Dr. Kewal Krishan, Program Head, Heart Transplant & Ventricular Assist Devices Senior Consultant Cardiac Surgeon, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket He has done four years of advanced clinical fellowship at world’s top hospitals including Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA and Mount Sinai Medical center New York, USA where he gained expertise in advanced therapies. Dr. Kewal is one of a handful surgeons in India who are formally trained in all aspects of heart transplantation. He was trained intensively in the entire spectrum of ventricular assist devices including bridge to transplant, short term and long term devices and destination therapy.
www.kewalkrishan.com
Lewis Teperman, Director of Transplantation at NYU School of Medicine, gave an annual presentation to nurses on updates and innovations in liver transplantation. Key points from the presentation include: 1) The number of patients on the liver transplant waiting list continues to grow while transplants and donation have remained relatively stable; 2) Older donors and those with certain risk factors can now be successfully used for liver transplantation; and 3) The MELD scoring system was implemented to better prioritize the sickest patients on the waiting list based on objective medical criteria rather than subjective measures.
Intramyocardial Angiogenic Cell Precursors in Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyop...lifextechnologies
This study investigated injecting angiogenic cell precursors directly into the left ventricle of 35 patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. 17 similar patients receiving only medical treatment served as controls. After injection, 71.4% of patients in the cell group showed improved left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA functional class. Quality of life also improved. The control group showed no significant improvements. The study concluded intramyocardial injection of angiogenic cells is effective for treating nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
1) Several novel urinary biomarkers such as KIM-1, NGAL, and LFABP have been shown to be early predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI), rising in the urine within hours of injury compared to the rise in serum creatinine which occurs later.
2) Biomarkers like NGAL and KIM-1 have been shown to predict progression of AKI severity and long-term outcomes like need for renal replacement therapy and mortality.
3) Studies have demonstrated the utility of biomarkers like plasma NGAL measured at the time of clinical diagnosis of AKI after cardiac surgery to predict AKI severity and risk stratify patients for worse outcomes.
Basics of kidney_transplant and donor_recepient evaluationJosephN7
This document provides an overview of kidney transplantation. It discusses the history and benefits of kidney transplantation. It outlines the evaluation and screening process for both living donors and recipients. Key aspects of the transplantation surgery and post-operative immunosuppressive regimens are described. Complications like delayed graft function and acute rejection are also summarized. The document aims to provide medical personnel with essential information on kidney transplantation.
This document discusses the use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) for acute kidney injury (AKI). It finds that PD is a viable option for RRT in AKI, especially in remote or resource-limited settings. Several studies have found mortality rates similar to other RRT modalities like CRRT. PD offers advantages of wider availability, lower cost, and gentler fluid removal in unstable patients. High-volume PD techniques can provide clearance comparable to intermittent hemodialysis. While concerns remain around clearance and peritonitis risk, evidence suggests PD is a valuable complementary therapy for selected AKI cases.
This study examined chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 98 Jamaican adults with homozygous sickle cell disease. The researchers measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using nuclear renal scans and categorized participants based on GFR levels. They also measured albumin-to-creatinine ratios to categorize albumin excretion. The aims were to determine the prevalence of CKD categories and identify predictors of low GFR and albuminuria. This will help screen for early CKD to enable preventive interventions for complications like kidney failure.
Myocardial viability testing all STICHed up, or about to be REVIVEDNicolas Ugarte
Patients with ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction frequently undergo myocardial viability testing. The historical model presumes that
those who have extensive areas of dysfunctional-yet-viable myocardium derive particular benefit from revascularization, whilst those without extensive viability do not. These suppositions rely on the theory of hibernation and are based on data of low quality: taking a dogmatic
approach may therefore lead to patients being refused appropriate, prognostically important treatment. Recent data from a sub-study of
the randomized STICH trial challenges these historical concepts, as the volume of viable myocardium failed to predict the effectiveness of
coronary artery bypass grafting. Should the Heart Team now abandon viability testing, or are new paradigms needed in the way we interpret viability? This state-of-the-art review critically examines the evidence base for viability testing, focusing in particular on the presumed
interactions between viability, functional recovery, revascularization and prognosis which underly the traditional model. We consider
whether viability should relate solely to dysfunctional myocardium or be considered more broadly and explore wider uses of viability testingoutside of revascularization decision-making. Finally, we look forward to ongoing and future randomized trials, which will shape evidence-based clinical practice in the futur
Lewis Teperman, Director of Transplantation at NYU School of Medicine, gave an annual presentation to nurses on updates and innovations in liver transplantation. Key points from the presentation include: 1) The number of patients on the liver transplant waiting list continues to grow while transplants and donation have remained relatively stable; 2) Older donors and those with certain risk factors can now be successfully used for liver transplantation; and 3) The MELD scoring system was implemented to better prioritize the sickest patients on the waiting list based on objective medical criteria rather than subjective measures.
Intramyocardial Angiogenic Cell Precursors in Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyop...lifextechnologies
This study investigated injecting angiogenic cell precursors directly into the left ventricle of 35 patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. 17 similar patients receiving only medical treatment served as controls. After injection, 71.4% of patients in the cell group showed improved left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA functional class. Quality of life also improved. The control group showed no significant improvements. The study concluded intramyocardial injection of angiogenic cells is effective for treating nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
1) Several novel urinary biomarkers such as KIM-1, NGAL, and LFABP have been shown to be early predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI), rising in the urine within hours of injury compared to the rise in serum creatinine which occurs later.
2) Biomarkers like NGAL and KIM-1 have been shown to predict progression of AKI severity and long-term outcomes like need for renal replacement therapy and mortality.
3) Studies have demonstrated the utility of biomarkers like plasma NGAL measured at the time of clinical diagnosis of AKI after cardiac surgery to predict AKI severity and risk stratify patients for worse outcomes.
Basics of kidney_transplant and donor_recepient evaluationJosephN7
This document provides an overview of kidney transplantation. It discusses the history and benefits of kidney transplantation. It outlines the evaluation and screening process for both living donors and recipients. Key aspects of the transplantation surgery and post-operative immunosuppressive regimens are described. Complications like delayed graft function and acute rejection are also summarized. The document aims to provide medical personnel with essential information on kidney transplantation.
This document discusses the use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) for acute kidney injury (AKI). It finds that PD is a viable option for RRT in AKI, especially in remote or resource-limited settings. Several studies have found mortality rates similar to other RRT modalities like CRRT. PD offers advantages of wider availability, lower cost, and gentler fluid removal in unstable patients. High-volume PD techniques can provide clearance comparable to intermittent hemodialysis. While concerns remain around clearance and peritonitis risk, evidence suggests PD is a valuable complementary therapy for selected AKI cases.
