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Kinetoplasta (Trypanosoma & Leishmania)
- 2. Leishmania A genus of trypanosomatid protozoa and is the parasite responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. The parasite was named in 1903 after the Scottish pathologist William Boog Leishman. Leishmania are unicellular eukaryotes having well-defined nucleus and other cell organelles including kinetoplast and flagellum.
- 3. Structure Digenetic or heteroxenous parasites. Life cycle involves two hosts, a vertebrate and an invertebrate, the sandfly. In Leishmania, the life cycle stage in the vertebrate is the amastigote and in the insect, the promastigote. Exist in two basic body forms: the amastigote, the intracellular form in the vertebrate host and the promastigote, the extracellular form in insect the sandfly (Phleobotomus spp. and Lutzomyia spp.) vector.
- 4. Amastigotes are taken up from the blood of an infected host when the female sandfly bites, and in the sandfly gut they develop into promastigotes where they multiply by binary fission. Promastigotes move anteriorly into the proboscis and are introduced into the vertebrate host when the sandfly bites again. The promastigotes injected by the sandfly during feeding are phagocytized and develop into intracellular amastigotes.
- 5. Amastigote Small spherical non-flagellated cells ranging from 2-4µm in diameter. The nucleus and kinetoplast are surrounded by small ring of vacuolated cytoplasm. The cells are among the smallest nucleated cells known.
- 6. Promastigote Thin elongate cells with an anterior kinetoplast. An emergent free flagellum. Generally lance-like in shape and range in size from 5-14µm in length by 1.5-3.5µm in width.
- 9. Disease
- 10. Leishmaniasis Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Spread through sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. 3 types of the disease : -cutaneous leishmaniasis -mucocutaneous leishmaniasis -visceral leishmaniasis
- 11. Major species of Leishmania and their geographic distribution
- 12. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - the most common form of the disease, causes ulcers on exposed parts of the body, leading to disfigurement, permanent scars, stigma and in some cases disability. Visceral Leishmaniasis or kala-azar - the most severe form of the disease, can cause fatal if left untreated. The disease can affects the vital organs of the body. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - the most destructive form of the disease, causes partial or total mutilation of mucous membranes in the nose, mouth and throat.
- 13. Photo credit : Jean Fortunet Photo credit: B. Arana, MERTU, Guatemala Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- 14. Visceral Leishmaniasis or kala-azar Photo credit : Prof Eyckmans Photo credit : C. Bern, CDC
- 15. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Photo credit : Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Photo credit : Abdul Dr Ghaffar
- 17. The only proven route of infection is by the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. Phlebotomine sand flies bite humans and some animals, and take blood meals to feed the development of their eggs. When sandflies take blood meals from an infected person, they also become infected with the protozoa that cause leishmaniasis. . The protozoa develop inside the sandfly and are passed on when the sandfly takes a blood meal from a healthy person.
- 19. Symptoms
- 20. Some people have a silent infection, without any symptoms or signs. But some people have a symptoms.. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis The main symptom of this condition is painless skin ulcers. Cutaneous symptoms may appear only one to two weeks after the sandfly bite. However, sometimes symptoms will not appear for months or years.
- 21. Mucocutaneous disease Symptoms usually appear one to five years after skin lesions have healed. These are primarily ulcers in the mouth and nose or on the lips. Other symptoms may include: stuffy or runny nose nose bleeds difficulty breathing
- 22. Visceral Leishmaniasis Symptoms often do not appear for months after the bite. Most cases are detected two to six months after infection Symptoms include: weight loss weakness cough a fever that lasts for weeks or months an enlarged spleen an enlarged liver decreased production of red blood cells (RBCs) bleeding other infections night sweats thinning hair scaly skin or dark ashen skin
- 23. Treatment Some cutaneous infections require no treatment as lesions may heal within several months Systemic therapy with pentavalent antimonials (sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimonate)
- 24. Prevention The only way to prevent leishmaniasis is to avoid getting bitten by a sandfly. To avoid a sandfly bite, be sure to: wear clothing that covers as much skin as possible. Long pants, long- sleeved shirts tucked into pants, and high socks are recommended. use insect repellant on any exposed skin and on the ends of pants and sleeves. The most effective insect repellants contain DEET. spray indoor sleeping areas with insecticide sleep on higher floors of a building, since the insects are poor fliers avoid the outdoors between dusk and dawn—this is when sandflies are most active when indoors, use screens and air conditioning use a bed net tucked into your mattress. Sandflies are much smaller than mosquitos. If possible, spray the net with insecticide containing pyrethroid. Reducing the size of reservoir host populations ,especially dogs.
- 25. THANK YOU! :D