulations shows the effectiveness in obtaining unity power factor and constant dc link voltage control. The power ripples are considerably reduced and input sinusoidal grid currents are obtained.
Keywords— Direct power control, instantaneous active and reactive power, pulse width modulation, duty cycle, dc link control, unity power factor
In power systems for smart grid, integration of renewable energy sources and super conducting devices brings more
positive effects. This paper suggests a Fuzzy controlled
Fault ride-through capability improvement of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind power generation. Since Fuzzy
controlled Active SFCL has higher controllability and flexibility,
derivation, cost evaluation and simulation are conducted and comparison is performed between with and without Active SFCL.
From the results active SFCL can limit the faulty currents flowing through t
compensate the terminal voltage
Fuzzy logic Technique Based Speed Control of a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC...IJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes speed control of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor using fuzzy logic techniques. It begins with an introduction to brushless DC motors and their applications. It then describes the dynamics and modeling of a brushless DC motor drive system. Next, it discusses conventional PID speed control and introduces fuzzy logic control as an alternative method. The next sections provide details on fuzzy logic controller design and simulations comparing the performance of PID and fuzzy logic controllers under different operating conditions. The conclusions indicate that the fuzzy logic controller provides better damping and disturbance rejection compared to the PID controller.
Optimization of Fuzzy Logic controller for Luo Converter using Genetic Algor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing a fuzzy logic controller for a Luo converter using a genetic algorithm. A fuzzy logic controller was designed for the Luo converter but its parameters were determined through trial and error. The document proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize the fuzzy logic controller's rules, membership functions, and scaling gains in order to improve the controller's performance for the Luo converter. Simulation results showed that the genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy logic controller provided faster response, better transient performance, and more robustness to variations compared to the original fuzzy logic controller.
Iaetsd design of fuzzy self-tuned load frequency controller for power systemIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a self-tuning fuzzy controller designed for load frequency control (LFC) in a multi-machine power system. Conventional PID gains are first obtained using ant colony system optimization. These gains are then used to design fuzzy controller gains to solve the LFC problem under different loading conditions and non-linearities like generation rate constraints. The proposed self-tuning fuzzy controller is tested on a practical thermal and hydel power system and shown to perform better than conventional integral and ACS-PID controllers in dealing with system uncertainties and changing operating conditions.
Type 1 versus type 2 fuzzy logic speed controllers for brushless DC motors IJECEIAES
This work presented two fuzzy logic (FL) schemes for speed-controlled brushless DC motors. The first controller is a Type 1 FL controller (T1FLC), whereas the second controller is an interval Type 2 FL controller (IT2FLC). The two proposed controllers were compared in terms of system dynamics and performance. For a fair comparison, the same type and number of membership functions were used for both controllers. The effectiveness of the structures of the two FL controllers was verified through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation result showed that IT2FLC exhibited better performance than T1FLC.
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) in...IAES-IJPEDS
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Brushless Dc Motor Speed Control Using Proportional-Integral And Fuzzy Contro...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes and compares proportional-integral (PI) control and fuzzy logic control for speed regulation of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor. It first provides background on brushless DC motors and reviews previous literature on speed control techniques. It then describes implementing PI control in closed loop simulations, comparing three tuning methods. Fuzzy logic control is also implemented using two inputs (speed and current errors) and simulation results are presented. Both controllers are able to regulate speed under varying load torques and reference speeds, with fuzzy logic control having better performance in terms of overshoot, settling time and speed drop compared to PI control.
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
A Novel Fuzzy Variable-Band Hysteresis Current Controller For Shunt Active Po...IDES Editor
This paper presents a novel fuzzy control scheme
applied to shunt active power filters for harmonic and reactive
power compensation. A TSK type fuzzy logic controller is
proposed for APF reference current generation. To control
the maximum switching frequency of the converter within
limit a novel fuzzy hysteresis band current controller is used.
The band height, based on fuzzy control principle is changed
with the value of supply voltage and slope of reference current
This document analyzes and compares the area, power, and delay performance of different logic element architectures in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) using 16nm technology. It first describes the conventional FPGA architecture and sources of power dissipation. It then examines the key power-hungry components in FPGAs, including logic blocks, routing channels, and I/O pads. The document establishes the need for low-power FPGA design. It analyzes the conventional logic block structure containing lookup tables (LUTs), flip-flops, and multiplexers. Experimental setups are described for standard and alternative 16x1 multiplexer architectures and D-flip-flop designs. Comparisons of area,
Stability and Dynamic Response of Analog and Digital Control loops of Bidire...Springer
This article presents the stability and dynamic
response of open loop and closed loop control of Bidirectional
buck-boost converter(BBC) using PID and PIDN controllers
through transfer function model implemented in MATLAB code.
