Klaytn: Service-Oriented Enterprise-Grade Public Blockchain Platform
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한재선(Jason.han) / Ground X --- Ground X에서 개발하고 있는 퍼블릭 블록체인 플랫폼인 Klaytn에 대해 소개합니다. Klaytn은 대규모 사용자를 기반으로 하는 서비스를 블록체인 기반에서 실행시키는데 최적화된 플랫폼으로서, 기업 수준의 서비스 제공자가 믿고 사용할만한 기능과 거버넌스 등을 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다. 본 발표에서는 현재 블록체인 기술의 이슈를 살펴보고, Klaytn의 솔루션을 소개합니다. 특히 속도와 성능에서의 이슈뿐 아니라 사용자 경험의 개선이나 대규모 서비스를 실행하기 위한 플랫폼 기능들에 대해서도 살펴보고자 합니다.
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Klaytn: Service-Oriented Enterprise-Grade Public Blockchain Platform
- 1. : ) & . 한재선 ( :
- 3. Distributed Ledger Technology(DLT) + Distributed Consensus Mechanism + Distributed Network Technology(P2P) + Smart Contract & Dapp + Token Economy Model + Decentralized Governance Model
- 4. Data H( ) Hash Pointer • A pointer to where data is stored • A way to verify that the data haven’t changed
- 5. Linked list with hash pointers prev: H( ) Data prev: H( ) Data prev: H( ) Data Block Hash point to the previous block Block #40 Block #41 Block #42 H( ) Head point to the last block
- 6. prev: H( ) Data prev: H( ) Data prev: H( ) Data Block #40 Block #41 Block #42 H( ) Head point to the last block Can detect the tampering of data by comparing the next block’s hash value
- 7. Block Version Hash of previous block's header Merkle Root Timestamp nBits (Difficulty Target) Nonce 02000000 b6ff0b1b1680a2862a30ca44d346d9e8 910d334beb48ca0c0000000000000000 9d10aa52ee949386ca9385695f04ede2 70dda20810decd12bc9b048aaab31471 24d95a54 30c31b18 fe9f0864 Coinbase Transaction Transaction Transaction … BlockHeaderTransactions Block Hash 5d7c7ba21cbbcd75 d14800b100252d5b 428e5b1213d27c38 5bc141ca6b47989e For PoW
- 9. If verifying TD, you just need The merkle root, “HEFGH”, “HAB” and “HC” Verification runs in time and space that are logarithmic in the number of nodes in tree O(log n) https://blockonomi.com/merkle-tree/
- 10. All bitcoin nodes maintain the whole blockchain Bitcoin Blockchain Node #32 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #109 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #65 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #90 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #62 Full Nodes Connect to Bitcoin network and fully validate transactions and blocks
- 12. Bitcoin Blockchain Node #32 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #109 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #65 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #90 Bitcoin Blockchain Node #62 Mining Verifying new transactions into a block by solving hash puzzles (Proof-of-Work)
- 13. transaction New transactions are broadcast to all nodes Bitcoin Network Block Collect new transactions into a block Proof-of-Work Solve hash puzzle and find a nonce Broadcast the block to all nodes Verification Verify PoW and transactions Add Block Add the block to chain Block Node #58 Node #1092
- 14. Block Header nonce 0 1 2 3 … 1312af178c253f84028d480a6adc1e25e81caa44c749ec81976192e2ec934c64 e9afc424b79e4f6ab42d99c81156d3a17228d6e1eef4139be78e948a9332a7d8 ae37343a357a8297591625e7134cbea22f5928be8ca2a32aa475cf05fd4266b7 6e110d98b388e77e9c6f042ac6b497cec46660deef75a55ebc7cfdf65cc0b965 0000c3af42fc31103f1fdc0151fa747ff87349a4714df7cc52ea464e12dcd4e9 Assuming the difficulty target is 0001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 76e4 < the difficulty target The difficulty target is adjusted every 2016 blocks to aim for 10 minutes for a block Find a random number called a nonce, such that when the block header is hashed along with the nonce, the result is numerically smaller than the network's difficulty target
- 15. ) ) ( ( ) ( ( Node #32 Node #109 Ethereum Blockchain & EVM Node #65 Node #90 Node #62 smart contract ABC smart contract ABC smart contract ABC smart contract ABC smart contract ABC Ethereum Blockchain & EVM Ethereum Blockchain & EVM Ethereum Blockchain & EVM Ethereum Blockchain & EVM
- 16. Smart contract example creating a digital token https://www.ethereum.org/token Applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference. Automating the “if this happens then do that” part of traditional contracts
- 17. ) ( ( ) Web Browser HTML CSS Javascript web3.js Web Server (nodejs) Ethereum Nodes Block #2 Block #3 Block #4 Smart Contract EVM (Ethereum VM) Blockchain Frontend Backend JSON/RPC A service that enables direct interaction between end users and providers (e.g. connecting buyers and sellers in some marketplace, owners and storers in file storage) Ethereum Dapp consists of a frontend using HTML/Javascript web application and smart contracts which encode business logic and allow persistent storage.
