The need for digital control for faster communication between power stage module & system controllers is increased with requirement of load complexity. The requirements also include stability of power module with the parametric variation. This paper presents a digital control of a dc-dc boost converter under nominal parameter conditions. The system controller has been verified in both frequency response as well as MATLAB-Simulink under nominal & parametric varying condition. The modeling of converter has been illustrated using state-space averaging technique. Direct digital design method is equipped to design the controller in frequency response to yield constant load voltage. The characteristic of load voltage before & after parametric variation is shown.
Analysis of CMOS Comparator in 90nm Technology with Different Power Reduction...IJECEIAES
To reduce power consumption of regenerative comparator three different techniques are incorporated in this work. These techniques provide a way to achieve low power consumption through their mechanism that alters the operation of the circuit. These techniques are pseudo NMOS, CVSL (cascode voltage switch logic)/DCVS (differential cascode voltage switch) & power gating. Initially regenerative comparator is simulated at 90 nm CMOS technology with 0.7 V supply voltage. Results shows total power consumption of 15.02 µW with considerably large leakage current of 52.03 nA. Further, with pseudo NMOS technique total power consumption increases to 126.53 µW while CVSL shows total power consumption of 18.94 µW with leakage current of 1270.13 nA. More then 90% reduction is attained in total power consumption and leakage current by employing the power gating technique. Moreover, the variations in the power consumption with temperature is also recorded for all three reported techniques where power gating again show optimum variations with least power consumption. Four more conventional comparator circuits are also simulated in 90nm CMOS technology for comparison. Comparison shows better results for regenerative comparator with power gating technique. Simulations are executed by employing SPICE based on 90 nm CMOS technology.
Efficient speed governor for blower motoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents an efficient speed governor for the blower motor used in the air conditioning of electric vehicles (EV). Performance optimization of blowers offers tremendous potential for energy saving and hence the running cost. Pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is one of the most economical and widely used techniques in the motor control applications. SG 3525 device is used to generate the required PWM signals for the regulation of the blower motor speed. The PWM signal with 0-100% duty ratio control governs the semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs in controlling the supply voltage to the motor. The proposed control scheme governs the speed by varying the reference voltage to the SG 3525 and also protects the motor from high current as the scheme monitors the current flow through the motor indirectly via gate control signal of the semiconductor switches. Keywords: Pulse width modulation (PWM), Blower, Electric Vehicle (EV), SG 3525, MOSFET, Duty ratio.
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
Design and Simulation Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller for DC-DC Cuk Conve...IJMREMJournal
Due to compact size and fast dynamic response DC-DC converters are used to a great extent. DC-DC Cuk
converter has switching transients which leads to switching losses and harmonics generation. With a linear
controller like Proportional integral derivative (PID), the transients and oscillations under supply and load
variations cannot be controlled. So, it becomes necessary to use a nonlinear controller to make transient
performance of the converter stable increase its efficiency. A great advantage of this controller includes, it’s
based on large signal model of DC to DC converters hence its stability is not bounded by the size of the
interpretations around the working point. In this research work, simulation model of cuk converter with sliding
mode controller is developed and tested using MATLAB SIMULINK. Effectiveness of proposed sliding mode
controller for cuk converter is proved from simulation results.
Analysis of CMOS Comparator in 90nm Technology with Different Power Reduction...IJECEIAES
To reduce power consumption of regenerative comparator three different techniques are incorporated in this work. These techniques provide a way to achieve low power consumption through their mechanism that alters the operation of the circuit. These techniques are pseudo NMOS, CVSL (cascode voltage switch logic)/DCVS (differential cascode voltage switch) & power gating. Initially regenerative comparator is simulated at 90 nm CMOS technology with 0.7 V supply voltage. Results shows total power consumption of 15.02 µW with considerably large leakage current of 52.03 nA. Further, with pseudo NMOS technique total power consumption increases to 126.53 µW while CVSL shows total power consumption of 18.94 µW with leakage current of 1270.13 nA. More then 90% reduction is attained in total power consumption and leakage current by employing the power gating technique. Moreover, the variations in the power consumption with temperature is also recorded for all three reported techniques where power gating again show optimum variations with least power consumption. Four more conventional comparator circuits are also simulated in 90nm CMOS technology for comparison. Comparison shows better results for regenerative comparator with power gating technique. Simulations are executed by employing SPICE based on 90 nm CMOS technology.