In order to ensure the stability of switch mode power supplies the
control loop behaviors need to be characterized. Improvement of
stability of BBC using PID/PIDN compensators is demonstrated
in both analog and digital domains by plotting bode plots. Step
response of BBC using PID /PIDN controllers are plotted that
defines the dynamic behavior of the system.PIDN compensator
is proposed to maintain a healthy balance between the stability
and transient behavior since both are indirectly proportional.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller for load frequency control of a two-area interconnected power system. It begins with background on load frequency control and conventional controllers. It then describes modeling a two-area system and developing a fuzzy logic controller with membership functions and rules. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy controller provides better performance than a PID controller in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The fuzzy controller reduces deviations in frequency and tie-line power for different load disturbances with fast response and minimal error.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize switching angles in multilevel inverters in order to reduce total harmonic distortion. Specifically:
1) A genetic algorithm is developed and used to determine optimal switching angles for 7-level and 9-level cascaded inverters to eliminate low order harmonics and minimize total harmonic distortion, without needing to solve nonlinear equations.
2) Simulation results show the genetic algorithm approach produces switching angles that generate voltage waveforms with very low 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics for the 9-level inverter and low 5th and 7th harmonics for the 7-level inverter.
3) The 9-level inverter achieves
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
Low power 6 transistor latch design for portable devicesAlexander Decker
The document describes a proposed new 6-transistor latch design for use in portable devices to reduce power consumption. The 6-transistor design replaces the transmission gates in a conventional 8-transistor latch with pass transistors. Simulation results show the proposed design has lower power consumption and transistor count than the 8-transistor design, making it better suited for high-speed, low-power applications in mobile devices where battery life is important. The document also provides background on latch design and reviews the conventional 8-transistor latch design for comparison.
This paper presents a new zero voltage transition (ZVT) bi-directional DC-DC converter for battery back-up systems in electric vehicles. This bidirectional converter can transfer the power flow from low voltage to high voltage and vice versa. The conventional hard-switched non-isolated converter improved with the additional auxiliary cell to attain soft turn-on for the IGBTs. The main advantages of this topology are, the reduced switching stresses and better efficiancy. The main aim of this converter is to achieve the operation of zero voltage transition during the commutation of main switches from off to on by utilizing the auxiliary cell which consists of active and passive elements. The boost and buck modes of operations are achieved with the zero voltage transition which reduces the IGBTs current stresses and switching losses. This paper mainly presents the theoretical analysis of converter operation and the evaluation of the simulation results validated with the theoretical analysis
IRJET- A High Performance Parallel Architecture for Linear Feedback Shift Reg...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed parallel architecture for linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) to improve performance and reduce power consumption. The key points are:
1. A parallel LFSR architecture is proposed to generate multiple outputs simultaneously, reducing dynamic power compared to a conventional design.
2. Clock gating techniques like multiple and integrated clock gating are used to reduce gate count and dynamic power by disabling unnecessary clock signals.
3. The proposed parallel LFSR architecture with clock gating achieves substantial power reductions while simplifying the design process for single and multiple output generation.
This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
Comparison of different controllers for the improvement of Dynamic response o...IJERA Editor
This document compares different fuzzy logic controllers for improving the dynamic response of an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. It presents a new fuzzy PI controller with scaling factors and evaluates its performance against fuzzy PI and fuzzy MRAC (model reference adaptive control) controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed fuzzy PI with scaling factors has a faster settling time than fuzzy PI, and is less complex than fuzzy MRAC while still providing good parameter insensitivity. The proposed controller provides a compromise between complexity, accuracy and settling time for induction motor applications.
The document summarizes a study on using Clarke's transform and fuzzy logic for power transformer differential protection. It proposes a new algorithm to improve on traditional percentage differential protection. The methodology section describes using Clarke's transform to calculate differential currents as inputs to a fuzzy system. The fuzzy system classifies conditions as internal fault, external fault, or normal. Simulation results on 690 cases showed the proposed algorithm had faster operation and fewer misoperations than a commercial relay. It was able to correctly discriminate all fault and operating conditions. The conclusions state the new algorithm improves protection coverage and performance while maintaining simplicity for commercial applications.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) El documento habla sobre las fuentes del derecho tributario en Venezuela, específicamente la Constitución, tratados internacionales, leyes, reglamentos y decretos.