This study examined chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 98 Jamaican adults with homozygous sickle cell disease. The researchers measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using nuclear renal scans and categorized participants based on GFR levels. They also measured albumin-to-creatinine ratios to categorize albumin excretion. The aims were to determine the prevalence of CKD categories and identify predictors of low GFR and albuminuria. This will help screen for early CKD to enable preventive interventions for complications like kidney failure.
Myocardial viability testing all STICHed up, or about to be REVIVEDNicolas Ugarte
Patients with ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction frequently undergo myocardial viability testing. The historical model presumes that
those who have extensive areas of dysfunctional-yet-viable myocardium derive particular benefit from revascularization, whilst those without extensive viability do not. These suppositions rely on the theory of hibernation and are based on data of low quality: taking a dogmatic
approach may therefore lead to patients being refused appropriate, prognostically important treatment. Recent data from a sub-study of
the randomized STICH trial challenges these historical concepts, as the volume of viable myocardium failed to predict the effectiveness of
coronary artery bypass grafting. Should the Heart Team now abandon viability testing, or are new paradigms needed in the way we interpret viability? This state-of-the-art review critically examines the evidence base for viability testing, focusing in particular on the presumed
interactions between viability, functional recovery, revascularization and prognosis which underly the traditional model. We consider
whether viability should relate solely to dysfunctional myocardium or be considered more broadly and explore wider uses of viability testingoutside of revascularization decision-making. Finally, we look forward to ongoing and future randomized trials, which will shape evidence-based clinical practice in the futur
Unresolved Issues In Myocardial ViabilityMuhammad Ayub
This document discusses myocardial viability and techniques to detect viable myocardium. It begins by defining viable myocardium and explaining why detection is important for predicting prognosis and response to revascularization. It then reviews techniques to detect viability including those assessing contractile reserve using stress echocardiography, SPECT, or MRI as well as techniques evaluating preserved metabolism using PET tracers or cell membrane integrity using thallium or sestamibi SPECT. The document compares the sensitivity and specificity of different techniques and concludes that while techniques assessing contractile reserve are highly specific, nuclear techniques provide good sensitivity for viability assessment.
The document discusses tests for viable myocardium, including myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). MPI uses radioactive tracers like thallium or technetium injected at rest and during stress to identify areas of reduced blood flow. Ischemic but viable tissue will have reduced tracer uptake at rest but improved uptake during stress, while non-viable tissue will show a defect at both rest and stress. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and delayed enhancement MRI can also identify hibernating but viable myocardium. Assessing viability is important for prognosis and determining if revascularization would improve cardiac function.
Traitement de la FA vu par le chirurgien cardiaque : state of the art. (Dr J....Brussels Heart Center
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Remes on the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. It discusses the pathophysiology of AF and reviews studies on the Cox Maze procedure. Dr. Remes presents data on success rates of different Cox Maze variations and predictors of recurrence. Minimally invasive surgical approaches for AF ablation including pulmonary vein isolation are discussed. Energy sources for ablation like bipolar radiofrequency are highlighted. Guidelines for lone AF surgery are reviewed. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the state of the art in surgical treatment of AF.
This document discusses several topics related to nephrology departments and kidney disease, including a hospital information system, techniques for vascular access and HD catheters, prevention of non-communicable diseases, and education programs. It provides information on workshops and resources available on related websites. Case studies are presented on patients with poor vascular access requiring HD catheters through different approaches. Ten technical tips are outlined for HD catheters.
This document summarizes guidelines for evaluating kidney function in potential living donors. It recommends estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using serum creatinine and/or cystatin C to assess kidney function. An initial GFR of 90 mL/min/1.73m2 or greater is acceptable for donation, while GFR between 60-89 mL/min/1.73m2 requires individual assessment. Donors with less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2 are not eligible. The guidelines provide criteria for measurement and interpretation of GFR to safely evaluate and select living kidney donors.
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is performed all over the world today. The shortage of cadaveric grafts makes it the only option for many end stage cirrhotics in many countries. Donor hepatectomy is a complicated operations and this has raised concerns about the safety of this operation. However, today donor hepatectomy is a safe operation with a low incidence of complications.
This document discusses the management of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. It provides information on medical management using medications like cinacalcet and the role of parathyroidectomy. It summarizes guidelines for treatment targets from KDIGO and discusses challenges of parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients like bleeding risks. Imaging techniques for localization are discussed along with outcomes data showing reduced need for parathyroidectomy with cinacalcet but no improvement in mortality. Costs of treatments are also presented.
This document provides guidelines for evaluating both kidney transplant candidates and donors. It discusses indications and contraindications for transplantation. For candidates, it recommends evaluating medical history, infections, cardiovascular health, pulmonary function, cancers, adherence, and psychosocial factors. It provides criteria for acceptable and non-recommended candidates. For donors, it recommends medical evaluation and screening for infections. Certain active medical conditions may delay or prevent transplantation for both candidates and donors. The goal is to maximize the chances of a successful transplant while minimizing risks.
ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation - REVIEW in living donor...Maarten Naesens
- A 60-year old woman with blood type O and end-stage renal disease needed a kidney transplant urgently, but her husband who was willing to donate had blood type A, making them ABO incompatible.
- There were three options for transplantation: waiting 3 years for a deceased donor kidney, entering a paired exchange program, or doing an ABO incompatible transplant.
- Protocols for ABO incompatible transplantation have evolved over time, starting with splenectomy and plasmapheresis, and now typically involving rituximab, non-antigen specific immunoadsorption, and immunosuppression.
- While ABO incompatible transplantation has excellent graft outcomes, it does carry higher risks of complications and infections compared to compatible trans
This document discusses immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplantation. It covers various types of immunosuppressive drugs used for induction and maintenance, including calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), mTOR inhibitors, steroids, and antiproliferatives. It provides information on monitoring drug levels, drug toxicities, and strategies to improve graft survival like avoiding high intrapatient drug level variability. It also addresses the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on male reproduction and pregnancy.
This study compared the traditional "blind" renal transplant biopsy technique to an ultrasound-guided coaxial technique. The study found that both techniques obtained adequate biopsy samples in over 98% of cases. The traditional technique was associated with a significantly higher rate of minor complications like hematomas compared to the coaxial technique, but there was no significant difference in major complication rates between the two methods. Overall, both techniques demonstrated a low risk of complications and were effective in obtaining diagnostic biopsy samples.
This study used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to characterize patterns of ventricular involvement in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) in 26 patients. It found that late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was most frequently seen in the left ventricle, particularly in the inferior and inferolateral walls. Biventricular involvement with right ventricular predominance was the most common finding. The study provides insights into CMR patterns that help diagnose AC subtypes involving one or both ventricles.
1. The document discusses a case of a 58-year-old male patient with heart and kidney failure who is being evaluated for a potential dual heart-kidney transplant.
2. It reviews epidemiological data on dual organ transplants and criteria for liver-kidney and heart-kidney transplants.
3. For their patient, the cardiologist felt dual transplantation was warranted but the nephrologist felt the kidney failure may be reversible with medical management alone.
