This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
In present days of electrical industries, adjustable speed controlled induction
motor drives are very common due to its versatile features. For the speed control of induction
motor, variable frequency sources are the heart of such drives. To attain variable frequency
and variable voltage supply a power electronics device; single phase matrix converter is
proposed.
In this paper, the single phase matrix converter is modeled in MATLAB Simulink
environment; controlled with sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique, control scheme is
implemented in a Xilinx system generator environment and interfaced with power circuit in
MATLAB Simulink. Analyses this SPMC with different type of loads in both frequency step
up and step down modes. Based on simulation results, this converter is suitable for variable
frequency power supplies, varying load conditions and variable speed electrical drives.
FPGA control is best suitable for controlling a circuit like SPMC, consists of more
controlled elements to attain fast operation.
Guiding Principles in Selecting AC To DC Converters For Power Factor Correcti...IJERA Editor
The ac to dc converters’ power factors correction in ac transmission system were investigated. The studies include: phase-controlled converter; pulse width modulated (PWM) converter and ac input current shaped converter. Using Fourier series, power factors of these converters were calculated and simulated using MATLAB. The resulting curves are displayed in the hard copies for practical guides in the choice of converters; and comparatively, current shaped type is the best.
A Modern Technique of Deduction in Leakage Current in Resonant Bi-directional...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual active bridge ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new closed loop hybrid phase shift control is proposed for dual active bridge (DAB) converter with variable input voltage. The extended phase shift (EPS) control is applied when load gets heavy enough and the secondary side phase shift angle decreases to zero. When this modified DAB converter operates at light loads, the triple phase shift (TPS) modulation method is applied, and the added control freedom is the secondary phase shift angle between the two-secondary side switching legs. The hybrid phase shift control (HPS) scheme is a combination of EPS and TPS modulations, and it provides a very simple closed form implementation for the primary and secondary side phase shift angles. Depending on the application by changing the phase shift angles we can achieve Buck or Boost operation. A characteristic table feedback control method has been used for closed loop operation. By using 1D look up table the proposed DAB converter provides constant 400V for any given input voltage.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
In present days of electrical industries, adjustable speed controlled induction
motor drives are very common due to its versatile features. For the speed control of induction
motor, variable frequency sources are the heart of such drives. To attain variable frequency
and variable voltage supply a power electronics device; single phase matrix converter is
proposed.
In this paper, the single phase matrix converter is modeled in MATLAB Simulink
environment; controlled with sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique, control scheme is
implemented in a Xilinx system generator environment and interfaced with power circuit in
MATLAB Simulink. Analyses this SPMC with different type of loads in both frequency step
up and step down modes. Based on simulation results, this converter is suitable for variable
frequency power supplies, varying load conditions and variable speed electrical drives.
FPGA control is best suitable for controlling a circuit like SPMC, consists of more
controlled elements to attain fast operation.
Guiding Principles in Selecting AC To DC Converters For Power Factor Correcti...IJERA Editor
The ac to dc converters’ power factors correction in ac transmission system were investigated. The studies include: phase-controlled converter; pulse width modulated (PWM) converter and ac input current shaped converter. Using Fourier series, power factors of these converters were calculated and simulated using MATLAB. The resulting curves are displayed in the hard copies for practical guides in the choice of converters; and comparatively, current shaped type is the best.
A Modern Technique of Deduction in Leakage Current in Resonant Bi-directional...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual active bridge ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new closed loop hybrid phase shift control is proposed for dual active bridge (DAB) converter with variable input voltage. The extended phase shift (EPS) control is applied when load gets heavy enough and the secondary side phase shift angle decreases to zero. When this modified DAB converter operates at light loads, the triple phase shift (TPS) modulation method is applied, and the added control freedom is the secondary phase shift angle between the two-secondary side switching legs. The hybrid phase shift control (HPS) scheme is a combination of EPS and TPS modulations, and it provides a very simple closed form implementation for the primary and secondary side phase shift angles. Depending on the application by changing the phase shift angles we can achieve Buck or Boost operation. A characteristic table feedback control method has been used for closed loop operation. By using 1D look up table the proposed DAB converter provides constant 400V for any given input voltage.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
Five control algorithms are presented in this paper for STATCOM that meets the requirement of load reactive power and correspondingly voltage balancing of isolated dc capacitors for H-bridges. The control techniques used for an inverter in this paper are Sinusoidal Phase Shifted Carrier (SPSC) PWM, Sinusoidal Phase Disposition (SPD) PWM Third Harmonic Injected Phase Shifted Carrier (THIPSC) PWM, Space Vector Phase Shifted Carrier (SVPSC) PWM, and Space Vector Phase Disposition (SVPD) PWM techniques. The STATCOM performance for the different load changes is simulated in MATLAB environment. The performance parameters such as balancing the DC link voltage, THD for the STATCOM output currents, voltages, and reactive components supplied by the STATCOM to the load are compared for all the control strategies.
A Novel High Gain SEPIC Converter with the Tapped Inductor Model Operating in...IJPEDS-IAES
Power factor correction (PFC) has become one of the most active research
areas in the field of power electronics due to the surplus power required for
various industrial applications around the world. In this work, a novel SEPIC
converter with the tapped inductor model operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (TI-SEPIC- DCM) is proposed for PFC. The proposed TISEPIC-
DCM improves the voltage gain through voltage multiplier cell and
charge pump circuit. The voltage multiplier cell also helps in attaining the
zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS), which
results in higher switching frequency and size reduction. Moreover, a third
order harmonic reduction control loop has been proposed for better harmonic
mitigation. The proposed work has been simulated in MATLAB and the
results are obtained to validate the significance of the proposed TI-SEPICDCM
with near unity power factor and reduced harmonics.
A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
Analysis of Variable MLI Based BLDC Motor Drive with PFC for Reduced Torque R...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a power factor corrected (PFC) bridgeless (BL) buck–boost converter-fed brushless direct
current (BLDC) motor drive as a cost-effective solution for low-power applications. An approach of speed
control of the BLDC motor by controlling the dc link voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI) is used with a
single voltage sensor. This facilitates the operation of VSI at fundamental frequency switching by using the
electronic commutation of the BLDC motor which offers reduced switching losses. A BL configuration of the
buck–boost converter is proposed which offers the elimination of the diode bridge rectifier, thus reducing the
conduction losses associated with it. A PFC BL buck–boost converter is designed to operate in discontinuous
inductor current mode (DICM) to provide an inherent PFC at ac mains. The performance of the proposed drive
is evaluated over a wide range of speed control and varying supply voltages (universal ac mains at 90–265 V)
with improved power quality at ac mains. The obtained power quality indices are within the acceptable limits of
international power quality standards such as the IEC 61000-3-2. The performance of the proposed drive is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the obtained results are validated experimentally on a
developed prototype of the drive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
This paper deals with PID compensator control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions with the help of a Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS)Logic Circuit. Since the freewheeling diode is replaced by a high frequency switch MOSFET in this buck configuration, the SR control technique itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A newPID compensator control techniqueis introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light load. This is also cost effective and highly efficient simple control method without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator with the help of ZVS logic circuit for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter in MATLAB Simulink.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with ...journalBEEI
Voltage regulator modules (VRM) need to have low output voltage ripple and tight efficiency to power advanced microprocessors. This paper explains a phase shedding technique to enhance efficiency and its impact on output voltage ripple. In this study, analysis was done on a 4-phase buck converter which is having an input voltage of 45-65 V and delivers an output of 9 V, 12A with a switching frequency of 200Khz. The phase shedding control scheme is suitable for applications such as power sources for programmable logic controllers, which is a part of SCADA systems, which requires a low voltage and high current power supply. Working of a multiphase buck converter with phase shedding is modelled and verified using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show the effect of the phase shedding technique on efficiency in varying load conditions and the effect of an increase of the voltage ripple at the output.