2) Identifica las fuentes formales e informales del derecho tributario y explica artículos del Código Orgánico Tributario relacionados a las fuentes.
3) Explica conceptos como la entrada en vigencia de las leyes tributarias, el principio de legalidad tributaria y el ámbito de aplicación territorial de las normas tributarias.
1) El documento habla sobre las fuentes del derecho tributario en Venezuela, específicamente la Constitución, tratados internacionales, leyes, reglamentos y decretos.
2) Identifica las fuentes formales e informales del derecho tributario y explica artículos del Código Orgánico Tributario relacionados a las fuentes.
3) Explica conceptos como la entrada en vigencia de las leyes tributarias, el principio de legalidad tributaria y el ámbito de aplicación territorial de las normas tributarias.
Type 1 versus type 2 fuzzy logic speed controllers for brushless DC motors IJECEIAES
This work presented two fuzzy logic (FL) schemes for speed-controlled brushless DC motors. The first controller is a Type 1 FL controller (T1FLC), whereas the second controller is an interval Type 2 FL controller (IT2FLC). The two proposed controllers were compared in terms of system dynamics and performance. For a fair comparison, the same type and number of membership functions were used for both controllers. The effectiveness of the structures of the two FL controllers was verified through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation result showed that IT2FLC exhibited better performance than T1FLC.
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) in...IAES-IJPEDS
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Brushless Dc Motor Speed Control Using Proportional-Integral And Fuzzy Contro...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes and compares proportional-integral (PI) control and fuzzy logic control for speed regulation of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor. It first provides background on brushless DC motors and reviews previous literature on speed control techniques. It then describes implementing PI control in closed loop simulations, comparing three tuning methods. Fuzzy logic control is also implemented using two inputs (speed and current errors) and simulation results are presented. Both controllers are able to regulate speed under varying load torques and reference speeds, with fuzzy logic control having better performance in terms of overshoot, settling time and speed drop compared to PI control.
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
A Novel Fuzzy Variable-Band Hysteresis Current Controller For Shunt Active Po...IDES Editor
This paper presents a novel fuzzy control scheme
applied to shunt active power filters for harmonic and reactive
power compensation. A TSK type fuzzy logic controller is
proposed for APF reference current generation. To control
the maximum switching frequency of the converter within
limit a novel fuzzy hysteresis band current controller is used.
The band height, based on fuzzy control principle is changed
with the value of supply voltage and slope of reference current
This document analyzes and compares the area, power, and delay performance of different logic element architectures in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) using 16nm technology. It first describes the conventional FPGA architecture and sources of power dissipation. It then examines the key power-hungry components in FPGAs, including logic blocks, routing channels, and I/O pads. The document establishes the need for low-power FPGA design. It analyzes the conventional logic block structure containing lookup tables (LUTs), flip-flops, and multiplexers. Experimental setups are described for standard and alternative 16x1 multiplexer architectures and D-flip-flop designs. Comparisons of area,
Stability and Dynamic Response of Analog and Digital Control loops of Bidire...Springer
This article presents the stability and dynamic
response of open loop and closed loop control of Bidirectional
buck-boost converter(BBC) using PID and PIDN controllers
through transfer function model implemented in MATLAB code.
In order to ensure the stability of switch mode power supplies the
control loop behaviors need to be characterized. Improvement of
stability of BBC using PID/PIDN compensators is demonstrated
in both analog and digital domains by plotting bode plots. Step
response of BBC using PID /PIDN controllers are plotted that
defines the dynamic behavior of the system.PIDN compensator
is proposed to maintain a healthy balance between the stability
and transient behavior since both are indirectly proportional.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller for load frequency control of a two-area interconnected power system. It begins with background on load frequency control and conventional controllers. It then describes modeling a two-area system and developing a fuzzy logic controller with membership functions and rules. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy controller provides better performance than a PID controller in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The fuzzy controller reduces deviations in frequency and tie-line power for different load disturbances with fast response and minimal error.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize switching angles in multilevel inverters in order to reduce total harmonic distortion. Specifically:
1) A genetic algorithm is developed and used to determine optimal switching angles for 7-level and 9-level cascaded inverters to eliminate low order harmonics and minimize total harmonic distortion, without needing to solve nonlinear equations.