Why should we measure endothelial functionEndothelix
This document discusses the importance of measuring endothelial function for cardiovascular risk assessment. It begins with background on cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death globally and the problems with traditional risk assessment based only on risk factors. It then discusses how endothelial dysfunction underlies many disease states and can serve as an integrated measure of risk. The document reviews different techniques for measuring endothelial function, including flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. It argues that a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment should include measures of both subclinical disease and endothelial function.
Transplant Nephrectomy Improves Survival following a Failed Renal Allograft (...Raj Kiran Medapalli
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of transplant nephrectomy on mortality rates following kidney allograft failure. The study used data from the United States Renal Data System on over 19,000 patients who returned to dialysis between 1994-2004 after allograft failure. It found that patients who underwent nephrectomy after late graft failure (>1 year) had a 12% lower risk of death compared to those who did not undergo nephrectomy. However, nephrectomy after early graft failure (<1 year) was associated with a 13% higher risk of death.
Kidney transplantation has evolved significantly since the first attempts in the 1930s. Live donor kidney transplantation provides advantages over deceased donor transplants including better outcomes. A comprehensive evaluation of potential live kidney donors is essential and includes medical, surgical, immunological, and psychosocial assessments. Careful evaluation aims to minimize risks to donor health while maximizing the benefits of transplantation for recipients. Ongoing research continues to further develop and improve the live donor evaluation and transplantation process.
Remote Ischemic Conditioning - Dr. Robert KlonerEndothelix
This document summarizes a presentation on ischemic conditioning and myocardial infarction. It discusses how brief periods of ischemia can protect the heart from subsequent longer periods of ischemia, known as preconditioning. Studies in animal models and clinical trials show remote ischemic conditioning, using brief ischemia in another part of the body like a limb, can protect the heart. Remote ischemic conditioning reduced infarct size and improved outcomes in patients having a heart attack or undergoing procedures like bypass surgery. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating remote ischemic conditioning for other conditions involving ischemia in organs like the brain and kidneys.
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a glomerular disease characterized by subepithelial immune deposits causing nephrotic syndrome in many cases. It can be primary or secondary. Evaluation of secondary causes includes screening for autoimmune diseases, viral infections, malignancies and other underlying conditions. Treatment involves treating any identified secondary cause. For primary MN, supportive care is initially recommended, with immunosuppressive therapy considered for persistent high-risk disease. Treatment options include steroids, calcineurin inhibitors and alkylating agents. Close monitoring of response is important to guide management.
The document provides information on evaluating living kidney donors. It discusses the donor evaluation process which includes education, counseling, consenting, psychological evaluation, medical screening, and identifying transmissible infections. The medical screening process involves taking a history, physical exam, labs, and imaging to evaluate renal anatomy and function. Contraindications for donation and different donor types are also outlined. The document provides details on specific aspects of the donor evaluation like immunological workup, donor radiological assessment, estimating glomerular filtration rate, and ABO matching between donors and recipients.
Anant Bahadur Yadav is seeking a position that allows him to utilize his skills and contribute to an employer's success. He has 2 years of experience in quality assurance in the automobile industry. He received a B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University and has completed various trainings and projects. Currently, he works as an Engineer - Quality Assurance at Wahi Sons Pvt. Ltd., where he is responsible for quality assurance activities, audits, and more.
Unresolved Issues In Myocardial ViabilityMuhammad Ayub
This document discusses myocardial viability and techniques to detect viable myocardium. It begins by defining viable myocardium and explaining why detection is important for predicting prognosis and response to revascularization. It then reviews techniques to detect viability including those assessing contractile reserve using stress echocardiography, SPECT, or MRI as well as techniques evaluating preserved metabolism using PET tracers or cell membrane integrity using thallium or sestamibi SPECT. The document compares the sensitivity and specificity of different techniques and concludes that while techniques assessing contractile reserve are highly specific, nuclear techniques provide good sensitivity for viability assessment.
The document discusses tests for viable myocardium, including myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). MPI uses radioactive tracers like thallium or technetium injected at rest and during stress to identify areas of reduced blood flow. Ischemic but viable tissue will have reduced tracer uptake at rest but improved uptake during stress, while non-viable tissue will show a defect at both rest and stress. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and delayed enhancement MRI can also identify hibernating but viable myocardium. Assessing viability is important for prognosis and determining if revascularization would improve cardiac function.
Traitement de la FA vu par le chirurgien cardiaque : state of the art. (Dr J....Brussels Heart Center
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Remes on the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. It discusses the pathophysiology of AF and reviews studies on the Cox Maze procedure. Dr. Remes presents data on success rates of different Cox Maze variations and predictors of recurrence. Minimally invasive surgical approaches for AF ablation including pulmonary vein isolation are discussed. Energy sources for ablation like bipolar radiofrequency are highlighted. Guidelines for lone AF surgery are reviewed. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the state of the art in surgical treatment of AF.
This document discusses several topics related to nephrology departments and kidney disease, including a hospital information system, techniques for vascular access and HD catheters, prevention of non-communicable diseases, and education programs. It provides information on workshops and resources available on related websites. Case studies are presented on patients with poor vascular access requiring HD catheters through different approaches. Ten technical tips are outlined for HD catheters.
This document summarizes guidelines for evaluating kidney function in potential living donors. It recommends estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using serum creatinine and/or cystatin C to assess kidney function. An initial GFR of 90 mL/min/1.73m2 or greater is acceptable for donation, while GFR between 60-89 mL/min/1.73m2 requires individual assessment. Donors with less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2 are not eligible. The guidelines provide criteria for measurement and interpretation of GFR to safely evaluate and select living kidney donors.
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is performed all over the world today. The shortage of cadaveric grafts makes it the only option for many end stage cirrhotics in many countries. Donor hepatectomy is a complicated operations and this has raised concerns about the safety of this operation. However, today donor hepatectomy is a safe operation with a low incidence of complications.
This document discusses the management of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. It provides information on medical management using medications like cinacalcet and the role of parathyroidectomy. It summarizes guidelines for treatment targets from KDIGO and discusses challenges of parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients like bleeding risks. Imaging techniques for localization are discussed along with outcomes data showing reduced need for parathyroidectomy with cinacalcet but no improvement in mortality. Costs of treatments are also presented.
This document provides guidelines for evaluating both kidney transplant candidates and donors. It discusses indications and contraindications for transplantation. For candidates, it recommends evaluating medical history, infections, cardiovascular health, pulmonary function, cancers, adherence, and psychosocial factors. It provides criteria for acceptable and non-recommended candidates. For donors, it recommends medical evaluation and screening for infections. Certain active medical conditions may delay or prevent transplantation for both candidates and donors. The goal is to maximize the chances of a successful transplant while minimizing risks.
ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation - REVIEW in living donor...Maarten Naesens
- A 60-year old woman with blood type O and end-stage renal disease needed a kidney transplant urgently, but her husband who was willing to donate had blood type A, making them ABO incompatible.
- There were three options for transplantation: waiting 3 years for a deceased donor kidney, entering a paired exchange program, or doing an ABO incompatible transplant.
- Protocols for ABO incompatible transplantation have evolved over time, starting with splenectomy and plasmapheresis, and now typically involving rituximab, non-antigen specific immunoadsorption, and immunosuppression.
- While ABO incompatible transplantation has excellent graft outcomes, it does carry higher risks of complications and infections compared to compatible trans
This document discusses immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplantation. It covers various types of immunosuppressive drugs used for induction and maintenance, including calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), mTOR inhibitors, steroids, and antiproliferatives. It provides information on monitoring drug levels, drug toxicities, and strategies to improve graft survival like avoiding high intrapatient drug level variability. It also addresses the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on male reproduction and pregnancy.
This study compared the traditional "blind" renal transplant biopsy technique to an ultrasound-guided coaxial technique. The study found that both techniques obtained adequate biopsy samples in over 98% of cases. The traditional technique was associated with a significantly higher rate of minor complications like hematomas compared to the coaxial technique, but there was no significant difference in major complication rates between the two methods. Overall, both techniques demonstrated a low risk of complications and were effective in obtaining diagnostic biopsy samples.
This study used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to characterize patterns of ventricular involvement in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) in 26 patients. It found that late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was most frequently seen in the left ventricle, particularly in the inferior and inferolateral walls. Biventricular involvement with right ventricular predominance was the most common finding. The study provides insights into CMR patterns that help diagnose AC subtypes involving one or both ventricles.
1. The document discusses a case of a 58-year-old male patient with heart and kidney failure who is being evaluated for a potential dual heart-kidney transplant.
2. It reviews epidemiological data on dual organ transplants and criteria for liver-kidney and heart-kidney transplants.
3. For their patient, the cardiologist felt dual transplantation was warranted but the nephrologist felt the kidney failure may be reversible with medical management alone.
Why should we measure endothelial functionEndothelix
This document discusses the importance of measuring endothelial function for cardiovascular risk assessment. It begins with background on cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death globally and the problems with traditional risk assessment based only on risk factors. It then discusses how endothelial dysfunction underlies many disease states and can serve as an integrated measure of risk. The document reviews different techniques for measuring endothelial function, including flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. It argues that a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment should include measures of both subclinical disease and endothelial function.
Transplant Nephrectomy Improves Survival following a Failed Renal Allograft (...Raj Kiran Medapalli
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of transplant nephrectomy on mortality rates following kidney allograft failure. The study used data from the United States Renal Data System on over 19,000 patients who returned to dialysis between 1994-2004 after allograft failure. It found that patients who underwent nephrectomy after late graft failure (>1 year) had a 12% lower risk of death compared to those who did not undergo nephrectomy. However, nephrectomy after early graft failure (<1 year) was associated with a 13% higher risk of death.
Kidney transplantation has evolved significantly since the first attempts in the 1930s. Live donor kidney transplantation provides advantages over deceased donor transplants including better outcomes. A comprehensive evaluation of potential live kidney donors is essential and includes medical, surgical, immunological, and psychosocial assessments. Careful evaluation aims to minimize risks to donor health while maximizing the benefits of transplantation for recipients. Ongoing research continues to further develop and improve the live donor evaluation and transplantation process.
Remote Ischemic Conditioning - Dr. Robert KlonerEndothelix
This document summarizes a presentation on ischemic conditioning and myocardial infarction. It discusses how brief periods of ischemia can protect the heart from subsequent longer periods of ischemia, known as preconditioning. Studies in animal models and clinical trials show remote ischemic conditioning, using brief ischemia in another part of the body like a limb, can protect the heart. Remote ischemic conditioning reduced infarct size and improved outcomes in patients having a heart attack or undergoing procedures like bypass surgery. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating remote ischemic conditioning for other conditions involving ischemia in organs like the brain and kidneys.
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a glomerular disease characterized by subepithelial immune deposits causing nephrotic syndrome in many cases. It can be primary or secondary. Evaluation of secondary causes includes screening for autoimmune diseases, viral infections, malignancies and other underlying conditions. Treatment involves treating any identified secondary cause. For primary MN, supportive care is initially recommended, with immunosuppressive therapy considered for persistent high-risk disease. Treatment options include steroids, calcineurin inhibitors and alkylating agents. Close monitoring of response is important to guide management.
The document provides information on evaluating living kidney donors. It discusses the donor evaluation process which includes education, counseling, consenting, psychological evaluation, medical screening, and identifying transmissible infections. The medical screening process involves taking a history, physical exam, labs, and imaging to evaluate renal anatomy and function. Contraindications for donation and different donor types are also outlined. The document provides details on specific aspects of the donor evaluation like immunological workup, donor radiological assessment, estimating glomerular filtration rate, and ABO matching between donors and recipients.
Anant Bahadur Yadav is seeking a position that allows him to utilize his skills and contribute to an employer's success. He has 2 years of experience in quality assurance in the automobile industry. He received a B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University and has completed various trainings and projects. Currently, he works as an Engineer - Quality Assurance at Wahi Sons Pvt. Ltd., where he is responsible for quality assurance activities, audits, and more.
The London Leadership Partnership advocates for an economic model called "Terra Firma Economics" to address climate change risks and opportunities. This model focuses on conserving natural capital and realizing prosperity through principles of asset management. The Partnership operates by licensing knowledge and technologies to governments and organizations seeking to attract investment while transitioning to more sustainable practices. It references theories from Adam Smith to Rifkin to advocate integrating systems that distribute benefits in an orderly way without unnecessary environmental impacts.
1) The Megapod UPS system from Mitsubishi integrates UPS modules, batteries, and other components into a compact layout that saves significant floor space in data centers compared to traditional UPS systems.
2) A data center designer, Howard Chez, began using the Mitsubishi Megapod system for projects after seeing its space and installation time savings firsthand. Megapod systems can be installed in around two weeks compared to six weeks for traditional systems.
3) In addition to space savings, the Megapod provides higher efficiency than other UPS systems, lowering total cooling and power costs over the life of the data center.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de cenotes en la península de Yucatán, incluyendo cenotes semiabiertos, abiertos, de caverna y antiguos. Explica brevemente 14 cenotes notables como Bolonchoojol, Chaczinicche, Chelentún, Corchito, Elepetén, Ik Kil, Kambulnah, Kankirixché, Nayah, Papakal, Samulá, X-Batún, X-Canché, X'Kekén y Zací. Además, destaca el papel
The document analyzes the front covers of two music magazines. For the first magazine, called INDIE: the target audience is older teens and young adults; the main image features a woman with "indie" and "10" painted on her neck, representing 10 years of indie music; the magazine's title and fonts create a relaxed atmosphere focused on indie music. For the second magazine, called NME: the target audience is also older teens and young adults; the main image features a band holding bones related to their new song; the magazine's title, fonts, and bright text against a dark background focus on new music.