Efficient speed governor for blower motoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents an efficient speed governor for the blower motor used in the air conditioning of electric vehicles (EV). Performance optimization of blowers offers tremendous potential for energy saving and hence the running cost. Pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is one of the most economical and widely used techniques in the motor control applications. SG 3525 device is used to generate the required PWM signals for the regulation of the blower motor speed. The PWM signal with 0-100% duty ratio control governs the semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs in controlling the supply voltage to the motor. The proposed control scheme governs the speed by varying the reference voltage to the SG 3525 and also protects the motor from high current as the scheme monitors the current flow through the motor indirectly via gate control signal of the semiconductor switches. Keywords: Pulse width modulation (PWM), Blower, Electric Vehicle (EV), SG 3525, MOSFET, Duty ratio.
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
Design and Simulation Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller for DC-DC Cuk Conve...IJMREMJournal
Due to compact size and fast dynamic response DC-DC converters are used to a great extent. DC-DC Cuk
converter has switching transients which leads to switching losses and harmonics generation. With a linear
controller like Proportional integral derivative (PID), the transients and oscillations under supply and load
variations cannot be controlled. So, it becomes necessary to use a nonlinear controller to make transient
performance of the converter stable increase its efficiency. A great advantage of this controller includes, it’s
based on large signal model of DC to DC converters hence its stability is not bounded by the size of the
interpretations around the working point. In this research work, simulation model of cuk converter with sliding
mode controller is developed and tested using MATLAB SIMULINK. Effectiveness of proposed sliding mode
controller for cuk converter is proved from simulation results.
This manuscript deals with the simulation of AC - DC Zeta converter for high power drive application with greater efficiency, lesser losses and power factor correction. It involves simpler control circuitry with less external components. The explanation of Fundamental function of Zeta converter is given in this paper. To condense the harmonic content the PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic controller are used. The operation of Zeta converter in open loop, closed loop is obtained. Closed loop system of zeta converter proves better performance over open loop system. Open and closed loop circuits are simulated by using MATLAB simulink. By giving disturbance in closed loop and open loop systems, feat of Zeta converter is compared.
Stability and Dynamic Response of Analog and Digital Control loops of Bidire...Springer
This article presents the stability and dynamic
response of open loop and closed loop control of Bidirectional
buck-boost converter(BBC) using PID and PIDN controllers
through transfer function model implemented in MATLAB code.
In order to ensure the stability of switch mode power supplies the
control loop behaviors need to be characterized. Improvement of
stability of BBC using PID/PIDN compensators is demonstrated
in both analog and digital domains by plotting bode plots. Step
response of BBC using PID /PIDN controllers are plotted that
defines the dynamic behavior of the system.PIDN compensator
is proposed to maintain a healthy balance between the stability
and transient behavior since both are indirectly proportional.
This work compacts with the modeling, simulation, and application of a Fractional Order Proportional Integral Differential (FOP-I-D) controlled Cascaded Flyback Switched Mode Power Supply (CFSMPS) system. It recommends Parallel cascaded flyback converter for the production of essential DC voltage from the input supply voltage. The output from CFSMPS is regulated by using closed loop configuration. The simulation of Closed-loop Proportional-Integral (PI) and FOP-I-D controlled CFSMPS system has been done and the results of the systems are related. The outcomes signify that the FOP-I-D based system has presented an enhanced response to represent as similar to the PI controlled CFSMPS system. The FOP-I-D controlled CFSMPS system has benefits like decreased steady-state error and enhanced time-domain response.
A study of voltage regulation in microgrid using a DSTATCOMjournalBEEI
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content. This paper presents the solution of voltage fluctuations in urgent situations by providing voltage and reactive support from a distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) in the grid. Also, it analyses the influences of DSTATCOM as a voltage controller and compares the system performance with and without DSTATCOM. The DSTATCOM is used in the study to maintain voltage in the microgrid (MG) to be around the rated value after Microgrid disturbance. A successful simulink model of the photovoltaic (PV) system and the proposed DSTATCOM are illustrated to work together as the Microgrid. Microgrids could provide unique resilience and reliability when the environment encountered with less water, higher temperatures, more frequent and harsh wildfires, and severe weather events. The proposed DSTATCOM was installed in different locations in the MG and the best location was chosen to achieve the goal of improved power quality and efficiency. In this paper, two scenarios are discussed with and without DSTATCOM. The simulation results show the difference between the MG with and without DSTATCOM and how the DSTATCOM can amplify power quality in the Microgrid. The proposed DSTATCOM has the capability to improve dampen power oscillations during transit events.
Controller Design and Load Frequency Control for Single Area Power System wit...IJERA Editor
The performance of power systems gets worsening due to the presence of sudden load changes, uncertainties of
parameters etc. Therefore the design of load frequency control is very important in the modern power systems.