2) Simulation results show the genetic algorithm approach produces switching angles that generate voltage waveforms with very low 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics for the 9-level inverter and low 5th and 7th harmonics for the 7-level inverter.
3) The 9-level inverter achieves
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
Low power 6 transistor latch design for portable devicesAlexander Decker
The document describes a proposed new 6-transistor latch design for use in portable devices to reduce power consumption. The 6-transistor design replaces the transmission gates in a conventional 8-transistor latch with pass transistors. Simulation results show the proposed design has lower power consumption and transistor count than the 8-transistor design, making it better suited for high-speed, low-power applications in mobile devices where battery life is important. The document also provides background on latch design and reviews the conventional 8-transistor latch design for comparison.
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IRJET- A High Performance Parallel Architecture for Linear Feedback Shift Reg...IRJET Journal
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Comparison of different controllers for the improvement of Dynamic response o...IJERA Editor
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Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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obtained from analytical model of the regulator circuit. Test results showed good dynamic characteristics
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DESIGN OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE, LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH ENHANCED STEADY...ijcsitcejournal
Design and implementation of control systems for power supplies require the use of efficient techniques that
provide simple and practical solutions in order to fulfill the performance requirements at an acceptable cost.
Application of manual methods of system identification in determining optimal values of controller settings is
quite time-consuming, expensive and, sometimes, may be impossible to practically carry out. This paper
describes an analytical method for the design of a control system for a fast transient response, low dropout
(LDO) linear regulated power supply on the basis of PID compensation. The controller parameters are
obtained from analytical model of the regulator circuit. Test results showed good dynamic characteristics
with adequate margin of stability. This study shows that PID parameter values sufficiently close to optimum
can easily be obtained from analytical study of the regulator system. The applied method of determining
controller settings greatly reduces design time and cost.
Brushless DC Motor Drive during Speed Regulation with Artificial Neural Netwo...IJERA Editor
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contributes an analysis of performance Artificial Neural Network controller. Because it is difficult to handle by
the use of conventional PID controller as BLDC drive is a nonlinear. Through PID controller, the speed
regulation of BLDC is not efficient and reliable as PID controller cannot operate the large data, results it gives
different variation in BLDC motor control. The ANN easily trains the data of large amount by NN toolbox. As
ANN controller has the strength to indulge characteristics of control and it is accessible to operate the huge
amount of data as like human can store in a mind. The empirical results prove that an ANN controller can better
control the act than the PID controller. The modelling, control and the simulation of the BLDCM get done by
applying MATLAB/SIMULINK software kit.
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Comparative Study of Three Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter Using P...IJPEDS-IAES
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results are obtained using MATLAB simulink.
Digital Voltage Control of DC-DC Boost ConverterIJERA Editor
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This document discusses using a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve the voltage profile of a transmission system and mitigate power quality issues like voltage sags and swells. It first introduces the concepts of voltage sags, swells, and power quality in transmission systems. It then proposes using a DPFC, which consists of STATCOM shunt controllers and multiple SSSC series controllers, to regulate voltage. Two control methods for the DPFC are analyzed: 1) PI control and 2) Fuzzy Logic control. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the DPFC is able to improve the voltage profile at the load bus compared to without using a DPFC. Fuzzy Logic control is proposed to further enhance
Analysis and Design of Conventional Controller for Speed Control of DC Motor ...IJERA Editor
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This document presents a method for tuning the parameters of a PID controller for a brushless DC motor using particle swarm optimization. PSO is used to find the optimal proportional, integral and derivative gains to minimize error metrics for the motor's step response. The BLDC motor is modeled in Simulink. PSO searches through potential solutions in a multi-dimensional space to determine PID parameters that produce the best step response with minimal overshoot, rise time, settling time and steady state error. The results show the PSO-tuned PID controller achieves better dynamic performance than other methods.
A New Voltage Balancing Converter for Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Invert...IRJET Journal
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Modified Chattering Free Sliding Mode Control of DC MotorIJMER
This document discusses the design of a modified sliding mode controller for position control of a DC motor. It begins with an introduction to PID controllers and sliding mode controllers. It then provides the mathematical modeling of a DC motor and describes the conventional sliding mode control approach. It discusses some issues with chattering in sliding mode control and proposes a modified approach using a boundary layer. The document also describes tuning a PID controller using the Ziegler-Nichols method. It aims to compare the performance of the modified sliding mode controller to PID controllers for position control of a DC motor.