The document discusses the filming location and props for a project. It will be filmed at Harlington Upper School, which has rooms that can represent an investigation room/board to display a map. A whiteboard within the school will be used as an investigation board to plot characters and link them, making it look realistic. An actress' khaki green parker coat will be used to make her look more powerful and authoritative as her actions are disguised, creating more of a mystery.
El documento resume los tres tipos principales de web: la web 1.0 era unidireccional y contenía información estática actualizada solo por el webmaster; la web 2.0 permitió la colaboración y compartición a través de blogs, wikis y redes sociales; y la web 3.0 es inteligente, basada en la nube y accesible a través de múltiples dispositivos, ordenando la información de manera semántica.
Presentazione introduttiva al panel "Chi blocca gli ads? Numeri, motivi e scenario della rivolta degli utenti contro gli annunci pubblicitari" alla #SMWmilan
This document outlines several precedents related to manslaughter cases in UK law. It discusses precedents establishing:
1) Constructive manslaughter requires an unlawful act that a reasonable person would recognize poses a risk of harm.
2) Gross negligence manslaughter is based on ordinary negligence rules, and it is for the jury to decide if the defendant's actions amounted to gross negligence worthy of criminal punishment.
3) Manslaughter is difficult to define, but recklessness can be used to instruct juries, and there is a difference between unlawful and lawful but careless acts.
4) Juries can be instructed on recklessness and subjective recklessness may be enough for manslaughter. Vague definitions are needed for juries in
Hypotheek oversluiten, historisch lage rente, Wanneer profiteren van de lage rente?,Verschuldigde boeterente, Gedeeltelijk boetevrije aflossen, Wanneer is oversluiten met een lagere rente financieel interessant ?
Glocal, Varese, 19 novembre 2016 - Slow journalism e Verifica dei FattiAlberto Puliafito
A Varese, 19 novembre 2016, Glocal, Alberto Puliafito e Andrea Coccia parlano della sfida dello slow journalis.
Rallentare, verificare le fonti, i fatti, fare il vero "fact checking". La legge del '63 e le buone pratiche che non cambiano, casi di studio, progetti italiani e stranieri, strumenti e la "forma mentis" che bisogna imparare a far propria per non sbagliare. Perché sbaglia anche chi conosce il metodo.
ROSIV Engineers and Suppliers is a metal manufacturing company founded by Ronald Hlabane, Sipho Nkomo, and Vuyo Mbongo to create sustainable employment and skills development in South Africa. The company's mission is to be a leading metal manufacturer, providing quality products and services. It offers casting, machining, heat treatment, and assembly. ROSV aims to empower youth through education programs and create jobs in rural areas by establishing new foundries. The company works with clients in manufacturing, electrical, agriculture, mining, and transportation industries.
Slope Beta Feedback | You ask for feedback on your beta product, I deliver.Amanda Tiffany
Now, I can't say I'll do this for every co-founder who asks me for some feedback on the launch of their beta product or app. I mean, that could spiral out into a time-consuming, off-task, way-too-fun-to-be-actual-work habit if I let it get out of control.
However, at least this once (and very likely sometime again soon because this was fun) I decided to go above and beyond merely replying to a DM on Twitter with some footnotes. No, I had to create something memorable. Something that definitively made my message loud and clear. Something that got my point (and my sense of humor, hopefully) across.
Well, I am my harshest critic, so I can't necessarily tell if this presentation will be received as I intend it to be. I filled it with my honest observations, marketing advice, SEO tips, security remarks, and eye-rolling puns, hoping that you'll find something useful among its humorous slides.
If nothing else, I hope you smile at least once. Whoever doesn't love a mixture of SEO expertise and silly puns has Goat to be kidding me!
Enjoy,
Amanda Tiffany
https://twitter.com/amandasabroad
Global Hospitals’ Advanced Heart, Lung & Vascular Institute provides all kinds of endovascular procedures including coronary intervention and peripheral intervention, heart surgery, heart bypass surgery as well as heart transplantation surgery in Hyderabad, Chennai, and Bangalore
Introduction: Endoscopic RetrogradeCholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been advocated as a less invasive therapeutic
intervention for the diagnosis and management of various pancreaticobiliary diseases in the aging population. However, the procedure is not without risk. Published literatures have shown different adverse outcomes with the oldest patient documented to be at 97-years-old. This case report of a 99 years and 107 days old male is probably one of the oldest to be recorded to undergo ERCP worldwide, hence is a vital addition to current practice.
Variations in Hepatic Artery Anatomy and its Implications in Laparoscopic Whi...semualkaira
Pancreato-Duodenectomy (PD) is a complex procedure with significant postoperative morbidity. Oncological outcome depends
on marginal and nodal clearance around critical abdominal vasculature. The presence of aberrant vessels necessitates prompt
identification and meticulous dissection around it [1]. Although
preoperative imaging helps in appreciating proper vascular anatomy, surgeon has got a pivotal role in delineating and preserving
it without compromising oncological principles. Laparoscopic
Whipples’ procedure is done only in few experienced centers. The
role of laparoscopy has been evaluated very less so far in literature
when such vascular aberrations are present. We did a prospective
study to assess the impact presence of these variations on the laparoscopic PD
Variations in Hepatic Artery Anatomy and its Implications in Laparoscopic Whi...semualkaira
Pancreato-Duodenectomy (PD) is a complex procedure with significant postoperative morbidity. Oncological outcome depends on marginal and nodal clearance around critical abdominal vasculature. The presence of aberrant vessels necessitates prompt identification and meticulous dissection around it [1].
Variations in Hepatic Artery Anatomy and its Implications in Laparoscopic Whi...semualkaira
Pancreato-Duodenectomy (PD) is a complex procedure with significant postoperative morbidity. Oncological outcome depends on marginal and nodal clearance around critical abdominal vasculature. The presence of aberrant vessels necessitates prompt identification and meticulous dissection around it
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Native Kidney of a Renal Transplant Recipient ...Apollo Hospitals
We are reporting a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the native kidney in a renal transplant recipient. A 54-year-old gentleman, a renal transplant recipient for three years, presented with flank pain. On evaluation he was found to have a mass in the upper pole of the left native kidney. Renal angiogram was done which showed a functioning trans-
planted kidney with a large mass arising from the upper pole of the left native kidney. He underwent nephrectomy. The histopathology reported a squamous cell carcinoma. He was given adjuvant radiotherapy to the tumor bed using image guided radiotherapy thereby delivering a differential dose to the high risk areas and preserving the surrounding normal structures. He developed a urethral nodule which was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma. The lesion was excised with clear margins. We present this case because it is rare and to discuss adjuvant management.