This paper presents LFC control technique to reject the typical disturbance as well as control the large-scale
system problems. Parameter uncertainty and load disturbance approach has been proposed to LFC design on the
purpose of rejection of typical disturbances. This paper presents the model order reduction technique of Transfer
function of the single area power system by using Routh approximation. The Second-order reduced system
model has proposed instead of full order system to effectively improve the performance of the closed loop
system. This entire approach is simulated in MATLAB environment for a single –area power system. In
addition to this the reduced order power system is converted into digital domain for digital implementation of
load frequency controller.
Utilization of DVR with FLC to Inject Voltage in a Transmission LineIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Relationship with the Degree of Saturation of the Swelling StrainIJERA Editor
Expansive soil in SokooNgawi East Java often gives problems in the building stability. This research aims to study the properties of the soil in the area that mainly related to changes in moisture content in particular the influence of the degree of saturation of the swelling strain. Swelling tests were performed on disturbed soil by means of oedometer at 6.9 kPa overburden pressure. Initial moisture contents used were varied from 15.04% to 42.88%. Swelling strain was measured using overburden pressure 6.9 kPa and swelling pressure obtained from the pressure required to return the sample to the original condition. The test results show that for initial moisture content 15.04 % , γd= 1.471 gr/cm ³,S = 50.70 % the maximum swelling strain were 38.04% and swelling pressure was 2392 kPa. The initial moisture content 42.88%, γd= 0.926 gr / cm ³, S = 65.26 % the minimum swelling strain was 1.68 % and swelling pressure was 34 kPa.
Role of Inspiration in Creating Textile DesignIJERA Editor
In design-making process, Source of inspiration has a vital role, both in defining the characteristics of a new design and in informing the creation of a distinct design. This study was based on the idea to promote creative and original textile designs by using a source of inspiration. The purpose of the study was to create some original and innovative designs for textiles by using natural paintings of William Morris as an inspiration and incorporating modern elements in the design. Several designs were made and three were selected that were innovative and suitable for textile designing. This study marks the significance of a source of inspiration in textile designing.
This manuscript deals with the simulation of AC - DC Zeta converter for high power drive application with greater efficiency, lesser losses and power factor correction. It involves simpler control circuitry with less external components. The explanation of Fundamental function of Zeta converter is given in this paper. To condense the harmonic content the PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic controller are used. The operation of Zeta converter in open loop, closed loop is obtained. Closed loop system of zeta converter proves better performance over open loop system. Open and closed loop circuits are simulated by using MATLAB simulink. By giving disturbance in closed loop and open loop systems, feat of Zeta converter is compared.
Stability and Dynamic Response of Analog and Digital Control loops of Bidire...Springer
This article presents the stability and dynamic
response of open loop and closed loop control of Bidirectional
buck-boost converter(BBC) using PID and PIDN controllers
through transfer function model implemented in MATLAB code.
In order to ensure the stability of switch mode power supplies the
control loop behaviors need to be characterized. Improvement of
stability of BBC using PID/PIDN compensators is demonstrated
in both analog and digital domains by plotting bode plots. Step
response of BBC using PID /PIDN controllers are plotted that
defines the dynamic behavior of the system.PIDN compensator
is proposed to maintain a healthy balance between the stability
and transient behavior since both are indirectly proportional.
This work compacts with the modeling, simulation, and application of a Fractional Order Proportional Integral Differential (FOP-I-D) controlled Cascaded Flyback Switched Mode Power Supply (CFSMPS) system. It recommends Parallel cascaded flyback converter for the production of essential DC voltage from the input supply voltage. The output from CFSMPS is regulated by using closed loop configuration. The simulation of Closed-loop Proportional-Integral (PI) and FOP-I-D controlled CFSMPS system has been done and the results of the systems are related. The outcomes signify that the FOP-I-D based system has presented an enhanced response to represent as similar to the PI controlled CFSMPS system. The FOP-I-D controlled CFSMPS system has benefits like decreased steady-state error and enhanced time-domain response.
A study of voltage regulation in microgrid using a DSTATCOMjournalBEEI
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content. This paper presents the solution of voltage fluctuations in urgent situations by providing voltage and reactive support from a distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) in the grid. Also, it analyses the influences of DSTATCOM as a voltage controller and compares the system performance with and without DSTATCOM. The DSTATCOM is used in the study to maintain voltage in the microgrid (MG) to be around the rated value after Microgrid disturbance. A successful simulink model of the photovoltaic (PV) system and the proposed DSTATCOM are illustrated to work together as the Microgrid. Microgrids could provide unique resilience and reliability when the environment encountered with less water, higher temperatures, more frequent and harsh wildfires, and severe weather events. The proposed DSTATCOM was installed in different locations in the MG and the best location was chosen to achieve the goal of improved power quality and efficiency. In this paper, two scenarios are discussed with and without DSTATCOM. The simulation results show the difference between the MG with and without DSTATCOM and how the DSTATCOM can amplify power quality in the Microgrid. The proposed DSTATCOM has the capability to improve dampen power oscillations during transit events.