This paper presents an analysis of virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique for the three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) ac-dc converter. The proposed VFDPC is developed by assuming the grid voltage and converter line filters quantities are related to a virtual three-phase ac motor. The controller works with less number of sensors by eliminating the voltage sensors used for measuring the three-phase grid voltage. The grid virtual flux which is proportional to the grid voltage will be estimated from the information of converter switching states, line current, and dc-link output voltage. Several analyses are performed in order to study the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations. The proportional integral (PI) controller at the outer voltage control loop of VFDPC is tuned properly and the entire PWM ac-dc converter system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure the dc output voltage follow the desired output voltage under steady state and dynamic conditions. Ac-dc converter utilizing the proposed VFDPC is able to generate three-phase input current waveforms that are almost sinusoidal with low harmonics contents which is less than 5% and near unity power factor (pf) operation.
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Based Improvement of Efficiency in Interleaved B...IJPEDS-IAES
The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of Photo Voltaic power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a Boost Converter. Currently, the converter technology overcomes the main problems of manufacturing cost, efficiency and mass production. Issue to limit the life span of a Photo Voltaic inverter is the huge electrolytic capacitor across the Direct Current bus for energy decoupling. This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter which ensures 180 angle phase shift between the two interleaved converters. The Proportional Integral controller is used to reshape that the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the control inputs and also real coded genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of controlling parameters of Proportional Integral controller. The real coded genetic algorithm is applied in the Interleaved Boost Converter with Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for improving the results of efficiency and reduction of ripple current. Simulation results illustrate the improvement of efficiency and the diminution of ripple current.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
Five control algorithms are presented in this paper for STATCOM that meets the requirement of load reactive power and correspondingly voltage balancing of isolated dc capacitors for H-bridges. The control techniques used for an inverter in this paper are Sinusoidal Phase Shifted Carrier (SPSC) PWM, Sinusoidal Phase Disposition (SPD) PWM Third Harmonic Injected Phase Shifted Carrier (THIPSC) PWM, Space Vector Phase Shifted Carrier (SVPSC) PWM, and Space Vector Phase Disposition (SVPD) PWM techniques. The STATCOM performance for the different load changes is simulated in MATLAB environment. The performance parameters such as balancing the DC link voltage, THD for the STATCOM output currents, voltages, and reactive components supplied by the STATCOM to the load are compared for all the control strategies.
A Novel High Gain SEPIC Converter with the Tapped Inductor Model Operating in...IJPEDS-IAES
Power factor correction (PFC) has become one of the most active research
areas in the field of power electronics due to the surplus power required for
various industrial applications around the world. In this work, a novel SEPIC
converter with the tapped inductor model operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (TI-SEPIC- DCM) is proposed for PFC. The proposed TISEPIC-
DCM improves the voltage gain through voltage multiplier cell and
charge pump circuit. The voltage multiplier cell also helps in attaining the
zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS), which
results in higher switching frequency and size reduction. Moreover, a third
order harmonic reduction control loop has been proposed for better harmonic
mitigation. The proposed work has been simulated in MATLAB and the
results are obtained to validate the significance of the proposed TI-SEPICDCM
with near unity power factor and reduced harmonics.
A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
Analysis of Variable MLI Based BLDC Motor Drive with PFC for Reduced Torque R...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a power factor corrected (PFC) bridgeless (BL) buck–boost converter-fed brushless direct
current (BLDC) motor drive as a cost-effective solution for low-power applications. An approach of speed
control of the BLDC motor by controlling the dc link voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI) is used with a
single voltage sensor. This facilitates the operation of VSI at fundamental frequency switching by using the
electronic commutation of the BLDC motor which offers reduced switching losses. A BL configuration of the
buck–boost converter is proposed which offers the elimination of the diode bridge rectifier, thus reducing the
conduction losses associated with it. A PFC BL buck–boost converter is designed to operate in discontinuous
inductor current mode (DICM) to provide an inherent PFC at ac mains. The performance of the proposed drive
is evaluated over a wide range of speed control and varying supply voltages (universal ac mains at 90–265 V)
with improved power quality at ac mains. The obtained power quality indices are within the acceptable limits of
international power quality standards such as the IEC 61000-3-2. The performance of the proposed drive is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the obtained results are validated experimentally on a
developed prototype of the drive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
This paper deals with PID compensator control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions with the help of a Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS)Logic Circuit. Since the freewheeling diode is replaced by a high frequency switch MOSFET in this buck configuration, the SR control technique itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A newPID compensator control techniqueis introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light load. This is also cost effective and highly efficient simple control method without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator with the help of ZVS logic circuit for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter in MATLAB Simulink.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with ...journalBEEI
Voltage regulator modules (VRM) need to have low output voltage ripple and tight efficiency to power advanced microprocessors. This paper explains a phase shedding technique to enhance efficiency and its impact on output voltage ripple. In this study, analysis was done on a 4-phase buck converter which is having an input voltage of 45-65 V and delivers an output of 9 V, 12A with a switching frequency of 200Khz. The phase shedding control scheme is suitable for applications such as power sources for programmable logic controllers, which is a part of SCADA systems, which requires a low voltage and high current power supply. Working of a multiphase buck converter with phase shedding is modelled and verified using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show the effect of the phase shedding technique on efficiency in varying load conditions and the effect of an increase of the voltage ripple at the output.
This paper presents an analysis of virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique for the three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) ac-dc converter. The proposed VFDPC is developed by assuming the grid voltage and converter line filters quantities are related to a virtual three-phase ac motor. The controller works with less number of sensors by eliminating the voltage sensors used for measuring the three-phase grid voltage. The grid virtual flux which is proportional to the grid voltage will be estimated from the information of converter switching states, line current, and dc-link output voltage. Several analyses are performed in order to study the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations. The proportional integral (PI) controller at the outer voltage control loop of VFDPC is tuned properly and the entire PWM ac-dc converter system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure the dc output voltage follow the desired output voltage under steady state and dynamic conditions. Ac-dc converter utilizing the proposed VFDPC is able to generate three-phase input current waveforms that are almost sinusoidal with low harmonics contents which is less than 5% and near unity power factor (pf) operation.
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Based Improvement of Efficiency in Interleaved B...IJPEDS-IAES
The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of Photo Voltaic power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a Boost Converter. Currently, the converter technology overcomes the main problems of manufacturing cost, efficiency and mass production. Issue to limit the life span of a Photo Voltaic inverter is the huge electrolytic capacitor across the Direct Current bus for energy decoupling. This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter which ensures 180 angle phase shift between the two interleaved converters. The Proportional Integral controller is used to reshape that the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the control inputs and also real coded genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of controlling parameters of Proportional Integral controller. The real coded genetic algorithm is applied in the Interleaved Boost Converter with Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for improving the results of efficiency and reduction of ripple current. Simulation results illustrate the improvement of efficiency and the diminution of ripple current.