Drs. Brooks, Hambright, Holland, and Lorenz’s CMC Abdominal Imaging Mastery P...Sean M. Fox
Drs. Kylee Brooks and Parker Hambright are Emergency Medicine Residents and Drs. Alexis Holland and William Lorenz are Surgery Residents at Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, NC. They are interested in medical education. With the guidance of Drs. Kyle Cunningham, Brent Matthews, and Michael Gibbs, they aim to help augment our understanding of emergent abdominal imaging. Follow along with the EMGuideWire.com team as they post these monthly educational, self-guided radiology slides. This month’s cases include:
- Pyogenic Liver Abscess
- Bladder Rupture
- Sigmoid Volvulus
Pseudoaneurysms arising from hepatic arteryAshok Thorat
Three patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation developed hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms after transplantation. Two patients presented with massive duodenal bleeding from erosion of the hepatic artery into the bile duct. The third presented with intra-abdominal bleeding. All three patients were treated successfully with minimally invasive endovascular procedures including coil embolization and stent grafting to close off the pseudoaneurysms, while preserving blood flow to the liver grafts. Endovascular treatment is an effective alternative to difficult surgery for hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms after liver transplantation.
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) involves collecting stem cells from a patient's bloodstream and later infusing them back into the patient after chemotherapy or radiation therapy. PBSCT has replaced bone marrow as the most common stem cell transplantation procedure. Stem cells are collected from the bloodstream using growth factors alone or with chemotherapy, and the minimum number needed for a safe transplant is 2 million CD34+ cells per kilogram of body weight. PBSCT results in faster recovery time compared to bone marrow transplants due to higher numbers of stem cells and T cells collected.
Administration of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells Into Spinal Cord Injury P...◂ Justin (M) Gaines ▸
This document summarizes a study that administered autologous bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) via multiple routes (directly into the spinal cord, directly into the spinal canal, and intravenous) to 8 spinal cord injury patients. The study found that administering BMSCs via multiple routes was safe and improved patients' quality of life based on evaluations using scales like ASIA, Barthel, Frankel, and a new bladder function scale. To date, administering BMSCs to 52 spinal cord injury patients has had no cases of tumor formation, infection, or increased pain and few minor adverse events.
Squamous cell carcinoma in the native kidney of a renal transplant recipient ...Apollo Hospitals
We are reporting a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the native kidney in a renal
transplant recipient. A 54-year-old gentleman, a renal transplant recipient for three years,
presented with flank pain. On evaluation he was found to have a mass in the upper pole of
the left native kidney. Renal angiogram was done which showed a functioning transplanted
kidney with a large mass arising from the upper pole of the left native kidney. He
underwent nephrectomy. The histopathology reported a squamous cell carcinoma. He was
given adjuvant radiotherapy to the tumor bed using image guided radiotherapy thereby
delivering a differential dose to the high risk areas and preserving the surrounding normal
structures. He developed a urethral nodule which was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma.
The lesion was excised with clear margins. We present this case because it is rare
and to discuss adjutant management.
Anaesthesia for Living Donor Combined Liver Kidney TransplantationApollo Hospitals
Orthotopic liver transplantation is now the best therapeutic option for patients with chronic liver failure [1]. Liver transplant is now a routine surgery performed in numerous medical centers throughout the world. Till now about 600 liver transplants have been performed in the Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi. Combined liver kidney transplantation (CKLT) is the treatment for end-stage liver and kidney diseases. Combined liver kidney transplantation from living donors is performed in very few centers. Not many cases of Living donor combined Liver Kidney transplantation has been described in the literature. Here we report the clinical experience of our first living donor combined liver kidney transplantation (kidney after liver) in patient with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and end stage renal failure (ESRD). Liver and kidney graft has been harvested from two living related donors.
The document discusses cervical spine injuries and cervical spondylotic myelopathy. It presents early experience with anterior decompression, fusion and plating for cervical spine injuries in Abuja, Nigeria. It describes surgical techniques used including anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. It highlights the importance of early referral for surgery and discusses challenges including lack of intensive care and rehabilitation facilities.
A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding care of patients after cardiac surgery among staff nurses at Shree Narayana, Hospital, Raipur, chhattisgarh.
The document discusses renal replacement therapy options for patients with end-stage renal disease, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. It provides details on each treatment modality and emphasizes the importance of early referral to a nephrologist to allow time for vascular access placement, transplant evaluation, and patient education. The best vascular access for hemodialysis is an arteriovenous fistula due to its lower risk of infection and greater longevity. All statements regarding kidney transplantation timing and criteria are correct. Screening for malignancies is important in transplant recipients due to higher cancer risks with immunosuppression.
This document summarizes a talk on the role of pancreas transplantation in managing diabetes. The talk discusses how pancreas transplants can normalize blood sugar levels but require lifelong immunosuppression. It reviews the types of pancreas transplants and their outcomes. Combined kidney-pancreas transplants are most common and indications for them are discussed. Technical challenges of pancreas transplants and monitoring outcomes are also summarized. The role of pancreas transplants for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is evaluated based on available data.
Preoperative Evaluation For Living Donor Liver TransplantationAhmed Adel
This document discusses the preoperative evaluation of patients for living donor liver transplantation. It covers the history of liver transplantation, what the procedure entails, indications and contraindications for the procedure. It provides details on evaluating potential recipients, including medical history, lab tests, imaging and consultations required. Key aspects of managing patients' conditions while waiting for transplantation are outlined, such as treating complications like ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome. Guidelines for treatment of specific diseases like hepatitis B are also summarized.
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
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1. INSIDE
Heart Transplant:
Need of the Hour for End Stage Heart Failure
Dr. Kewal Krishan, Dr. Viveka Kumar, Dr. Sanjoy Majhi, Dr. K.K. Talwar
Max Institute of Heart & Vascular
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket
www.maxhealthcare.in
Professional Writings by Medical Practitioners, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket
Vol.18Mar'16
o c C o n n e c tD
6Case
of the Week
3Non-TBI Conditioning
with Intravenous Busulfan
& Cyclophosphamide
4Superselective
Trans-arterial
Yttrium 90 Therapy
7Foetal
Echocardiography
10Deep Venous Thrombosis
Progressing to Renal
Graft Vein Thrombosis
Heart failure is quickly becoming the most pressing health problem in India. Millions of
people in India live with heart failure disease. In addition there is numerous unreported
cases. Once medical therapy deemed failing or patients who had already undergone
cardiac procedure or exhausted of medical therapy and still symptomatic will get
benefit from cardiac replacement therapy like heart transplant or ventricular assist
device. “India has a long way to go before we can match the demand for heart
transplants in the country. There is a dire need to aggressively spread awareness about
thecolossalgapthatexistsbetweentheorgandonorsandthosewhoneeditinIndia.