This document summarizes a research paper on using fuzzy logic to control the speed of a DC motor. It begins by describing the objectives of designing a high-current driver circuit for the motor and using an efficient fuzzy logic algorithm to accurately track motor velocity. It then provides mathematical analysis of the separately excited DC motor and describes implementing a fuzzy logic controller using FPGA. Membership functions, rule inference, and defuzzification are implemented in VHDL. Feedback is provided by an optical encoder to measure motor speed. Simulation results show the fuzzy controller can accurately control motor speed. In conclusion, the fuzzy logic approach provides an efficient and accurate method for DC motor speed control that does not require an accurate mathematical model of the motor.
IRJET- Load Frequency Control in Two Area Power Systems Integrated with S...IRJET Journal
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A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
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Implementation of Linear Controller for a DC-DC Forward Converterijceronline
This paper discusses the controller implementation of a DC to DC Forward converter. The open loop response is obtained initially. Then the closed loop control is given in real time for the Forward converter. The MATLAB interfacing is done with the help of data acquisition card. The conventional PI controller is used for the closed loop control and the results are analyzed under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment
This document summarizes research using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for optimal speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC). PSO is used to determine the optimal values for the PID gains (Kp, Ki, Kd) by minimizing a fitness function based on time domain performance criteria. Simulation results show that PID control tuned with PSO improves the dynamic performance of the BLDC motor speed control system compared to PID control tuned with conventional methods.
This document analyzes the closed-loop speed control of a chopper-fed separately excited DC motor using PI controllers. It presents the modeling of a separately excited DC motor and discusses various controller types for DC motor speed control. The proposed system uses a buck converter/chopper to control the armature voltage and thereby the speed of the DC motor. PI controllers are used to generate PWM pulses for the chopper by comparing the reference and feedback speeds. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the closed-loop speed control using PI controllers for different load conditions.
IRJET- Simultaneous Microgrid Voltage and Current Harmonics Compensation usin...IRJET Journal
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
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1. K.N. Kanakaratnam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1797-1803
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Fuzzy Pd Controller for
Dc-Dc Buck Converter Using Simulink
K.N. Kanakaratnam,
Student ,Electrical Engineering, VIIT, Visakhapatnam
B.Arundhati
Associate Professor ,Dept.of Electrical Engineering, VIIT, Visakhapatnam
Abstract
This paper deals with the design and comparison of tracking performance of fuzzy PD controller with conventional
PD controller to control DC-DC Buck Converter which employs five and seven membership functions in each input
variable and output variable. The computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of fuzzy PD
controller for DC-DC Buck converter. The basic steps that needed for tracking performance of the fuzzy PD
controller are discussed. In conventional PD, the controller is a simple linear controller with two fixed gain
parameters; in contrast the fuzzy PD controller is a nonlinear controller. It was observed that even though it has the
same linear structure as the conventional PD controller, its gain parameters are no longer constant.
Index terms: Buck converter, Fuzzy controller, Membership functions, Triangular and trapezoidal membership
functions
to convert a fixed-voltage DC source into a variablevoltage DC source. A DC–DC converter converts
I.
INTRODUCTION
The dc-dc converter inputs an unregulated dc
directly from DC to DC and is simply known as a DC
voltage input and outputs a constant or regulated
converter. In recent years, there has been growing
voltage [1-6]. The regulators can be mainly classified
interest in using fuzzy logic for control systems. Fuzzy
into linear and switching regulators. All regulators have
controllers, in general, are suitable for many
a power transfer stage and a control circuitry to sense
nontraditionally modeled industrial processes such as
the output voltage and adjust the power transfer stage to
linguistically controlled devices and systems that
maintain the constant output voltage. Dynamic behavior
cannot
precisely described
by mathematical
of switching power converter depends on performance
formulations, have significant un modeled effects and
and design of the digital controller which in turn
uncertainties, or even contain a contradictory
depends on the accuracy of the discrete-time
conditions. In recent years there has growing trend of
mathematical model. Thus accurate modeling of
using the fuzzy PD controller instead of conventional
switching dc-dc converters is needed for predicting
fuzzy PD controller, because it has been reported that
stability and then designing a suitable controller with
the fuzzy PD controller can give better performance
enhanced stability and performance. There are two
than conventional ones. In conventional PD case the
widely used approaches for modeling of dc-dc
controller is a simple linear controller with two fixed
converters namely digital redesign approach and direct
gain parameters, in contrast the fuzzy PD controller is a
digital design approach [2]. The controller in digital
nonlinear controller. Even though it has the same linear
redesign approach is designed in s-domain and then
structure as the conventional PD controller, its gain
discretised
using
transformation
techniques.
parameters are no longer constant.