STATCOM is one of the shunt type FACTS controllers which can supply reactive power and improve bus voltage. STATCOM, a controlling device used on alternating current transmission networks, has advantages like transient free switching and smooth variation of reactive power. This paper proposes a cascaded multilevel inverter type DSTATCOM and DVR to compensate voltage sag in utilities in power distribution network. The proposed DSTATCOM is implemented using multilevel topology with isolated dc energy storage and reduced number of switches. A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM implant a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption. The phase shifter PWM technique is described to generate firing pulse to cascaded inverter. The proposed neuro-fuzzy controller follow itself to the sag and provides effective means of mitigation. The voltage sag with the minimum harmonic at the efficacy end. The proposed technique is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.
Digital Voltage Control of DC-DC Boost ConverterIJERA Editor
The need for digital control for faster communication between power stage module & system controllers is increased with requirement of load complexity. The requirements also include stability of power module with the parametric variation. This paper presents a digital control of a dc-dc boost converter under nominal parameter conditions. The system controller has been verified in both frequency response as well as MATLAB-Simulink under nominal & parametric varying condition. The modeling of converter has been illustrated using state-space averaging technique. Direct digital design method is equipped to design the controller in frequency response to yield constant load voltage. The characteristic of load voltage before & after parametric variation is shown.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents the design and operation of three-stage buck-boost converter with high gain soft switching using closed loop proportional integral (PI) controller. The proposed converter is designed by arranging three identical buck-boost converters working in parallel. The converter units are connected to each other by an inductor as a bridge. This inductor plays a vital role in soft switching operation of converter by maintaining the voltage applied to switches at zero voltage at switching intervals, i.e., the zero-voltage switching (ZVS). The closed-loop system is designed by PI controller, and it maintains the output constant irrespective of changes in input, and the system becomes stable. The proposed converter is efficient in reducing switching losses, leading to improved converter efficiency. Due to parallel operation of three identical converters, the output voltage and input current contain fewer ripples than those of a single converter with same specifications. Proposed converter is more economical and reliable with simpler structure as it utilizes only two inductors as extra elements. The design and analysis of proposed circuit has been carried out in MATLAB Simulink by operating the circuit in various modes.
Design and implementation of a series switching SPSI for PV cell to use in ca...journalBEEI
A carrier-based grid synchronous method is proposed to develop the system efficiency, phase and power quality of the inverter output waves. The operating principle of a single-phase phase synchronous inverter (SPSI) is introduced, with proper synchronous paid to the switching-frequency synchronizing voltage made by the interleaved process, as well as actual mitigation approaches. In the construction of the SPSI, input and output filters are electrically coupled with the two sides of an inverter. The inverter power electronic switches and other electrical components are operated by carrier-based grid synchronous controller (CBGSC) with PWM regulator. The SPSI is designed and implemented with the Toshiba 40WR21 IGBT, Digital Microcontroller pulse controller (DMPC) and 4N35 Optocoupler with a fundamental frequency of 50Hz. The other parameters are considered as load resistance, =11Ω, duty cycle, 85%, carrier frequency, 2.5kHz and input DC voltage, ± 340V. In addition, LCL lowpass grid filters are used to convert squire wave to sine wave with required phase and frequency. Finally, the simulated and experimental results obtained with a carrier-based grid synchronous SPSI experimental prototype are exposed for justification, showing the phase error of 55% improvement, reduced 11% of THD and the conversion efficiency of 97.02% highly predicted by the proposed design technique to improve the microgrid system.
Analysis of a Single Stage Three Level Converter for a Wind Driven Self Excit...idescitation
In this project work, a three phase single stage three level Converter is
implemented for a wind energy conversion system. The proposed system is designed for a
three phase wind driven Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). The SEIG output is
rectified with zero-dead band condition and the output of the converter is continuous. The
three level converter is designed and the performance characteristics are studied. The three
level converter is operated at a switching frequency of 50kHz to obtain a constant three level
output. The proposed model has been simulated in MATALAB Simulink. The hardware
prototype model is developed for a lower power rating and the results are compared.
A Positive Buck Boost Converter with Mode Select Circuit and Feed Forward Tec...IJERA Editor
The portable devices development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, conversion efficiency, power
consumption, and the size of devices have become the most important design criteria of switching power
converters. For portable applications better conveniences extension of battery life and improves the conversion
efficiency of power converters .It is essential to develop accurate switching power converters, which can reduce
more wasted power energy. The proposed topology can achieve faster transient responses when the supply
voltages are changed for the converter by making use of the feed forward network .With mode select circuit the
conduction & switching losses are reduced the positive buck–boost converter operate in buck, buck–boost, or
boost converter. By adding feed-forward techniques, the proposed converter can improve transient response
when the supply voltages are changed. The designing, modeling & experimental results were verified in
MATLAB/ Simulink. The fuzzy logic controller is used as controller.
Closed Loop Analysis of Bridgeless SEPIC Converter for Drive ApplicationIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper closed loop analysis of Single phase AC-DC Bridgeless Single
Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) for Power Factor Correction
(PFC) rectifier is analyzed. In this topology the absence of an input diode
bridge and the due to presence of two semiconductor switches in the current
flowing path during each switching cycle which will results in lesser
conduction losses and improved thermal management compared to the
conventional converters. In this paper the operational principles, Frequency
analysis, and design equations of the proposed converter are described in
detail. Performance of the proposed SEPIC PFC rectifier is carried out using
Matlab Simulink software and results are presented.
This paper proposes a new voltage frequency converter (VFC) that converts both voltage and frequency to the required level of voltage and frequency in low voltage networks used in various countries. The proposed converter could be used as a universal power supply for sensitive AC loads. The converter is composed of, input voltage and frequency detection circuitry, full bridge boost rectifier and a DC to AC inverter. In addition, to improve the feasibility and performance of the converter, synchronous reference based PI (SRFPI) controller is adopted, where the system behaves similar to a DC-DC converter. The parameter selection of PI controller is done using a recent optimisation technique called Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA). The simulation of VFC is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results shows that LSA based PI controller provides better output voltage regulation with respect to the reference value under various load and input conditions.
This work compacts with the modeling, simulation, and application of a Fractional Order Proportional Integral Differential (FOP-I-D) controlled Cascaded Flyback Switched Mode Power Supply (CFSMPS) system. It recommends Parallel cascaded flyback converter for the production of essential DC voltage from the input supply voltage. The output from CFSMPS is regulated by using closed loop configuration. The simulation of Closed-loop Proportional-Integral (PI) and FOP-I-D controlled CFSMPS system has been done and the results of the systems are related. The outcomes signify that the FOP-I-D based system has presented an enhanced response to represent as similar to the PI controlled CFSMPS system. The FOP-I-D controlled CFSMPS system has benefits like decreased steady-state error and enhanced time-domain response.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Simulation Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller for DC-DC Cuk Conve...IJMREMJournal
Due to compact size and fast dynamic response DC-DC converters are used to a great extent. DC-DC Cuk converter has switching transients which leads to switching losses and harmonics generation. With a linear controller like Proportional integral derivative (PID), the transients and oscillations under supply and load variations cannot be controlled. So, it becomes necessary to use a nonlinear controller to make transient performance of the converter stable increase its efficiency. A great advantage of this controller includes, it’s based on large signal model of DC to DC converters hence its stability is not bounded by the size of the interpretations around the working point. In this research work, simulation model of cuk converter with sliding mode controller is developed and tested using MATLAB SIMULINK. Effectiveness of proposed sliding mode controller for cuk converter is proved from simulation results.
