KIDNEY IS A VITAL ORGAN IN HUMAN BEINGS. EVERY HUMAN HAS A PAIR OF KIDNEYS WHICH HELP TO EXCRETE OUT WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BODY IN THE FORM OF URINE...
URINE IS FORMED IN KIDNEY BY THREE STEPS WHICH ARE
(1) FILTRATION.
(2) ABSORPTION
(3) SECRETION
Kidney is a vital organ. Each individual has a pair of kidneys .
kidney is bean shaped organ on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. Each kidney is about 4 - 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist.
The kidney job is to filter the blood.
kidney is reddish brown in color.
kidneys are also called as retro-peritoneal organ.
There are three layers of tissues that surrounds kidney
1. renal capsule
2. adipose capsule
3. renal fascia.
Kidney is a vital organ. Each individual has a pair of kidneys .
kidney is bean shaped organ on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. Each kidney is about 4 - 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist.
The kidney job is to filter the blood.
kidney is reddish brown in color.
kidneys are also called as retro-peritoneal organ.
There are three layers of tissues that surrounds kidney
1. renal capsule
2. adipose capsule
3. renal fascia.
Hope this will help you in studying! :) because you used this, you are obliged to do the same, to upload publicly so that others will have an easy way on researching for their school works! keep up the good work studes! Goodluck!
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.
BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
Observation of Ioâs Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...SĂŠrgio Sacani
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Ioâs surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Ioâs trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Ioâs surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana LuĂsa Pinho
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...SĂŠrgio Sacani
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We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4â0.9Âľm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8â5Âľm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3Âľm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as â 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5Ď, r = 0.1â circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 â 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 âź 50 â 200pc, stellar masses of
Mâ âź 107â108Mâ, and star-formation rates of SFR âź 0.1â1 Mâ yrâ1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of âź 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.SĂŠrgio Sacani
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called âsmallâ because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...SĂŠrgio Sacani
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The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASAâs Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly AlfvĂŠnic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5âau
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. PRESENTATION ON
KIDNEY
PRESENTED TO :- PRESENTED BY :-
RESPECTED MRS. SAPNA MAâAM KOKAB ARA ZARGAR
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT KVIN ) BSC (N) 4TH YEAR (616)
PRESENTED ON :-
31 MARCH,2021
3. OBJECTIVES
⢠General objectives :-
⢠To make the students aware about the anatomy and physiology
of kidney.
⢠SPECIFICOBJECTIVES:-
⢠At the end of the presentation, the group will be able to :-
⢠define about urinary system.
⢠explain about location, size, shape and color of kidney.
⢠define coverings of kidney.
⢠explain gross structure of kidney.
⢠explain about microscopic structure of kidney.
⢠explain about functions of kidney.
⢠explain about structure and function of ureters.
4. INTRODUCTION TO
URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system is the
main excretory system and
consists of the following
structures ;
ďą Two kidneys
ďą Two ureters
ďą Bladder
ďą Urethra
5. INTRODUCTION TO
KIDNEY:-
Kidney is a paired vital organ that removes
waste products from the blood and regulates
fluid and electrolyte levels within the body.
LOCATION
Kidney are a pair of excretory organs on the
posterior abdominal walls,
⢠Above the waist.
⢠Extending from upper border of T12 to
L3 vertebra.
⢠Partially protected 11th and 12th pairs of
ribs.
6. HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
SIZE :-
Each kidney is about 11cm long,
6cm thick and weigh about 150g in
males and 135g in females.
⢠Kidneys are bean shaped
⢠Reddish in color.
SHAPE AND COLOUR
7. RELATIONS
RIGHT KIDNEY
Superiorly:-
⢠Right adrenal gland
Anteriorly:-
⢠Right lobe of liver,
second part of the
duodenum, hepatic
flexure of the colon
Posteriorly:-
⢠Posterior abdominal
wall muscles, the
diaphragm.
LEFT KIDNEY
Superiorly:-
⢠The left adrenal gland
Anteriorly:-
⢠The spleen, stomach,
pancreas, jejunum and
splenic flexure of
colon.
Posteriorly:-
⢠Posterior abdominal
wall muscle, the
diaphragm.
8. TISSUES OF KIDNEY
THERE ARE THREE LAYERS OF TISSUES SURROUNDING
EACH KIDNEY :-
1.RENAL CAPSULE:-
IT IS THE DEEPER AND IT IS SMOOTH, TRANSPARENT, FIBROUS MEMBRANE THAT IS
CONTINUOUS WITH THE URETER.
2. ADIPOSE CAPSULE:-
IT IS A MASS OF FATTY TISSUE SURROUNDING THE RENAL CAPSULE.
3. RENAL FASCIA:-
IT IS THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER, AND IS THIN LAYER OF DENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
9. GROSS STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY:-
On longitudinal section of kidney;
FIBROUS CAPSULE :-
It surrounds the kidney, made up of dense
fibrous connective tissue.
CORTEX :-
A reddish brown layer of tissue lie below
the capsule.
MEDULLA :-
It is the inner most layer which is reddish
brown in colour. It contains 8-18 cone
shaped structure termed as renal pyramids
10. RENAL HILUM :-
The renal hilum is a part with central
fissure where the renal blood and
lymph vessels, ureter and nerve enters.
RENAL PELVIS AND CALYX :-
Inner to hilum is a broad funnel
shaped structure that collects urine
formed by the kidney.
Renal pelvis is divided into major and
minor calyx.
11. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF
KIDNEY:-
A KIDNEY IS COMPOSED OF ABOUT 1-2 MILLION
FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED NEPHRONS.