Compensator design in this case does not take into
account computational delays and delays incurred in the
control loop, also controller are not an optimized one.
II.
Operation of Buck Converter
Discrete-time models, for both trailing-edge and
The operation of the buck converter is fairly
leading-edge modulation, are developed for two-state
simple, with an inductor and two switches (usually a
dc-dc converters and their accuracy was compared by
transistor and a diode) that control the inductor. It
considering basic buck converter [3]. The result is an
alternates between connecting the inductor to source
exact small-signal discrete-time model applicable to
voltage to store energy in the inductor and discharging
any constant-frequency PWM converter. It is necessary
the inductor into the load. The buck converter operates
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1797 | P a g e
2. K.N. Kanakaratnam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1797-1803
www.ijera.com
in two modes viz. continuous mode and discontinuous
mode.
Continuous mode
A buck converter operates in continuous mode
if the current through the inductor (IL) never falls to
zero during the commutation cycle. In this mode, the
operating principle is described by the chronogram in
figure 3.
Fig.3: Evolution of the voltages and currents with time
in an ideal buck converter operating in continuous
mode.
Fig.1. Buck converter circuit diagram
This has, however, some effect on the
continuous- time mathematical model equations. We
still consider that the converter operates in steady state.
Therefore, the energy in the inductor is the same at the
beginning and at the end of the cycle (in the case of
discontinuous mode, it is zero).
Fig.4: Evolution of the voltages and currents with time
in an ideal buck converter operating in discontinuous
mode.
Fig.2: The two circuit configurations of a buck
converter: On-state, when the switch is closed, and Offstate, when the switch is open
Discontinuous mode:
In some cases, the amount of energy required
by the load is small enough to be transferred in a time
lower than the whole commutation period. In this case,
the current through the inductor falls to zero during part
of the period. The only difference in the principle
described above is that the inductor is completely
discharged at the end of the commutation cycle (figure
4).
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III.
FUZZY CONTROLLER
Fuzzy control is based on fuzzy logic, a logical
system which is much closer in spirit to human thinking
and natural language than traditional logical systems.
The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on fuzzy logic
provides a means of converting a linguistic control
strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic
control strategy.
Membership functions: Every element in the universe
of discourse is a member of a fuzzy set to some grade,
may be even zero. The grade of membership for all its
members describes a fuzzy set. The most popular
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choices for the shape of the membership functions are
triangular, trapezoidal and bell shaped functions.
(i) Triangular Membership function: It is one of the
most popular among the scientists in this field. The
triangular membership function can be generally
defined using a left point, center point and right
point. Overlap and sensitivity are the two
parameters that can be used to adjust the shape of
the triangles for better performance. The triangular
curve is a function of a vector, x, and depends on
three scalar parameters a, b and c as given by
0, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ≤ 𝑥
𝑥−𝑎
, 𝑎≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
f(x:a,b,c) =
𝑏−𝑎
𝑐−𝑥
, 𝑏 ≤ 𝑥≤ 𝑐
(ii) Trapezoidal Membership function: As the name
suggests of this class of membership function is
that of a trapezoid as shown in Fig.5 (b). The
maximum membership value 1.0 occurs over a
small range about the central point of the function.
The trapezoidal curve is a function of a vector, x,
and depends on four scalar parameters a, b , c and d
as given by
0, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑥 −𝑎
, 𝑎≤ 𝑥≤ 𝑏
𝑐−𝑏
𝑏−𝑎
f(x:a,b,c, d) =
1, 𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐
𝑑 −𝑥
𝑑 −𝑐
,𝑐 ≤ 𝑥≤ 𝑑
0, 𝑑 ≤ 𝑥
(iii) Bell shaped membership function: As the name
suggests of this class of membership function is
that of Bell Shaped shown in Fig 5(c ) .The
maximum membership value for Bell Shaped is 1
at x=c, and the membership „x‟ decreases as its
derivative from this central value of „0‟. In the
case of Bell-Shaped functions the oscillations are
the minimum and the rise time is also greatly
reduced.
1
1 ( x c) 2
1
f(x:a,b,c, d5) =
a xb
xc
(iv) Singleton: A fuzzy set whose support is a single
point in Universe of
Discourse U with µF
= 1.0 is referred to as fuzzy singleton.