Design and Simulation Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller for DC-DC Cuk Conve...IJMREMJournal
Due to compact size and fast dynamic response DC-DC converters are used to a great extent. DC-DC Cuk
converter has switching transients which leads to switching losses and harmonics generation. With a linear
controller like Proportional integral derivative (PID), the transients and oscillations under supply and load
variations cannot be controlled. So, it becomes necessary to use a nonlinear controller to make transient
performance of the converter stable increase its efficiency. A great advantage of this controller includes, it’s
based on large signal model of DC to DC converters hence its stability is not bounded by the size of the
interpretations around the working point. In this research work, simulation model of cuk converter with sliding
mode controller is developed and tested using MATLAB SIMULINK. Effectiveness of proposed sliding mode
controller for cuk converter is proved from simulation results.
Similar to Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck Converter (20)
42 30 nA Comparative Study of Power Semiconductor Devices for Industrial PWM ...IAES-IJPEDS
The growing demand of energy translates into efficiency requirements of
energy conversion systems and electric drives. Both these systems are based
on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Inverter. In this paper we firstly present
the state of art of the main types of semiconductors devices for Industrial
PWM Inverter. In particular we examine the last generations of Silicon
Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
and we present a comparison between these devices, obtained by SPICE
simulations, both for static characteristics at different temperatures and for
dynamic ones at different gate resistance, in order to identify the one which
makes the PWM inverter more efficient.
Modeling and State Feedback Controller Design of Tubular Linear Permanent Mag...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper a state feedback controller for tubular linear permanent magnet
synchronous motor (TLPMSM) containing two gas springs, is presented.
The proposed TLPMSM controller is used to control reciprocating motions
of TLPMSM. The analytical plant model of TLPMSM is a multi-input
multi-output (MIMO) system which is decoupled to some sub single-input
single-output (SISO) systems, then, the sub SISO systems are converted to
sub-state space models. Indeed, the TLPMSM state space model is decoupled
to some sub-state spaces, and then, the gains of state feedback are calculated
by linear quadratic regulation (LQR) method for each sub-state space
separately. The controller decreases the distortions of the waveforms.
The simulation results indicate the validity of the controller.
Analysis of Harmonics and Ripple Current in Multi-Module Converters with Incr...IAES-IJPEDS
Controlled rectifiers are considered as the most important hardware part in
the field of HVDC systems in transmission lines and can be used for a
number of power electronics based system operation, control and utility
applications. In this paper, a brief design of a 12-pulse, 24-pulse, 36-pulse
and a 48-pulse converter connected to the grid is presented along with the
harmonic and ripple current analysis with its comparison statistics and thus
providing a justification for the suitable ones. The performance of the
12, 24, 36 and 48-pulse converters are compared for their effectiveness in
both quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Further, comparison of the
48-pulse converter on its THD and current ripple which is connected towards
the grid with simple pulse width modulation technique is also proposed. It
combines all features of the low switching concepts and DC current reinjection
techniques. Some basic topological explanation of the controlled
rectifiers and simulation results using MATLAB are also presented in this
paper in order to justify the harmonic analysis. The simulation results along
with the quantitative results shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme
for the cancelation or the elimination of the harmonics result in maximum
harmonic mitigation, for high power utility applications, the 48-pulse
converter is most fitting to improve the conversion efficiency, low di/dt
and dv/dt and active and reactive power controllability.
Comparative Study of Various Adjustable Speed Drives during Voltage SagIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper compares the sensitivity of various adjustable speed drives to
voltage sag for the process control applications. Three phase voltage sag of
type B caused due to SLG fault is considered and four topologies of ASD’s
are compared in this paper. The comparison is done especially in speed,
voltage, current and torque of the ASDs. Diode rectifier without z source
inverter, diode rectifier with z source inverter, single phase two leg Vienna
rectifier and single phase neutral linked Vienna with z source inverter are
compared and the best one is highlighted. The circuits of various ASD’s are
simulated using Matlab /Simulink.
Modified Distribution Transformer for Enhancing Power Quality in Distribution...IAES-IJPEDS
The percentage of non-linear loads in the power distribution sector is increasing
day by day. Harmonics injected by these non-linear loads circulate in the delta
windings of the conventional distribution transformer thereby increasing the
temperature and losses. This reduces the efficiency and life of the transformers.
In a modified distribution transformer configuration proposed recently, called
star-star-delta_utilized configuration (YYD_utilized), the harmonics circulating
in the delta winding was utilized and the drainage power thus recovered was
used to power auxiliary loads. This paper presents the experimental studies
conducted on YYD_utilized distribution transformer. When compared to
conventional star-star, delta-star and star-star-delta transformers, the new
configuration of YYD_utilized transformer has shown considerable
improvement in transformer efficiency. The results obtained show that when
the power from the circulating harmonics is recovered and utilized, it not only
improves transformer efficiency but also improves the power factor
and reduces the harmonic distortions at the primary side of the transformer.
The results obtained also suggest the existence of maximum power point or an
optimum loading for the recovered harmonic power.
Modelling of Virtual Synchronous Converter for Grid-Inverter Synchronization ...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, virtual synchronous converter (VSCon) is been developed
which mimic the behavior of synchronous generator as in order to have fast
synchronization between the inverter with the grid. This synchronization is
important before can sent the power among inverter-grid connection. This
technique can also been applied at the distributed generated sources when are
connected to the local microgrids. Here, the frequency and voltage
synchronization also can be controlled at the same time some improvement
on synchronous generator mathematical model that is suitable to be
implemented into the inverter control. The whole unit of VSCon is operated
and simulated in Matlab/Simulink in order to observe all consequences
during synchronizing the voltage, frequency and phase-angle. It has been
verified by the simulation circuit where, the power converter can be
synchronized with the microrids without using a PLL unit for self
synchronization. This VSCon technique has proven that, by applying the
concept of the synchronous generator model in inverter control, it can cause
the inverter to behave as generator system, which does not required any
phase information from the grid in order to be synchronized.
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
An Improved of Multiple Harmonic Sources Identification in Distribution Syste...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper introduces an improved of multiple harmonic sources
identification that been produced by inverter loads in power system using
time-frequency distribution (TFD) analysis which is spectrogram.
The spectrogram is a very applicable method to represent signals in
time-frequency representation (TFR) and the main advantages
of spectrogram are the accuracy, speed of the algorithm and use low memory
size such that it can be computed rapidly. The identification of multiple
harmonic sources is based on the significant relationship of spectral
impedances which are the fundamental impedance (Z1) and harmonic
impedance (Zh) that extracted from TFR. To verify the accuracy of the
proposed method, MATLAB simulations carried out several unique cases
with different harmonic producing loads on IEEE 4-bus test feeder cases. It is
proven that the proposed method is superior with 100% correct identification
of multiple harmonic sources. It is envisioned that the method is very
accurate, fast and cost efficient to localize harmonic sources in distribution
system.
Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic in West...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper presents performance and energy saving analysis of 1.25 kWp grid
connected photovoltaic system under difference weather condition in West
Sumatera. The measured data were performed during weather data that often
occur in West Sumatra i.e. sunny, overcast, raining and cloudy.
The synchronizing process successfully done even bad weather conditions
when sunlight was low automatically. Photovoltaic in average start
producing power from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM for normal or clear sky, however
under overcast, raining and cloudy weather, the PV power decreased and
disconnected earlier before sunset. During intermittent raining, overcast and
cloud covered the PV power output show an irregular profile. The PV energy
saving performed for three residential connection cases: 1300 VA, 900 VA
with subsidized and 900 VA without subsidized. The solar PV installation
have more benefits and energy saving for 1300 VA, 900 VA without
subsidized with payback period around 8.5 years. However, the 900 VA with
subsidized take longer 20.8 years, but still in PV lifespan 25 years. In the
future, household subsidies may be reduced or eliminated, the solar energy
will be viable alternative of energy resources when it can produce electricity
at a cost equivalent to utility grid PLN rate.