NEPHRON:-
THE NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A TUBULE CLOSED AT ONE
END, THE OTHER END OPENING INTO A COLLECTING
TUBULE. A NEPHRON IS COILED TUFT AND IS ABOUT
3CM LONG.
12. PARTS OF NEPHRON :-
RENAL CORPUSLE :-
It is the head of the nephron.
(A) Bowmanâs capsule
(B) Glomerulus
RENAL TUBULE :-
The tubular passage way of the nephron.
(A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(B) Loop of Henle
(C) Distal Convoluted Tubule
(D) Collecting Duct
13. RENAL CAPSULE
(1) BOWMANâS CAPSULE :-
It is the cover of the capsule that surrounds the
glomerulus.
(2) GLOMERULUS :-
It is the network of capillaries found inside the corpuscle.
OTHERSTRUCTURE:-
(A) AFFERENT ARTERIOLE.
(B) EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
14. RENAL TUBULE
(1) PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE :-
It is the second part of the nephron. This part has epithelial
cells
(2) LOOP OF HENLE:-
It is U-shaped tube consisting of a descending and an
ascending limb.
(3) DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE :-
It is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
15. CONTINUED
⢠COLLECTING DUCT
It is the straight tubule joined by the distal tubule.it received fluid from
DCT. It is the last segment to save water for the body.
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
It is the name given to specialized cells located very near to the
glomerulus.
It consists of three types of cells:-
(A) JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
(B)MACULA DENSA CELLS
(C) MESSANGIAL CELLS
19. FUNCTION OF KIDNEY
(A) URINE FORMATION
URINE:-
It is composed of water, certain electrolytes and various
waste products that are filtered out of the blood system.
The kidneys 2 million or more nephrons form urine by
three precisely regulated processes :-
ďąFILTRATION
ďą SELECTIVEREABSORPTION
ďą TUBULARSECRETION
20. FILTRATION
ďThis takes place through the semipermeable
walls of the glomerulus. About 1300 ml of
blood enters the kidney each minute.
ďWater and other small molecules pass
through, some are reabsorbed later.
ďBlood cells, plasma protein and other large
molecules are not able to pass though and
therefore remain in capillaries.
21. CONTINUED
ďFiltration takes place because there
is a difference between the blood
pressure in glomerulus (55mmHg)
and the pressure of filtrate in the
capsule (15mmHg).
ďFiltration occur through osmosis and
diffusion.
ďThe volume of filtrate formed by each
kidney is called Glomerular filtration rate.
ďIn an healthy adult GFR rate is 125ml i.e.
180 L per day.
22. SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
ďMost reabsorption from the filtrate back into the
blood that takes place in PCT whose walls are
lined with microvilli to increase the surface area of
reabsorption.
ď60 â 70 % of filtrate reaches the loop of Henle and
15 â 20 % reaches DCT.
ďFiltrate enters the collecting duct where water is
reabsorbed.
23. CONTINUED
Hormone that influence selective reabsorption are :-
Parathyroid hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
24. TUBULAR SECRETION
ďSubstances not required and foreign materials e.g. Drugs
entirely filtered out of the blood by peritubular capillaries into
tubules.
ďTubular secretion of H+ve ion is important.
25. OTHER FUNCTIONS
Filtration of
waste product
from blood.
Tubular reabsorption
of useful substances
from filtrate ( water,
glucose, amino acid ).
Tubular secretion of
unwanted substances
back into collecting duct (
urea, ammonia ).
26. CONTINUED
Maintaining normal blood
pressure by balancing
electrolytes in blood.
Regulation of water and
electrolyte balances.
Regulation of atrial
pressure
Regulation of acid base
balance
27. CONTINUED
⢠Secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones.
⢠Production and secretion of renin
⢠Production and secretion of erythropoietinâ
⢠Gluconeogenesis.
28. URETERS
⢠The ureters are the tubes that carry
urine from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder
29. SIZE AND DIAMETER
⢠The ureters are about 25 â 30 cm
long with the diameter of about 3mm
⢠They are continuous with the renal
pelvis.
31. FUNCTIONS
⢠These two narrow tubes carry
urine from the kidney to the
bladder.
⢠Muscles in the ureter walls
continuously tighten and
relax forcing urine downward,
away from the kidneys.
32. SUMMARIZATION
Definition of urinary system
Location, shape, size and colour of kidney.
Coverings of the kidney.
Gross structure of kidney.
Microscopic structure of kidney.
Process of urine formation.
Functions of kidney.
Structure of ureter.
33. RECAPITULATION
⢠Define kidney.
⢠What are the coverings / tissues of kidney?
⢠What is the functional unit of kidney ?
⢠What are the types of nephrons ?
⢠What are the steps of urine formation ?
34. CONCLUSION
At last, group is able to explain about
:-
ďąThe structure of kidney.
ďąProcess of urine formation.
ďąStructure of nephron
ďąFunctions of kidney.
ďąStructure and function of ureter.
35. ASSIGNMENT
⢠At the end of presentation, I assign the assignment to the students
which is :-
⢠Draw the structure of kidney and explain any 5 functions of kidney.
⢠Assignment should be submitted on 02-April-2021.
36. BIBLIOGRAPHY
⢠Kour nirmal. a textbook of anatomy and physiology: introduction
to kidney:3rd ed. New Delhi: lotus publisher;2011.Pp(245 â 251)
⢠Wilson and ross. anatomy and physiology: anatomy and
physiology of kidney: 11th ed. Chandigarh: Elsevier; 2012. Pp (84 â
98 ).
⢠Asthalatha PR. A textbook of anatomy and physiology: kidney: 4th
ed. New Delhi: JAYPEE publisher; 2015 Pp(124-130).