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Fig.5. Membership functions: (a) Triangular (b)
Trapezoidal (c) Bell-Shape (d) Singleton
Structure of a fuzzy logic controller
The general configuration of a fuzzy logic
controller is composed of four specific components:
1) Fuzzification
2) Knowledge Base
a) Data base
b) Rule base
3) Inference Engine
4) Defuzzification
Fuzzification
Fuzzification can be defined as a mapping
from an observed input space to fuzzy sets in certain
input universe of discourse. The fuzzifier (Fuzzification
module) converts the real (crisp) input values to degrees
of membership of fuzzy sets. These conversions are
carried out by lookup using the membership functions.
Knowledge Base
The knowledge base consists of two
components: a database and a rule base. The basic
function of the database is to provide the necessary
information to the rule base and, the Fuzzification and
defuzzification modules.
(a) DATA BASE
The main function of the database is to provide
the required necessary information to the other modules
in order to allow their proper functionality.
(b) RULE BASE
The rule base consists of N rules of the form IFTHEN which gives transparency to the system. Each
rule consists of two parts: rule antecedent (IF) and the
consequent (THEN). The antecedent defines
imprecisely the system states while the consequent
represents actions to be taken by the system to remedy
the state condition.
Inference Engine
It has four main tasks: rule firing, strength
calculation, fuzzy implication and rule aggregation. The
result of the inference engine is one or several output
fuzzy sets, whose membership functions are defuzzified
to obtain the control action. The output represents the
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degree of relationship between the input and each
output fuzzy set.
Defuzzification
Mathematically, the Defuzzification module is
the mapping of the value of the fuzzy linguistic variable
to a crisp variable. The Defuzzification module
performs the following functions:
It converts the set of modified control output
value into a single point wise value.
It performs an output denormalization which
maps the point wise value of the control output
onto its physical domain.
There are more than 30 defuzzification
methods. Center of Area and Mean of Maxima are the
most used defuzzification techniques.
IV.
continuous-time
Implementation of the conventional digital PD
controller is shown in fig.6.
Compared with the conventional PD controller, the
fuzzy PD [12] controller has the same linear structure,
except that the two gains (
constant.
FUZZY PD CONTROLLER
The conventional
controller is described by
Fig.6 shows the conventional digital PD controller.
K P and K D ) are not
PD
u ( t ) K p e( t ) K d e( t )
c
c
Where Kpc and Kdc are the proportional and derivative
gains of the controller, respectively, and e(t) is the error
signal.
The corresponding digital PD controller can be
obtained as follows. Let T be the sampling period of the
continuous time signal in the digital control system. By
applying the standard conformal mapping
s
2 z 1
T z 1 .
We can convert the continuous-time system to
its discrete-time setting in the complex Z-frequency
domain.
Under this mapping
U(s) K p sK d E(s)
c
c
1 z 1
E( z)
U( z ) K p K D
1 z 1
Fig.7 Fuzzy PD controller
Fuzzy controller design consists of three main
components fuzzification, fuzzy logic rule base and
defuzzification.
In the fuzzification step we employ two inputs:
the error signal e(nT) and the rate of change of error
signal r(nT) with only one control output u(nT) (to fed
to the process under). The inputs to the fuzzy PD
controller namely the "error" and the "rate" signals have
to be fuzzified before being fed into the controller. The
membership functions for the two inputs (error and
rate) and the output of the controller that used in our
design are shown in fig.5.4.
Where KP and KD denoted by KP=Kpc and
KD
2 c
Kd
T
respectively are the discrete time
proportional and derivative gains of the digital PD
controller.
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R1.If Error is e.p AND rate is r.p THEN output is o.z
R2.If Error is e.p AND rate is r.n THEN output is o.p
R3.If Error is e.n AND rate is r.p THEN output is o.n
R4.If Error is e.n AND rate is r.n THEN output is o.z
Here AND is Zadeh‟s logical “AND” [1] defined by
μ A AND μ B = min μ A , μ B
μ
Fig.8 The membership functions of e(nT), r(nT) and
u(nT).
μ
For any two membership values A and B
on the fuzzy subsets A and B respectively.
The commonly used "centre of mass" formula
employed in the defuzzification.