An Improved Constant Voltage Based MPPT Technique for PMDC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
Stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) systems are being used in remote areas
and are being seen as one of the promising solution in this regard. The SAPV
system as presented in the paper consists of solar PV panel, a DC-DC
converter, a controller and a PMDC motor. The current-voltage and powervoltage
characteristics being nonlinear, the SAPV system require maximum
power point techniques (MPPT) control techniques to extract maximum
power available from the PV cell. A voltage based MPPT technique which is
capable of tracking MPP has been selected because of numerous advantages
it offers such as: simple and low cost of implementation. The limitation of
constant voltage method is that its efficiency is low as the PV panel has to be
disconnected from the load for measurement of the open circuit voltage
(Voc). In the presented paper, the authors have removed this limitation by
using a pilot PV panel for measurement of Voc. A proportional-integrator (PI)
based controller is used in implementation of constant voltage MPP
technique and the modeling is done in MATLAB®/SIMULINK simulation
environment. The simulation results are presented and discussed in the paper,
the results shows that the efficiency of the system has increased.
A Discrete PLL Based Load Frequency Control of FLC-Based PV-Wind Hybrid Power...IAES-IJPEDS
The sun and wind-based generation are considered to besource of green
power generation which can mitigate the power demand issues. As solar and
wind power advancements are entrenched and the infiltration of these
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into to network is expanding dynamically.
So, as to outline a legitimate control and to harness power from RES the
learning of natural conditions for a specific area is fundamental. Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controlled
boost converter are utilized for viable operation and to keep DC voltage
steady at desired level. The control scheme of the inverter is intended to keep
the load voltage and frequency of the AC supply at aconstant level regardless
of progress in natural conditions and burden. A Simulink model of the
proposed Hybrid system with the MPPT controlled Boost converters
and Voltage regulated Inverter for stand-alone application is developed in
MATLAB R2015a, Version 8.5.0. The ongoing information of Wind Speed
and Solar Irradiation levels are recorded at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
the performance of the voltage regulated inverter under constant and varying
linearAC load is analyzed. The investigation shows that the magnitude of
load voltage and frequency of the load voltage is maintained at desired level
by the proposed inverter control logic.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Converters in a Grid-Connected Ph...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the study of an open switch fault tolerant control of a
grid-connected photovoltaic system. The studied system is based on the
classical DC-DC boost converter and a bidirectional 6-pulse DC-AC
converter. The objective is to provide an open-switch fault detection method
and fault-tolerant control for both of boost converter and grid-side converter
(GSC) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. A fast fault detection method
and a reliable fault-tolerant topology are required to ensure continuity of
service, and achieve a faster corrective maintenance. In this work, the mean
value of the error voltages is used as fault indicator for the GSC, while, for
the boost converter the inductor current form is used as fault indicator. The
fault-tolerant topology was achieved by adding one redundant switch to the
boost converter, and by adding one redundant leg to the GSC. The results of
the fault tolerant control are presented and discussed to validate the proposed
approach under different scenarios and different solar irradiances.
Photovoltaic System with SEPIC Converter Controlled by the Fuzzy LogicIAES-IJPEDS
In this work, a fuzzy logic controller is used to control the output voltage of a
photovoltaic system with a DC-DC converter; type Single Ended Primary
Inductor Converter (SEPIC). The system is designed for 210 W solar
photovoltaic (SCHOTT 210) panel and to feed an average demand of 78 W.
This system includes solar panels, SEPIC converter and fuzzy logic
controller. The SEPIC converter provides a constant DC bus voltage and its
duty cycle controlled by the fuzzy logic controller which is needed to
improve PV panel’s utilization efficiency. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is
also used to generate the PWM signal for the SEPIC converter.
An Approach to Voltage Quality Enhancement by Introduction of CWVM for Distri...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presented with problems related with voltage flicker in power
system networks. Several international standard issued to control the voltage
flicker are briefly described and some important methods to analyse
electrical circuits with sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveforms are
introduced and evaluated. One of these methods-Cockcroft Walton Voltage
Multiplier (CWVM) has been used to increase the voltage of a filter, which is
also described in this paper as a practical application. The filter can
compensate for harmonic currents, power factor, and unbalance voltage.The
simulation results using Multisimare presented, showing that good dynamic
and steady-state response can be achieved with this approach.
Electric Power Converter with a Wide Input Voltage RangeIAES-IJPEDS
The electric power converter for downhole telemetry systems of oil-well
pumps include a downhole block connected to the pump that contains
electronic circuits required for the operation of the motor pump sensors
and transmission of data about their condition to the surface are described.
A few methods of electric power conversion for this purpose are considered.
The circuit contained two steps of voltage converting are proposed.
The electrical scheme of this method is considered in the article. Proposed
decisions are simulated and verified experimentally. The input high supply
voltage range (200-4200 V) without loss of efficiency (even temporary) was
obtained. The results of simulation and experimental studies have shown
very close results.
Design and Implementation of Real Time Charging Optimization for Hybrid Elect...IAES-IJPEDS
Electric vehicle (EV) has gained incredible interest from the past two decade
as one of the hopeful greenhouse gasses solution. The number of Electric
Vehicle (EV) is increasing around the world; hence that making EVs user
friendly becomes more important. The main challenge in usage of EV is the
charging time required for the batteries used in EV. As a consequence, this
subject matter has been researched in many credentials where a wide range
of solutions have been proposed. However those solutions are in nature due
to the complex hardware structure. To provide an unswerving journey
an Android application based charging optimization is proposed.
This application is aimed at giving relevant information about the EV’s
battery state of charge (SOC), accurate location of the EV, booking of the
charging slots using token system and route planner. At emergency
situations, an alternative service is provided by mobile charging stations.
Route planner indicates the temperature by which prediction of reaching the
destination can be done. In addition to that nearest places such as parks,
motels are indicated. The estimated time and distance between the electric
vehicle and the charging station is calculated by the charging station server
according to which the parking lot is allocated. Vehicle to charging station
communication is established for the time estimation of charging. This will
help the EV users to know about charge status and charging station, which
support fast charging method and availability of the station on the go
and also when to charge their EV. The Arduino UNO board has been used
for the hardware part. The hardware results are confirming the conceptual of
the proposed work.
Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Induction Motor Drive for Agriculture Pu...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents water pumping system using renewable source (solar)
without the use of chemical storage batteries. In this converter-inverter
circuit is used to drive Induction motor. The Converter used here is Two
Inductor boost converter (TIBC), which consists of a resonant tank, voltage
doubler rectifier and a snubber circuit. TIBC is designed to drive the three
phase induction motor from PV energy. TIBC converter is also known as
current fed multi resonant converter having high voltage gain and low input
current ripple. Converter switches are controlled through hysteresis controller
and ZCS resonant topologies. Solar PV power fluctuates according to
irradiation level of sunlight and hence tracking of maximum power at all
time is mandatory. SPWM control with third harmonic injection is used to
trigger the IGBT’s in the inverter. The development is oriented to achieve a
more efficient, reliable, maintenance free and cheaper solution than the
standard ones, that uses DC motors or low voltage synchronous motors.