Controller Design and Load Frequency Control for Single Area Power System wit...IJERA Editor
The performance of power systems gets worsening due to the presence of sudden load changes, uncertainties of
parameters etc. Therefore the design of load frequency control is very important in the modern power systems.
This paper presents LFC control technique to reject the typical disturbance as well as control the large-scale
system problems. Parameter uncertainty and load disturbance approach has been proposed to LFC design on the
purpose of rejection of typical disturbances. This paper presents the model order reduction technique of Transfer
function of the single area power system by using Routh approximation. The Second-order reduced system
model has proposed instead of full order system to effectively improve the performance of the closed loop
system. This entire approach is simulated in MATLAB environment for a single –area power system. In
addition to this the reduced order power system is converted into digital domain for digital implementation of
load frequency controller.
Utilization of DVR with FLC to Inject Voltage in a Transmission LineIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Relationship with the Degree of Saturation of the Swelling StrainIJERA Editor
Expansive soil in SokooNgawi East Java often gives problems in the building stability. This research aims to study the properties of the soil in the area that mainly related to changes in moisture content in particular the influence of the degree of saturation of the swelling strain. Swelling tests were performed on disturbed soil by means of oedometer at 6.9 kPa overburden pressure. Initial moisture contents used were varied from 15.04% to 42.88%. Swelling strain was measured using overburden pressure 6.9 kPa and swelling pressure obtained from the pressure required to return the sample to the original condition. The test results show that for initial moisture content 15.04 % , γd= 1.471 gr/cm ³,S = 50.70 % the maximum swelling strain were 38.04% and swelling pressure was 2392 kPa. The initial moisture content 42.88%, γd= 0.926 gr / cm ³, S = 65.26 % the minimum swelling strain was 1.68 % and swelling pressure was 34 kPa.
Role of Inspiration in Creating Textile DesignIJERA Editor
In design-making process, Source of inspiration has a vital role, both in defining the characteristics of a new design and in informing the creation of a distinct design. This study was based on the idea to promote creative and original textile designs by using a source of inspiration. The purpose of the study was to create some original and innovative designs for textiles by using natural paintings of William Morris as an inspiration and incorporating modern elements in the design. Several designs were made and three were selected that were innovative and suitable for textile designing. This study marks the significance of a source of inspiration in textile designing.
Digital Current Mode Controller for Buck ConverterIJMREMJournal
Power electronics applications are widely used in different fields of engineering like computer,
Telecommunication, electrical power and Mechanical), one of the most useful power electronics converters is
DC-DC buck converter. Owing to its numerous applications, its performance needs to be improved through a
suitable controller. In this Paper, A digital current mode controller is proposed and implemented for Buck
converter. Proposed current mode control technique is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and results are
validated through hardware implementation. Both simulation and experimental analysis show effectiveness of
the proposed controller.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
This paper deals with PID compensator control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions with the help of a Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS)Logic Circuit. Since the freewheeling diode is replaced by a high frequency switch MOSFET in this buck configuration, the SR control technique itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A newPID compensator control techniqueis introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light load. This is also cost effective and highly efficient simple control method without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator with the help of ZVS logic circuit for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter in MATLAB Simulink.
The main objective of this work is to model and simulate DC to DC Boost Converter using Single Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC) topology using MATLAB/Simulink (MLS). The output voltage is controlled by using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. Four pairs of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is used as the switching device where for each pair, it is located in parallel and opposite direction. Safe commutation technique is performed in preventing voltage spike at the output. Through the simulation, at switching frequency of 25kHz, the model is able to step up its input voltage about two times larger and all of the results achieved a good agreement with the principle of four quadrant operation. It is also realized that without the implementation of safe commutation technique, spikes were generated and the model is unable to boost its input voltage. All of the selected results from the analysis which includes variation of quadrant, switching frequency, duty cycle and resistive load are presented in this paper.
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLABPremier Publishers
Designing a controller for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters is a real challenge owing to nonlinear and time-variant nature of switching power converters. PID con- trollers based on classical control theory is the simplest controller design approach. Nevertheless, the approach is valid only for linear system and hence the converter has to be linearized. The trial and error method of tuning the controller parameters may not give satisfactory results for advanced converters. Hence a systematic software aided controller design is required. This paper presents a systematic approach for controller design of a dc-dc converter using MATLAB. A simple converter like boost converter is taken as an example to illustrate the approach. Small signal modeling of a boost converter is derived theoretically. This is compared with MATLAB generated small signal model and resultant converter transfer functions. The controller design of the linearised converter is done using MATLAB. Finally, the performance of the controller is verified for line and load variations.