- 20. / 0 200,000,000 400,000,000 600,000,000 800,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,400,000,000 1,600,000,000 Facebook Twitter Ethereum Bitcoin 1.4 billion DAU 150 million DAU 1.4 million tx 425K tx
- 21. - - . . Main Chain SideChain State Channel On-Chain (L1) Off-Chain (L2) Global Consensus Local Consensus Performing some operations “off chain” Sharding
- 22. - () Root Chain (Ethereum) Plasma Chains Child Chains Plasma Contracts ü Proposed by Vitalik Buterin and Joseph Poon (2017) ü Plasma child blockchains attached to the main Ethereum blockchain ü Running independent consensus and handling most transactions more efficiently ü Trust and security of plasma chains can be guaranteed in the main chain(Ethereum) with plasma contracts and a fraud proof
- 23. - &
- 24. 1. Lack of Finality 2. Poor Performance 3. Uncertain Operation Costs 4. Absence of Enterprise Considerations 5. Inconvenient UX
- 25. 1. Finality 2. High Performance 3. Predictable (or Affordable) Cost 4. Enterprise Readiness 5. User-Friendly UI/UX
- 26. A new type of blockchain leveraging private consensus with public auditing satisfying enterprise demands while providing user-friendly UI/UX
- 27. Private consensus with public auditing = BFT-variant consensus + Open Validation
- 28. ( CNs form a private network to run a BFT-based consensus algorithm. Threat model No more than ⅓ of CNs are dishonest at any moment
- 29. & )( ( ( & & Anyone can become an RN to audit and replicate blocks; in return, RNs get token rewards for their contributions. All RNs serve client read requests to effectively distribute requests across the RNs and allow CNs to focus on handling write requests.
- 30. Klaytn rewards RNs based on the proof of participation. Proof of Replication Ensuring a RN stores the whole blocks Proof of Serving Clients Ensuring a RN serves read requests of clients READ (plain) READ (callback) WRITE
- 31. Klaytn sharding scheme Sharding by services which are independent of each other
- 35. World Population 7.6 Billions Internet Users 4.2 Billions 54% of population https://medium.com/@mccannatron/12-graphs-that-show-just-how-early-the-cryptocurrency-market-is-653a4b8b2720 https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Crypto Users 20-30 Millions Less than 1% of Internet Users Bitcoin Wallet Address: 24M Ethereum Wallet Address: 31M Crypto Exchange Users: 20.2M Those who have crypto wallets or crypto exchange accounts
- 38. Platform Scalability Easy Crypto UI/UX Easy Crypto DX(Developer Experience) Real Value to Non-Crypto Users à Real Use Cases
- 39. Blockchain Platform Token Dapp smart contract ICO(TGE), IEO, Airdrop Token Issuance Fund by ETH etc Exchanges (e.g., Upbit) Selling Tokens Entity Entity Purchasing Tokens Users Selling & Purchasing Tokens 3) Not trading, instant exchange between crypto and fiat1) New model of token distribution 2) Seperation between value and exchange of token 4) User-friendly interface
- 40. / User Onboarding Experience • Crypto Wallet • Private Key Management • Cryptographic Address Token Economy Experience 0xde0b295 669a9fd93 d5f28 • Token Price Volatility • Crypto Exchanges • Token to Real World To Attract Non-Crypto Users
- 41. To Run Enterprise-Level Apps -
- 42. / = B = A = - = = = A / / =