The proposed method is verified with MATLAB/SIMULINK and the system
simulation confirms the performance of the proposed system.
Comparison of Sine and Space Vector Modulated Embedded Z-Source Inverter fed ...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper deals with performance of photovoltaic powered Embedded
Z-Source Inverter (EZSI) fed Induction motor drive. The DC output from the
PV-Panel is boosted and converted into AC using Embedded Z-Source
Inverter. EZSI system based on the concept of Z-Source Inverter (ZSI),
which provides single stage power conversion. The EZSI also produce same
voltage gain as that of the ZSI based system. In EZSI the DC source is
embedded within the X-shaped LC impedance network, due to this EZSI has
the added advantage of inherent source filtering capability, this can be
achieved without any extra passive filter. EZSI can produce the AC output
voltage which is greater than the DC link voltage. EZSI system also provides
ride-through capability under voltage sags. In this paper the performance of
space vector modulated EZSI fed Induction Motor Drive is compared with
sinusoidal PWM controlled EZSI fed Drive system. The PV powered EZSI
fed three phase Induction Motor System is designed, modeled and simulated
using MAT LAB-SIMULINK and the corresponding results are presented.
This drive system has advantages like voltage boosting ability and reduced
harmonic content.
Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter with Simpler Basic Unit Cells for Photovolta...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a single-phase multilevel inverter (MLI) with simpler
basic unit cells. The proposed MLI is able to operate in two modes, i.e.
charge mode to charge the batteries, and inverter mode to supply AC power
to load, and therefore, it is inherently suitable for photovoltaic (PV) power
generation applications. The proposed MLI requires lower number of power
MOSFETs and gate driver units, which will translate into higher cost saving
and better system reliability. The power MOSFETs in the basic unit cells
and H-bridge module are switched at near fundamental frequency, i.e. 100
Hz and 50 Hz, respectively, resulting in lower switching losses. For low total
harmonic distortion (THD) operation, a deep scanning method is employed
to calculate the switching angles of the MLI. The lowest THD obtained is
8.91% at modulation index of 0.82. The performance of the proposed MLI
(9-level) has been simulated and evaluated experimentally. The simulation
and experimental results are in good agreement and this confirms that the
proposed MLI is able to produce an AC output voltage with low THD.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
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2. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
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conducting period of the devices. In [3], the current accumulation problem was reduced along with high
conversion efficiency by delivering the input energy to the outputs through a lossless inductor continually.
The steady state and the dynamic responses with nominal load change have been improved by designing the
non- linear controller considering the saturation of control signals and the switching losses [4]. A hybrid
topology has been developed by combining the class AB amplifier with the switching converter in order to
enhance the transient response and minimize the cross regulation. The class AB amplifier has been seen to
act faster than the switching converter and feed load transient current to suppress the effects of cross
regulation [5]. A single shared hysteresis comparator has been used to regulate the output voltages and the
time limited power distribution control used to suppress the cross regulation [6]. A power multiplexed
discontinuous conduction mode switching scheme has been proposed for SIMO output dc-dc power
converter to nullify the cross regulation and improve the dynamic and steady state performances of the
system [7]. The analog implementation of PWM based sliding mode controller [8] along with internal
integral control loop has been implemented for suppressing the cross regulation and steady state regulation
error in a single inductor dual output dc-dc buck converter. In [9], ripple based adaptive off time control
circuit is designed which does not require error amplifier or PWM compensation. The operating frequency is
locked to the reference clock. The controllers discussed above use complicated algorithms and are not
obtained from a mathematical procedure and complex circuits are used to implement the developed
algorithms.
Modeling of dc-dc converters plays vital role to analyze the performance of the converter. The
developed model will help to determine the parameters of the conventional or linear or non- linear controllers
using optimization techniques. AC modeling and small signal transfer function of a single input single output
dc-dc converter [10] are developed by considering the non-ideal components of Buck converter. For the same
buck converter [11], novel small signal averaged model is developed when it operates at variable switching
frequency. A generalized state space averaging technique has been used to obtain the dynamic model of buck
converter along with sliding mode controller. The use of artificial intelligent techniques has been used to
obtain the optimum values of the controller and enable the reduction in computational simulation time [12].
For a dual output, a digital implementation of multivariable gain controller is developedusing a
model developed in steady state in such a way that the diagonal elements are used to improve the regulatory
performance of the converter and the off diagonal elements are used to suppress the cross regulations [13].
However the algorithm used to develop a model is complex and restricted to two outputs. A ripple based
modeling of single inductor dual output buck converter is also developed for a cross derivative state feedback
control methodology [14]. In another research, an inductor current ripple-based modeling approach has been
proposed to accurately model and analyze the converter. The control, cross- coupling, and cross-regulation
transfer functions, generated throughthe model has been portrayed [15]. But the procedure used is very
complex and lengthy.
In this paper the mathematical modeling of the Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) converter is
developed by state space averaging technique which can be extended for any number of outputs easily.
Further transfer function model is developed from lumped small signal equivalent circuit. Additionally,
SIMO converters operated on open loop do not give satisfactory results at transients as well as under steady
state conditions. Therefore compensators are designed and incorporated in each output using frequency and
time domain specifications. The converter is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK®
using discrete
components and its performance is analyzed with and without compensators and it is established that the
excellent results are obtained using lag and lag-lead compensators. The performance of the converter so
designed is validated using DT 9834®
DAQ module.
2. SYSTEM DIAGRAM AND OPERATION
Figure 1 show the circuit diagram of single input four output dc-dc buck converter with single
inductor. The converter can be operated in the continuous conduction mode (CCM), discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) and pseudo continuous conduction mode (PCCM) of operation. The mode of
operation is decided based on the amount of ripples allowed, the load current rating and the converter
efficiency. The continuous mode of operation enables to handle large amount of current with less amount of
ripples and produce the high conversion efficiency but suffers from the effects of cross regulation. The effort
in this investigation revolves to arrive at compensators for enhancing its performance in this perspective.
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Figure 1. Circuit diagram of SIQO dc-dc converter
The switching scheme of the converter for one switching cycle operating in continuous conduction
mode of operation is shown in Figure 2. Sp and Sp’ form the main path and S1, S2, S3 and S4 form sharing
paths.
(a) Sharing path (b) Main path
Figure 2. Switching pulses of the SIQO converter
Figure 2(a) shows the switching pulses for the switches in sharing path and Figure 2(b) shows the
switching pulses for the switches in main path for the SIQO converter. Figure 3 shows the timing diagram of
inductor current for one switching cycle.
T
qP
’
qP
-
-
-
dO
t4
t
t
1-dO
T
q4
q2
q1
d1
d2
d4
t1
t2
t
t
t
q3
d3
t3
Vin = 12 V
Sp
Sp'
S1
S2
S3
S4
R1
R2
R3
R4
C1
C2
C3
C4
I4
I3
I2
I1
L
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Figure 3. Timing diagram of inductor current
The state space model of the converter for each mode of operation is obtained by using Kirchhoff’s
voltage and current laws by considering the four output voltages (v1, v2, v3 and v4) and the inductor current
(iL) as state variables. The duty cycles d1, d2, d3 and d4 are the independent control variables. The
disturbances are observed at the input voltage (vin) and the load currents (i1, i2, i3 and i4) and Ron is the on
state resistance of the conducting switches to represent the conducting losses.
2.1. Mode 1 Operation
In this mode, the capacitor in output 1 gets charged from the input supply by turning on the switches
S1 and Sp and the differential equations obtaining for voltage across the inductor and current passing through
the capacitor are written in state space form as in Equations (1) and (2).