Based on these membership functions the
fuzzy control rules that we used are the following:
Δu(nT)
membership value of input membership value of output
membership value of input
−1
A=
R
R+ R c
−R
R+R c C
− (R L + R//R c )
R+ R c L
b =
C=
0
1/L
1
L
V
𝑋=
i
R//R c
R
R+R c
y = vout ;
In order to simplify the analysis, losses are
neglected except for the dominant effect of a capacitor
C; Resulting simplified equations for A and C ( neglect
RC )
Fig.9 Triangular 5 membership functions of the error,
input
−1
𝐴 ≈
1
𝑅𝐶
−1
𝐶
𝐿
0
𝑐 ≈ 1
0
The transfer function is given by
𝑁 𝑍
𝐺 𝑣𝑑 𝑍 =
𝐷 𝑍
𝑉𝑔 𝑇𝑠
𝑡𝑑
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑑
𝑍+
𝐿𝐶
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑑
=
𝑇
𝑇
𝑇2
𝑍2 − 𝑍 2 − 𝑠 + 1 − 𝑠 + 𝑠
𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐶
𝐿𝐶
Fig.10 Triangular 7 membership functions of the error,
output
V.
V.SIMULATION RESULTS OF BUCK
CONVERTER
As an example, consider the buck converter
with trailing edge PWM and L= 5𝜇 H, 𝑅 𝐿 =25 m Ω, C=
5 𝜇F,𝑅 𝐶 =16 m Ω ,R= 1 Ω, 𝑉𝑔 =10 V, 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 =1V, D=0.2,
𝑓𝑠 = 1 MHz.
From the state space averaged model of a buck
converter Considering
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴 ; 𝑏1 = 𝑏 ;
𝑏2 = 0 ; 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶
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Fig 11 Magnitude and phase response of G vd(Z) for
digitally controlled buck converter with no losses
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6. K.N. Kanakaratnam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Considering
𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴
−1
A=
C=
𝑏2 = 0 ;
In order to simplify the analysis, losses are not
neglected resulting simplified equations for A and C
R+R c C
R+ R c L
b =
𝑏1 = 𝑏 ;
R
R+ R c
−R
;
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0
1/L
R
R+R c
− (R L + R//R c )
−1
1
𝐴 ≈
L
V
i
R//R c
𝑅𝐶
−1
𝐿
𝑋=
1
𝐶
0
𝑅𝑐
𝐶≈ 1
The transfer function is given by
y = vout ;
𝐺 𝑣𝑑
𝑁 𝑍
𝑍 =
=
𝐷 𝑍
𝑉𝑔 𝑇𝑠
𝐿𝐶
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑑 + 𝐶𝑅 𝑐
𝑍+
𝑍2 −
𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑑 + 𝐶𝑅 𝑐
𝑍−
𝑇𝑠
𝑅𝐶
𝑍 + 1−
𝑅𝑐
𝑅
− 𝐶 𝑐−
𝑅
𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑑 𝑅 𝑐
𝑡
+ 𝑑
𝐿
𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑠
𝑇2
+ 𝑠
𝑅𝐶
𝐿𝐶
Gvd(Z) is the control to output transfer function. By
considering this transfer function with various values of
td , the bode plot is given in the figure 11
Fuzzy PD controller for digitally controlled buck
converter:
The Simulink results of Fuzzy PD Controller
Buck Converter that is the proposed scheme is shown in
Figure 12 and 13. The chosen range of output variable
for Fuzzy Buck Converter is [-2 2] then output of
Fuzzy Buck Converter is 2.5, means 50% duty cycle.
The Simulink results are done for trapezoidal and
triangular with 5 and 7 membership functions in each
input
Fig. 13 Simulation of Buck Converter using triangular
and trapezoidal five membership functions.
OBSERVATIONS: It is observed from the graph that
fuzzy logic controller with 5 trapezoidal membership
functions in each input is slightly exhibiting more
overshoot and slightly less settling time.
VI.
Fig. 12 Simulation of Buck Converter using
Trapezoidal five and seven membership functions.
OBSERVATIONS: It is observed from the graph that
fuzzy logic controller with 7 trapezoidal membership
functions in each input is slightly exhibiting more
overshoot and slightly less settling time.
CONCLUSION
We observe the settling time is less for Fuzzy
PD buck converter using Trapezoidal 7 membership
functions when compared with the other fuzzy
controller and conventional PD controller. Some
computer simulation results, for different membership
functions of the buck converter which demonstrate the
advantage of the fuzzy PD controller over the
conventional PD controller are shown.
REFERENCES
[1]
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Dragan Maksimovic, Senior Member, IEEE,
and Regan Zane, Senior Member, IEEE“
Small-Signal Discrete-Time Modeling of
Digitally Controlled PWM Converters”IEEE
TRANSACTIONS
ON
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7. K.N. Kanakaratnam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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www.ijera.com
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