Performance comparison of different control strategies for the regulation of ...IJECEIAES
In last years, DC-DC converters solve the most issues in the industrial application in the area of power electronics, especially renewable energy, military applications and affiliated engineering developments. They are used to convert the DC input that unregulated to regulated output perhaps larger or smaller than input according to the type of converters. This paper presents three primary control method used for negative output Super lift Luo DC-DC converter. These methods include a voltage mode control (VMC), current mode control (CMC), and Sliding mode control (SMC). The goal of this article is to study and selected an appropriate and superior control scheme for negative DC-DC converters. The simulation results show the effectiveness of Sliding mode control for enhancing the performance of the negative DC-DC converter. Also, this method can keep the output voltage constant under load conditions. Simulation results obtained by the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Enhanced sliding mode controller performance in DC-DC buck converter using a ...journalBEEI
This paper presents an enhanced sliding mode controller (SMC) operation, chattering analysis and loading conditions of the SMC DC-DC buck converter. Sliding mode portion, chattering attenuation are analyzed by using a conventional and proposed reaching law in buck converter. A proposed tan hyperbolic reaching law (THRL) is originated to be useful in terms of chattering mitigation and fast convergence. The major drawback of the conventional reaching law viz, it bypasses the main portion of the sliding mode portion to ensure fast reaching. It causes more chattering, more time to reach the steady state on the switching surface. The most significant improvement of SMC is that it guarantees strengthening the sliding mode phase. The proposed tan hyperbolic reaching law is being hit here during an exponential adjustment so that the attributes of it, covers complete sliding mode portion, chattering mitigation and fast reaching time. In turn, cause fewer switching loss in the buck converter. Even external disturbances and uncertainty of the system occurs. The loading conditions are applied to proposed tan hyperbolic reaching law and analyzed. Simulation analysis conducted by MATLAB/Simulink.
A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
Input-output linearization of DC-DC converter with discrete sliding mode fuz...IJECEIAES
The major thrust of the paper is on designing a fuzzy logic approach has been combined with a well-known robust technique discrete sliding mode control (DSMC) to develop a new strategy for discrete sliding mode fuzzy control (DSMFC) in direct current (DC-DC) converter. Proposed scheme requires human expertise in the design of the rule base and is inherently stable. It also overcomes the limitation of DSMC, which requires bounds of uncertainty to be known for development of a DSMC control law. The scheme is also applicable to higher order systems unlike model following fuzzy control, where formation of rule base becomes difficult with rise in number of error and error derivative inputs. In this paper the linearization of input-output performance is carried out by the DSMFC algorithm for boost converter. The DSMFC strategy minimizes the chattering problem faced by the DSMC. The simulated performance of a discrete sliding mode fuzzy controller is studied and the results are investigated.
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Based Improvement of Efficiency in Interleaved B...IJPEDS-IAES
The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of Photo Voltaic power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a Boost Converter. Currently, the converter technology overcomes the main problems of manufacturing cost, efficiency and mass production. Issue to limit the life span of a Photo Voltaic inverter is the huge electrolytic capacitor across the Direct Current bus for energy decoupling. This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter which ensures 180 angle phase shift between the two interleaved converters. The Proportional Integral controller is used to reshape that the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the control inputs and also real coded genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of controlling parameters of Proportional Integral controller. The real coded genetic algorithm is applied in the Interleaved Boost Converter with Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for improving the results of efficiency and reduction of ripple current. Simulation results illustrate the improvement of efficiency and the diminution of ripple current.
Small-signal modeling of current-mode controlled modular DC-DC converters us...IJECEIAES
Small-signal models are useful tools to preliminary understand the dynamics of interconnected systems like modular dc-dc converters which find a wide range of industrial applications. This work proposes a state-space-based averaged small-signal model in symbolic form for a peak current-mode controlled parallel-input/parallel-output buck converter operating in the continuous-conduction mode. In modeling the converter power-stage each module is independently represented. For modeling the current-mode control the state-space algebraic approach is used to incorporate the currentmode control-law into the power-stage equations. For each module two parasitic elements in addition to the current-loop sampling action are included in the derivation. Furthermore, the control-to-output voltage transfer functions are presented in symbolic form for two cases of interest: the first when the converter has two non-identical modules to study the effect of inductor mismatch, and the second when the converter is composed of n-connected identical modules to assess the effect of varying the number of modules. All responses from PSIM cycle-by-cycle simulations are in good agreement with the mathematical model predictions up to half the switching frequency.