A 51 year old female with C/o Breathlessness for the last 3
yearsandOrthoponeaforthelast6months(off&
on) was presented to our hospital. She was
first evaluated for acute heart failure.
She underwent CRRT to improve
symptoms which helped her for
one year and again she became
symptomatic because of
worsening cardiomyopathy.
Due to frequent admissions
(INTERMACS 4) she was
advised to go for heart
transplant. She was
evaluated whether she
was a candidate for heart
transplant. All investiga-
2. 2
A 32km green corridor was
set up from Max-Shalimar Bagh
to Max-Saket on Thursday,
7th Jan’16 at 10.20 am
to transport the heart
of a 17-year-old road accident
victim in 45 min 27 sec.
The donor's two kidneys
successfully saved lives of two
patients at Max-Shalimar Bagh,
the two corneas were sent to
AIIMS and the liver was
transported to the Institute
of Liver and Biliary Sciences
(ILBS) for transplantation.
5 year female with osteopetrosis presented to us with optic atrophy
A(VEPshowedperceptionoflight).Hearingwaspreservedtillnow.Her
X-Rays and CT show diffuse bony thickening suggestive of
(2)
osteopetrosis. She was diagnosed with osteopetrosis and admitted for
BMT. In view of her age we wished to avoid TBI and used IV Busulfan
(3)
and cyclophosphamide conditioning . GVHD prophylaxis consisted
of cyclosporine and short course methotrexate. She had a HLA
identical 2 year old sister. A bone marrow harvest was done under
GA , total volume infused was 220 ml, TNC= 11400, MNC-48%, CD
34-3.42 %; 390/ul; CD 34 dose: 5.36 x 106/kg. Neutrophil
engraftmentwasattainedonday+19andplateletengraftmentwas
attained on day+29. Her transplant course was smooth without any
fever or infection. There was no VOD and no GVHD. She did develop
grade1mucositisduringconditioning.
Non-TBI Conditioning with Intravenous Busulfan
& Cyclophosphamide is Feasible in Bone Marrow
Transplantation for Osteopetrosis
Dr. Rahul Naithani
Senior Consultant, Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket
tions including right heart cath and
immunological tests were performed. Her
pulmonary vascular resistance and other
parameters were in acceptable limits of
transplant. She was put on waiting list for
transplant. During this period she was
admitted twice for acute heart failure. On
Jan 7, 2016 we received call for the donor
(A+ve) from Max Hospital, Shalimar Bagh.
CTVS team went over there to evaluate the
donor. Meanwhile recipient was called
immediately to get admitted to Max
hospital, Saket to make her ready for the
surgery. After the complete evaluation of
donor it was decided to take the heart. The
local police acted swiftly and created a
green corridor, which allowed us to travel a
distance of 32 kms in a mere 45 mins. As
soon as we reached to operation theatre
recipient was put on cardiopulmonary
bypass and recipient cardiectomy was done.
New heart was sutured with bicaval
technique and cross clamp was removed.
Heart started beating in no time. Slowly CPB
was weaned off and chest closed in layers.
Patient was extubated next morning. Over
the course of next few days ionotropes were
weaned off and all lines were removed.
Patienthasbeendoingfinesincethen.
A miraculous chain of events, led to this path-
breaking surgery, helping save a life of a middle
agedverysicklady.
"Our team at Max Healthcare worked round-the-
clock to ensure a seamless and successful heart
transplant. There are numerous precautions that
need to be kept in mind while performing a heart
transplant. Before the heart is retrieved from the
donor, the donor heart needs to undergo
echocardiography to ascertain that the heart is
healthy and has no previous damage. The heart
also needs to be checked on table and cleared for
suitability along with any diseases that can
preclude the retrieval. Given the abysmal number
of heart donors in India, it was crucial to ensure
that every step of the transplant was carried out
withoutanyroadblocks.
Heart transplant in India is still very rare, not
because of the lack of medical skills, but unfortu-
nately, because of the lack of organ donation. Once
harvested, the heart has to be transplanted with-in
a very tight window of four hours. It is still
considered a taboo and family members of brain
dead patients do not volunteer to donate the
organs of their loved ones. People need to be
educated on how the organs of the brain dead
patient can provide life to another needy patient
andprovideasecondleaseoflife.
3. 3
On day 53 she presented with anemia and thrombocytopenia (Hb
45g/L,platelet 35 x 109/l, TLC 3.4 x 109/l). Peripheral smear showed
macrocytosis and reticulocyte count of 10% and 5 nRBCs/100
WBCs. Her LDH was high 353 U/l (<192U/l). Bone marrow aspirate
showed cellular bone marrow with eryhroid hyperplasia with
adequate megakaryocytes. It also showed an osteoclast. A diagnosis
of post transplant autoimmune cytopenia was made which
responded to addition of steroids within a week. Overall she
continued to improve with normalisation of serum calcium and
improvement in vision in form of perception of light despite having
optic atrophy at diagnosis. There was no more watery discharge
from mouth (due to malocclusion of teeth) which was present pre
BMT,nomoresnoringandsomeregressionofproptosis.
Article by Behfar ET AL and this case demonstrate that non-
(1)
radiation based conditioning regime is feasible in osteopetrosis .
This helps lot of centres in developing countries who may not have
infrastructural facility or expertise for total body irradiation.
Secondly, immune cytopenias seems not uncommon in children
with osteopetrosis undergoing BMT as was the case in previous
(1)
series also where one child developed hemolytic anaemia . She did
show some visual improvement in form of perception of light in
initial phase post BMT. We did not have chimerism facilities at that
time, however clinical improvement suggest that the BMT was
successfulinamelioratingtheosteopetrosisphenotype.
REFERENCES
1. BehfarM,DehghaniSS,HosseiniAS,JalaliA,HamidiehAA,GhavamzadehA.Non
totalbodyirradiationmyeloablativeconditioningwithintravenousbusulfanand
cyclophosphamide in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for malignant
infantileosteopetrosis.PediatrTransplant.2015Jun;19(4):422-7.
2. Srinivasan M, Abinun M, Cant AJ, Tan K, Oakhill A, Steward CG. Malignant
infantile osteopetrosis presenting with neonatal hypocalcaemia. Arch Dis Child
FetalNeonatalEd2000:83:F21–F23
3. Driessen GJ, Gerritsen EJ, Fischer A, Fasth A, Hop WC, Veys P, Porta F, Cant A,
Steward CG, Vossen JM,Uckan D, Friedrich W. Long-term outcome of
haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autosomal recessive osteopetrosis:
AnEBMTreport.BoneMarrowTransplant2003:32:657–663.