[
̇
̇
̇
̇
̇ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
(1)
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] (2)
The equations (1) and (2) can be written in a simplified form as,
̇
iL
T
d1
t
ΔI
d4
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode 5
t3
a
Mode 2
Mode 1
d2
d3
t1 t2
t4
d0
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2.2. Mode 2 Operation
In Mode 2, the output 2 gets charged from the input supply by turning on the switches Sp and
S2andthe same procedure is followed to represent the differential equations in state space form shown in
Equations (3) and (4).
[
̇
̇
̇
̇
̇ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
(3)
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] (4)
The Equations (3) and (4) can be written in a simplified form as,
̇
2.2. Mode 3 Operation
In this mode the capacitor in output 3 is getting charged by closing the switches Sp and S3and the
associated differential equations are shown in state space form as in Equations (5) and(6).
[
̇
̇
̇
̇
̇ ]
[ ]
[ ]
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[ ]
[ ]
(5)
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] (6)
The above equations (5) and (6) can be written in a simplified form as
̇
2.3. Mode 4 Operation
In Mode 4 operation, the charging of capacitor in output 4 is done by closing the switches Sp and S4
and the related differential equations are shown in Equations (7) and (8) in state space form.
[
̇
̇
̇
̇
̇ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
(7)
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] (8)
The above equations (7) and (8) can be written in simplified form as
̇
2.4. Mode 5 Operation
In Mode 5 operation the inductor current is discharged through the output 4 by closing the switches
Sp’ and S4 and the related differential equations are given in state space formin Equations (9) and (10).
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[
̇
̇
̇
̇
̇ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
(9)
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] (10)
The above equations (9) and (10) are written in a simplified form as
̇
As the converter switches among the five modes for each switching cycle, the averaged representation of the
system is written through equation (11)
̇ (11)
where
[ ]
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[ ]
[ ]
3. SMALL SIGNAL PERTURBATION AND LINEARIZATION
To analyze the stability of non- linear circuit for normal operating condition with small deviations,
linear models are developed by approximately linearizing the circuit. The linear model which also can be
called as small signal ac model is developed for non-ideal SIQO dc-dc buck converter at the quiescent
operating point (I, V) assuming that U and the duty ratios are equal to the chosen quiescent values together
with superimposed small ac variations. The Table 1 gives the list of system variables considered to develop
small signal ac model.
Table 1. System Variables
Input voltage Output voltages Load currents Duty ratios
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
It is known that the small signal analysis follows the equation (11) and appropriate substitutions lead
toEquations (12) and (13) and yield the final lumped equivalent small signal circuit of the SIQO converter in
Figure 9.
̂ (12)
̇ ̇̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ )
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
( ̂ ) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ (13)
̇̂ ̂ ̂ [ ] ̂ [ ] ̂
[ ] ̂ [ ] ̂ (14)
̇̂ ̂ [ ]
[
̂
̂
̂
̂
̂ ]
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where
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
Figure 9. Lumped equivalent small-signal circuit of the converter
The developed small signal equivalent circuit helps to obtain the control to output transfer
functions.To obtain the transfer function of output1 to d1,the reduced equivalent circuit is drawn by making
the other duty ratios and the other load currents as zero. The numerical values of the parameters of the SIQO
converter in Table 2 are used to obtain the transfer function model shown in Equations (15) to (18), one for
each output by using MATLAB®
M-file coding with the help of small signal state space model.
Table 2. The parameters of the SIQO Buck converter
Parameters Symbol Value
Input Voltage Vin 12 V
Switching Frequency fS 33 kHz
Inductance L 51 μH
Capacitance 1 C1 2200 μF
Capacitance 2 C2 1000 μF
Capacitance 3 C3 1000 μF
Capacitance 4 C4 3300 μF
Output Voltage 1 V1 1 V
Output Voltage 2 V2 1.2 V
Output Voltage 3 V3 1.8 V
Output Voltage 4 V4 3.3 V
ic1| +
R2C2
ic2
1: D1
+ D2
+D3
+ D4
D3
:1
(Vin- V1 +V4)
IL
i1
i2
ILC1
R1
ic3
R4C4
ic4
IL
i3
i4
IL
C3
R3
+
-
+
-
+
-
L Ron
+
-
(Vin- V2 +V4)
(Vin- V3 +V4)
(Vin)
iL
D1
:1
D2
:1
1- D1
- D2
-D3
:1
̂
̂
̂
̂
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̂
̂
(15)
̂
̂
(16)
̂
̂
(17)
̂
̂
(18)
To test the accuracy of the developed mathematical model of the converter the output voltage V4 and
Inductor Current (Average value) IL are observed by varying D0 and D4 while keeping D1 = 0.32, D2=0.024
and D3=0.072. The observations as variations in output voltage and inductor current due to change in duty
ratiosare shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Variation in output voltage and inductor current due to change in duty ratios
D0 =0.28 D0 =0.30 D0 =0.32 D0 =0.34 D0 =0.36
D4 =0.138 D4 =0.158 D4 =0.178 D4 =0.198 D4 =0.218
IL V4 IL V4 IL V4 IL V4 IL V4
Model 4.4 3 4.6 3.3 4.8 3.3 4.8 3.5 5 3.8
Simulation 4.0 2.9 4.2 3.1 4.6 3.1 4.6 3.3 4.8 3.5
It is inferred from Table 3.that a linear increase is observed in IL and V4 due to increase in the
duration of inductor current charging. Similarly the output voltages one and four are observed by varying
D1and D4keeping D0 = 0.32, D2= 0.024 and D3= 0.072 and the readings are tabulated in Table 4.
Table4. Variation in output voltages due to change in duty ratios:
D1= 0.042 D1 = 0.044 D1 = 0.046 D1 = 0.048 D1 = 0.05
D4 = 0.182 D4 = 0.180 D4 = 0.178 D4 = 0.176 D4 = 0.174
V1 V4 V1 V4 V1 V4 V1 V4 V1 V4
Model 0.8 3.5 0.8 3.5 0.8 3.52 0.76 3.52 0.75 3.53
Simulation 0.9 3.3 1.01 3.3 1.0 3.3 1.0 3.3 1.0 3.3
It is inferred from Table 4 that the output voltages are almost remain same as the charging period of
the inductor current maintained constant. This proves that the system represented by mathematical model
developed and discrete components are same with small deviations observed due to non - ideal
components.Therefore a model is developed in this research for four outputs and verified.
4. COMPENSATOR DESIGN
The design of compensator revolves around two significant issues that include an enhancement in
the stability of the converter system and therefrom derive an acceptable time response. In order to obtain the
desired phase margin and to increase the steady state accuracy of the system, a compensator Gc(s) is added in
between the error detector and the systems G(s). The block diagram representation of the closed loop system
is shown in Figure 10 [16].
Figure 10. Block diagram representation of closed loop system
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In Figure 10R(s) is the reference input and C(s) is the system output. The design of compensator
attempts to remove the steady state error without disturbing the stability properties.The main contribution
from the user end reiterates the need to focus on the choice of compensators for extricating an enhancement
in both time and frequency domain responses. The codes written in the MATLAB®
portal enable to obtain
the Bode plots and the step response for the Equations (15), (16), (17) and (18) which help to obtain the
classical stability criteria’s such as phase and delay margins and gain crossover frequency and time response
specifications. Compensators are designed with the help of MATLAB®
SISO tool GUI to obtain the
reasonable values of the performance specifications. Lag compensators are added to all the outputs such that
steady state error is removed [16]. The low frequency gain of the system is changed until the desired phase
margin which should be in between 45 degree to 60 degree is obtained. The zero of the compensator is placed
such that the zero dB gain cross over frequency should be in between 1/5 to 1/8 of switching frequency. The
Equations (19), (20), (21) and (22) are the lag compensators obtained for four outputs respectively. The time
and frequency domain specifications of the system with lag compensators are given in Table 5. It is inferred
from Table 5 that the outputs have peak overshoot which is in the order of 20%.