Almost all electronic components require a DC power supply at present days. The needs of DC power supplies from low voltage scales, medium voltages such as generators, to high voltage scales for high voltage electricity transmission. The improvement of PI controller performances is presented in this paper. The adaptation gains improve transient response of DC-DC Boost Converter several operating conditions. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) rule is applied as an adaptive mechanism to determine the optimal control parameters in some conditions. The used adaptive control technique is Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC), this method as able to control system in some various input voltage. The proposed method has a stable response and able to reach the model reference smoothly. However, the response of the system has instantaneously overshoot and follows the response back of model reference. The responses of proposed controller have short period of rise time, settling time, and overshoot.
Review of the DTC Controller and Estimation of Stator Resistance in IM DrivesIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years an advanced control method called direct torque control
(DTC) has gained importance due to its capability to produce fast torque
control of induction motor. Although in these systems such variables as
torque, flux modulus and flux sector are required, resulting DTC structure is
particularly simplistic. Conventional DTC does not require any mechanical
sensor or current regulator and coordinate transformation is not present, thus
reducing the complexity. Fast and good dynamic performances and
robustness has made DTC popular and is now used widely in all industrial
applications. Despite these advantages it has some disadvantages such as
high torque ripple and slow transient response to step changes during start
up. Torque ripple in DTC is because of hysteresis controller for stator flux
linkage and torque. The ripples can be reduced if the errors of the torque and
the flux linkage and the angular region of the flux linkage are subdivided into
several smaller subsections. Since the errors are divided into smaller sections
different voltage vector is selected for small difference in error, thus a more
accurate voltage vector is selected and hence the torque and flux linkage
errors are reduced. The stator resistance changes due to change in
temperature during the operation of machine. At high speeds, the stator
resistance drop is small and can be neglected. At low speeds, this drop
becomes dominant. Any change in stator resistance gives wrong estimation
of stator flux and consequently of the torque and flux. Therefore, it is
necessary to estimate the stator resistance correctly. This paper aims to
review some of the control techniques of DTC drives and stator resistance
estimation methods.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Digital Voltage Control of DC-DC Boost Converter
1. T. M. Swathy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.62-65
www.ijera.com 62 | P a g e
Digital Voltage Control of DC-DC Boost Converter
T. M. Swathy*, Arun Kumar Wadhwani**
*Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, MITS, Gwalior
** Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, MITS, Gwalior
ABSTRACT
The need for digital control for faster communication between power stage module & system controllers is
increased with requirement of load complexity. The requirements also include stability of power module with the
parametric variation. This paper presents a digital control of a dc-dc boost converter under nominal parameter
conditions. The system controller has been verified in both frequency response as well as MATLAB-Simulink
under nominal & parametric varying condition. The modeling of converter has been illustrated using state-space
averaging technique. Direct digital design method is equipped to design the controller in frequency response to
yield constant load voltage. The characteristic of load voltage before & after parametric variation is shown.
Keywords – DC-DC Converter, Small-Signal modeling, Digital Direct Design approach
I. INTRODUCTION
With the necessity of higher efficiencies,
smaller output ripple and smaller converter size for
modern power electronic systems conventional
voltage regulator could be replaced by Switch Mode
Power Supplies. Based on the requirement of the
design, SMPS have reduced component, smaller size,
lower cost, higher efficiency, higher reliability lower
switching stress, wide conversion range, power factor
correction, output voltage regulation and better
performance. Due to these features the trend of
SMPS has proliferated in various areas. Some of
these areas that employ SMPS are personal
computers, battery chargers, space stations, critical
medical equipments etc. The SMPS employ high
switching frequency dc-dc converter and the
improvement in these circuit are nowadays in
progress for the following reasons: 1) to improve
performance; 2) to attain better reliability and 3) to
increase the power density [1]-[3]. These
developments are made in such a manner that they
meet the requirements of fast dynamic response and
low EMI.
Conventionally power electronic converters have
been controlled using analog controller technology.
Analog controlling techniques were prevalent due to
their ease of implementation and lower cost. In spite
of this, they are sensitive to external influences such
as noise, temperature and aging [4]. Besides,
execution of advanced control in analog circuit is
problematic. Earlier the price and performance
aspects of analog controllers were popular, but this
ratio for digital signal processors has descended and
digital controlling technique turned out more popular.
Certain limitations of analog controller seized by
digital controller and it offers some advantages such
as faster design process, offers facility to integrate
with other digital system, consume low power than
analog controller, low sensitive to external influence,
get better performance, less effective to
environmental variations, better noise immunity,
improves system reliability and has flexibility to
make the modifications so as to reach the desired
needs [5]-[6]. As in current years, the enhancement in
microprocessor or in digital signal processors the
application of digital controller for high frequency
converters are developing interest.
As the area of application of SMPS requires
constant regulation of load voltage even for the
variation of load and source voltage and this is now a
complicated task for power supply design engineers.
In past years, the power stage of the converter
has been modeled using conventional and developed
modeling methods. The controller has to be
developed in order to attain desired performance
characteristics. But due to parametric variation the
system become unstable for some operating
conditions. Hence there appear the requirements of
the controller that will control the switching of the
converter due to which it regulate the constant load
voltage even for any change in load, source or other
parametric variations.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
FORMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER
The circuit diagram of a dc-dc boost converter
is shown in Fig.1. Here it is assumed that the
converter is operating in CCM and in one switching
cycle it exhibits two modes of operation which
depends on the switch „ON‟ and „OFF‟ time. In mode
I the switch is ON the inductor current rises and the
diode becomes reverse biased at o<t<DTs. In mode II
the switch is turned OFF and the diode becomes
forward biased at DTs<t<Ts, where „D‟ is the duty
ratio of the switch. For the performance analysis of
the converter it requires steady-state and small-signal
models. By using time domain analysis steady-state
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. T. M. Swathy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.62-65
www.ijera.com 63 | P a g e
models can easily be formulated, whereas small-
signal models can be determined using state-space
methods [7].
Vg
Vo
L
C
R
rl
rc
(a)
Vg
Vo
L
C R
rc
rl
(b)
Vg
Vo
L
C
rc
rl
R
(c)
Fig.1. Boost converter and its operating modes. (a)
Boost converter circuit diagram. (b) Mode-I
operation. (c) Mode-II operation.
2.1 Steady- State Analysis
In this section, the following assumptions are
considered to determine the steady-state analysis of
the converter: an ideal switch, a constant
instantaneous input voltage Vg, and a purely resistive
load. By making the use of Kirchoff‟s voltage and
current laws, steady-state relationships among
different voltages and currents can be obtained. The
voltage gain of the converter obtained:
DV
V
g
o
1
1 (1)
2.2 State-space Modeling
State-space modeling is well created in the
switch-mode power conversion systems. The
following analysis is done to obtain a small-signal
transfer function. In a continuous-conduction mode,
there are two states: one state relates to when the
switch is on and the other when the switch is off.
During each circuit state, the state equations are
given by:
[ẋ] = uBxA (2)
xEy (3)
Where [A]-state matrix,[B] -input matrix,[E] -
output matrix and,[x] -state vector,[y] -output
vector,[u] -excitation vector.
)(/10
0/
1
RrC
Lr
A
C
L
)(/1)(/
)(/)(/)/(
2
RrCRrCR
RrLRRrLRrLr
A
cc
cccL
T
LB 0/11 T
LB 0/12
)/(01 CrRRE
)/()1/(2 RrRRrrE ccc
gvu
III. ATTRIBUTES FOR COMPENSATOR
DESIGN
After the power stage transfer function are
developed, then the digital controller can easily be to
attain a desired characteristics. Two approaches can
be used in the design of digital compensator. One is
digital redesign approach and second one is digital
direct design approach. In direct redesign method the
compensator is first designed in s-domain then the
continuous domain compensator is converted into
discrete-time compensator by proper conversion
technique. In digital direct design approach the
compensator is designed directly in discrete-time
domain by including time delay. This method has the
advantage that pole-zero of the compensator are
placed directly which results in better phase margin
and bandwidth of the converter. In this paper the
digital direct design approach has been implemented
to develop a compensator for the converter. In
digitally controlled converter system the loop gain is
expressed by L(z)=Gc(z)Gvd(z), where Gc(z) is a
digital controller. The closed loop of the converter is
shown in Fig. 2. The foremost steps that are effective
at the design stage are as follows: 1) to achieve better
speed response higher the bandwidths, however the
loop gain lies in the range of fs/10<fc<fs/5; 2) to
achieve higher low-frequency gain pole needs to be
placed at origin; 3) the phase margin of open loop
transfer function must be in the range of 45º-75º. 4)
Gain margin of open loop transfer function should be
at least 6dB [7]. These guidelines have to use while
controller design to attain desired characteristics.
Depending on the nature of the transfer function of
converter fine tuning of compensator is needed. The
loop-gain of the closed loop system, including
compensator is in the form is shown in equation (4)
and (5) respectively.
T
cL vix
3. T. M. Swathy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.62-65
www.ijera.com 64 | P a g e
01
2
2
3
3
01
2
2
3
3
bzbzbzb
azazaza
L
(4)
)1(
)(
)(
z
azk
zGC
(5)
Fig.2. Block diagram of closed loop of the converter
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A dc-dc boost converter with 50 kHz switching
frequency is considered. The converter has been
developed in MATLAB- Simulink platform to
endorse the digital control of the converter at 28V,
30W load. The components values of the converter
are listed in Table I. The modeling and steady state
analysis are discussed in section II. Fig.3 shows the
frequency response bode plot of small-signal transfer
function of the converter, loop gain and compensator.