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 11. Magnitude and Phase response of the outputs with and without compensator
(a) V1 (b) V2 (c) V3 (d) V4
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In order to reduce the peak overshoot, lag-lead compensators are designed as given in Equations (23), (24),
(25) and (26) for all the outputs and the performance specifications are tabulated in Table 5.As lead
compensator is also added along with lag compensator to reduce the peak overshoot, there will be increase in
phase margin as lead compensator contributes phase into the system.
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
Figure 11 and Figure 12a, b, c and d show the Bode plots and step responses of the dc-dc converter
for four outputs with and without lag-lead compensator respectively.From the Bode plots shown in Figure
11,it is clear that the addition of lead compensator along with lag compensator will increase the phase margin
but the desired peak overshoot and gain crossover frequency are obtained.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 12. Step response of the outputs with and without compensator (a) V1 (b) V2 (c) V3 (d) V4
The step responseof the fur outputs with and without compensator is shown in Figure 12 plots reveal
that the reduced peak overshoot, less rise time and settling time and zero steady state error are obtained due
to the addition of lag lead compensators. Introduction of lag compensator bring the system phase margin to
an acceptable value of around 55 degree and desired time response characteristics exceptpercentage peak
overshoot. However, the addition of lag - lead compensator will further improve the time response
parameters, gain crossover frequency, delay margin and also reduce the peak overshoot but contribute a
considerable change in phase margin.
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The power circuit developed in MATLAB/Simulink®
using discrete components with the designed
compensator and the observed output voltages is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Simulated output Voltages response of the SIQO converter
The closeness of the four output voltagesresponse obtained through the use of discrete components
from simulation in Figure 13 with that in Figure 12 serves to validate the modeling of the converter and
design of the compensator.
5. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
In the Section 4, the dc-dc converter and the compensators which are incorporated in four outputs
are discussed and their performance study is done using MATLAB®
M-file coding. However it is necessary
to verify these results by hardware implementation and it is explained in this section. The output voltages of
the converter are given to the analog input of the data acquisition module DT9834®
which is interfaced to
MATLAB/Simulink®
. Then the output voltages are compared with the reference voltages and the error signal
is applied to the compensator developed in MATLAB/Simulink®
and the control voltage signals are applied
to the analog output of the DAQ module. The pulse width modulation generator and driver circuit avails the
data from DAQ module to generate the pulses for the IGBT switches in the power module. The experimental
hardware setup of SIQO converter seen through the photograph in Figure 14 is constructed and tested for the
same specifications as those used in simulation.
Figure 14. Hardware test setup of SIQO converter with compensator
Figure 15 represents the PWM pulses for the main path obtained from PWM generator and driver
circuit using the reference signal obtained from Data Acquisition Module.
Time(Seconds)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Voltage
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
V1
V 2
V 3
V 4
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Figure 15. PWM pulses for main path
Figure 16 shows the output voltages obtained from the model which can be observed in the scope
connected to the analog input of Data Acquisition Module.
Figure 16. Output voltages of the SIQO converter from Prototype Model
Table 6 compares the performance of the SIQO converter as a function of the output voltage,
voltage regulation and ripple in the output voltages acquired through simulation and from the hardware
module to ensure the viability of the system to operate over a range of loads.
Table 6. Performance of SIQO converter obtained by simulation and hardware
Sl.No. Load power
(w)
Reference
Voltages
Simulation Hardware
Mean Value(V) Ripple
(V)
Mean Value Ripple
1 1 V1 1 0.9997 0.02 1 0.1
0.6 V2 1.2 1.207 0.02 1.2 0.1
1.8 V3 1.8 1.799 0.02 1.8 0.1
6.6 V4 3.3 3.295 0.018 3.3 0.1
2 0.83 V1 1 1.003 0.015 1 0.1
0.55 V2 1.2 1.208 0.015 1.19 0.1
1.62 V3 1.8 1.799 0.02 1.8 0.1
5.88 V4 3.3 3.289 0.02 3.3 0.1
3 1.2 V1 1 1.001 0.015 1 0.1
0.65 V2 1.2 1.195 0.025 1.2 0.1
2.025 V3 1.8 1.792 0.03 1.79 0.1
7.26 V4 3.3 3.301 0.025 3.3 0.1
It is inferred that the compensator is able to maintain the output voltages constant against the load
disturbances and the ripples are maintained at small value. Moreover the output voltages will not be disturbed
by the disturbances present at other outputs.
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6. CONCLUSION
A single input four output dc-dc buck converter with single inductor is designed which results in
low cost and less space. SIMO converters in the open loop operation resultsin poor performance under steady
state and transient conditions. To improve the performance a compensator is to be added to the converter. To
design compensators the four output dc-dc buck converter has been modeled in the state space framework
and its small signal equivalent circuit is derived over a chosen quiescent point. The transfer function model
has also been obtained to realize the Bode plot for the system and there from enable the choice of
compensators. The simulation study has been presented to demonstrate the function of the compensators and
benign its benefits through improvements in time response specifications. As the designed lag-lead
compensators are not able to satisfy both phase margin and peak overshoot, it is recommended to design
multivariable controller using optimization technique which is the extension of this work. With the
compensators incorporated in each output steady state output voltages are observed using
MATLAB/Simulink®
. The prototype using DT9834®
DAQ module results have been garnered to correlate
the simulated performance and evince a place for the use of the converter in the practical world.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
S. Augusti Lindiya, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
She obtained her Bachelor Degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering in the year 1998 from
MepcoSchlenk College of Engineering, Sivakasi, M.E. in Power Electronics & Drivesin the year
2000 from Shanmugha College of Engineering, Thanjavur and doing her Ph.D in SASTRA
University. She has published three papers in international conferences and ten papers in
international journals. She is working in the area of modeling and design of controllers for power
converters.
16. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck Converter (S. Augusti Lindiya)
811
Dr. S. Palani is Dean and Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering. He obtained his Bachelor Degree in Electrical Engineering in the year of 1966
(University of Madras), M. Tech in Control Systems Engineering from IIT, Kharagpur (1968)
and Ph.D. in Control Systems Engineering from University of Madras in 1982. He has wide
teaching experience over four decades. He has published more than 60 research papers in
reputed national and international journals and conferences. Under his guidance 14 candidates
were awarded Ph.D degree and 2 candidates are doing Ph.D in Anna University and 2 more
candidates in SASTRA University
Dr. K. Vijayarekha, Associate Dean and Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering. She obtained her Bachelor Degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering in the
year of 1990 from AlagappaChettiar College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi, M.E in
Power Systems from NIT, Trichy (1992) and Ph.D. in 2008 from SASTRA University. She has
teaching experience of 23 years. She has published more than 45 research papers in reputed
national and international journals and conferences in the area of image processing, power
converters, Non Destructive Testing, Interharmonics and FACTS. Under her guidance seven
candidates are doing Ph.D in SASTRA University.