It has been observed from the plot that the
compensator which has been developed yield high
gain at low frequency for open loop transfer function.
Hence this will reduce the steady state error in the
power supply output. The frequency response bode
plot of small signal transfer function of converter and
loop gain under parametric variation is shown in
Fig.4.
TABLE I
CONVERTER PARAMETERS
Parameters Value
Vg 12V
Vo 28V
R 26Ω±50%
L, rL 63.72µH,0.08Ω
C, rC 250µF,0.03Ω
fs 50kHz
-20
0
20
40
60
Magnitude(dB)
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
-225
-180
-135
-90
-45
0
Phase(deg)
Frequency (Hz)
Gvdz
Gc
L
Fig.3. Frequency response bode plot of
Gvd(z),controller and loop gain transfer function of
the system
The controller designed for the converter is:
)1(
)( 1
z
zz
KGC
(6)
The pole-zero placement of the controller
depends on the required stability margins, the noise
attenuation amount. The phase margin and gain
margin attained for open loop transfer function are
51.6º and 12dB respectively. For practical
consideration, source voltage and load variations
have been considered. It is assumed that a constant
source voltage is regulated but due to some faults
fluctuations may be possible up to 30% around the
nominal value (disturbance in source voltage Vg
:9→12 V); similarly, the relative load variation is
around 50% of the nominal value (disturbance of
load resistance R : 26→52 Ω). The simulated result
of the system under detailed parameter range:±30%
source voltage variation and 50% load variation is
shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6 respectively.
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Magnitude(dB)
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
-225
-180
-135
-90
-45
0
Phase(deg)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig.4.Frequency response bode plot of loop gain
transfer function of the system under parametric
variation
Vg iload
Load
variation
Input
variation
Vref
Gc(z) Gvd(z)
Gvg(z) Zo(z)
d
Error
signal
+
-
+
-
-
+
noise
L(z)
Converter model
4. T. M. Swathy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -1) May 2015, pp.62-65
www.ijera.com 65 | P a g e
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
22
24
26
28
30
32
Time
Vo
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
x 10
-16
Time
Io
1.1 1.1001
28
28.2
0.7 0.7001
28
28.2
Fig.5. Simulated result of the converter load voltage
and current under source voltage variation from 12V-
9V
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
26
27
28
29
30
time
Vo
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 10
-16
Time
Io
1.1 1.1001 1.1002
28
28.2
0.7 0.7001
28
Ro=26 ohm Ro=52 ohm
Fig.6.Simulated result of converter load voltage and
current under load variation from 26Ω-52Ω
V. CONCLUSION
A dc-dc second order boost converter has been
digitally controlled to supply regulated 28V, 30W dc
load. The power stage of the power supply is
designed to operate in 50 KHz switching frequency.
To analyze the frequency response of the converter a
small-signal model is being formulated using state
space averaging technique. In this paper he controller
is developed using digital direct design approach with
the help of frequency response of the power stage.
The digital direct design approach has the advantage
of direct placement of pole zero which results in
better bandwidth and phase margin of the converter.
The SMPS design is being simulated in MATLAB to
show that it generates regulated desired output
voltage with the ±30% in source voltage variation
and ±50% load variation.
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[1] B.Alexrod, Y.Berkovich and A.Ioinovici,
”Switched-Capacitor(SC) switched
inductor(SI) structures for getting
hybrid step-down Cuk/ Zeta/Sepic
converters” in Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 2006, pp.
5063–5066
[2] B.Alexrod, Y.Berkovich and A.Ioinovici,“
Hybid Switched-capacitor Cuk/Zeta/Sepic in
step-up mode” in Proc. IEEE Int.Sym.
Circuits and Systems, 2005, pp. 1310–1313.
[3] B.Alexrod, Y. Berkovich and A.Ioinovici,“
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structures for getting transformerless hybrid
dc–dc PWM converters” IEEE Trans.
Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 2,
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[4] J.-J.Lee and B.-H.Kwon, “DC-DC converter
using multiple-coupled inductor for low
output voltages,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol.54,no.1, pp.467-478,
Feb.2007.
[5] Shamim Choudury, “Digital Control Design
and Implementation of a DSP Based High
Frequency DC-DC switching Power
converter”, Texas Instrument. Inc.
[6] Yan-FeiLiu, P.C.Sen, “Digital Control of
Switching Power Converters,” 2005 IEEE
Conference on Control Applications,
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