CASE REPORT
64 year old male patient with post-necrotic liver cirrhosis came with
complaints of weakness for a few weeks. Triple Phase CECT revealed
a large arterial hyper-enhancing lesion in segment VIII which
showed washout in porto-venous phase (Fig 1 and 2) and tumour
thrombusinanteriorbranchofrightportalvein(Fig3).Livershowed
features of cirrhosis and there was mild ascites. Reformatted CT
angiographic images revealed a replaced right hepatic artery from
the superior mesenteric artery (Fig 4). AFP levels were 394 and USG
guided percutaneous biopsy also revealed Hepatocellular carci-
noma.Child-PughscoringclassifiedthepatientintocategoryA.
Surgicalresectionwasnotdoneowingtotheportalveinthrombosis
and co-morbidities. Patient was unwilling for Liver transplantation.
Trans-arterial chemo-embolisation (TACE) was not considered due
toportalveinthrombosis.
Superselective Trans-arterial Yttrium 90 Therapy:
A New Hope in Hepatic Malignancies
Dr. Vivek Saxena, Dr. Lakshay Mehta, Dr. Bharat Aggarwal
Department of Radiology
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket
Fig 1: CECT Abdomen arterial phase image shows a solitary
enhancing lesion in segment VIII of liver
4. 4
Trans-arterial radioembolisation (TARE) was thus planned. TARE was
done as a two-step procedure. In the work-up phase, a detailed
hepatic angiogram was done followed by Tc-99 labelled Macro-
Aggregated Albumin (MAA) scan to calculate the hepatopulmonary
shunt fraction. The superior mesenteric angiogram revealed a vessel
supplying the right lobe of the liver. A superselective right hepatic
artery (RHA) angiogram revealed tumour blush in segment VIII
confirming the arterial supply to the tumour (Fig 5). Tc-99 labelled
MAA was injected superselectively into the distal RHA and this was
followed by a MAA scan for calculation of Hepatopulmonary Shunt
fraction(Fig6).
Subsequently, a celiac angiogram was done which revealed that the
celiac axis divided into common hepatic, splenic and left gastric
arteries. Common hepatic artery further divided into left hepatic
artery and a gastroduodenal artery. No branch was seen from the
commonhepaticarterytotherightlobeofliver(Fig7).
Fig 3: CECT Abdomen portal phase image shows portal vein
thrombus in posterior segment of right portal vein branch (white arrow)
Fig 4: Reformatted coronal image in arterial phase shows the right
hepatic artery (white arrow)originating from the superior mesenteric artery.
Also seen is the left hepatic artery originating from the celiac axis
Fig 6: MAA scan reveals a Hepatopulmonary Shunt
fraction within acceptable limits
Fig 2: CECT Abdomen portal phase image shows washout of contrast
from the lesion. This finding is consistent with Hepatocellular carcinoma
Fig 5: Superior mesenteric artery angiogram reveals
tumour blush with supply from the replaced RHA
5. 5
Fig 7: Common hepatic artery angiogram reveals two branches –
LHA and the gastroduodenal artery. No branch from
the common hepatic artery was seen to supply the right lobe of liver
Thus in conclusion, we were dealing with a type III (Michel's) hepatic
arteryanatomywithareplacedRHAfromtheSMA.
The shunt fraction was 1.62% which was within acceptable limits.
Dose calculations were done in and the second step of the
procedure was done a week later, with deposition of SIR spheres
(resin based) with Y-90 as active material, superselectively in the
RHA. To verify the distribution of Y-90 resin microspheres to the
targeted hepatic segments and the tumour, Bremsstrahlung scan
was done and images were compared with hepatic angiography
images taken just before Y-90 resin microsphere delivery. No
radioactivity was detected outside the liver on the bremsstrahlung
images(Fig8).
No significant complication was recorded and the patient was
discharged the next morning. Follow up triple phase CECT at 3
months and 6 months (Fig 9) revealed complete absence of arterial
enhancement in the treated tumour and the AFP levels dropped to
44.
Patientiscurrentlyonfollowupwiththemedicaloncologist.
REFERENCES
1. Kennedy AS, Sangro B. Nonsurgical Treatment for Localized Hepatocellular
Carcinoma.CurrentOncologyReports.2014;16(3):373.
2. Bilbao JI et al. Biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and recannalization
characteristics of nonradioactive resin microspheres: histological findings.
CardiovascInterventRadiol.2009;32(4):727–36.
3. Hilgard P et al. Radioembolization with yttrium-90 glass microspheres in
hepatocellular carcinoma: European experience on safety and long-term
survival.Hepatology.2010;52(5):1741–9.
4. Mazzaferro Vet al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for intermediate advanced
hepatocellularcarcinoma:aphase2study.Hepatology.2013;57(5):1826–37.
5. SalemRetal.RadioembolizationforhepatocellularcarcinomausingYttrium-90
microspheres:acomprehensivereportoflong-termoutcomes.Gastroenterology.
2010;138(1):52–64
6. Sangro B et al. Survival after yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization of
hepatocellularcarcinomaacrossBarcelonacliniclivercancerstages:aEuropean
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regionwithadvanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-
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Fig 9: 6 month follow up CECT – arterial phase image does not reveal
any arterial enhancement within the lesion
Fig 8: Bremsstrahlung images : No radioactivity
was detected outside the liver.
6. RADIOLOGY
CASE OF THE MONTH
History
Two pregnant patients presenting with amenorrhoea and bleeding
with raised beta hcg with history of previous cesarean sections
SCAR PREGNANCY
Dr. Gurpreet Makkar, Dr. Bharat Aggarwal, Dr. Vivek Saxena (Department of Radiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi)
Dr. Pratibha Singhal, Dr. Jayashree Sundar (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi)
Discussion
Complication
Uterine rupture and hemorrhage with significant potential maternal morbidity can
result due to delayed diagnosis and management.
Last decades has seen increase in cesarean sections and can occasionally lead to
Cesarean scar pregnancy
The most common symptom is painless vaginal bleeding that may be massive.
The sonographic criteria for diagnosis are:
Ÿ Empty uterus and empty cervical canal
Ÿ Development of the sac in the anterior wall of the isthmic portion
Ÿ A discontinuity on the anterior wall of the uterus demonstrated on a sagittal plane
of the uterus running through the amniotic sac
Ÿ (Absent or diminished healthy myometrium between the bladder and the sac
Ÿ High velocity with low impedance peri-trophoblastic vascular flow clearly
surrounding the sac is proposed in Doppler examination
Ÿ MRI is highlighted as a problem-solving tool capable of more precisely identifying
the relationship of a CSP to adjacent structures, thereby providing additional
information critical to directing appropriate patient management and therapy.
Ÿ Miscarriages (Abortion and missed abortion)
Ÿ Cervicoisthmical pregnancies
Differential
Diagnosis
Axial and sagittal images
of MRI reveal gestational
sac with surrounding
decidual reaction lodged
in cesarean scar with no
discernible overlying
myometrium between
bladder and uterus
2D and 3D Transvaginal
Sonography images reveal
viable geatational sac with
yolk sac, embryo and
cardiac activity lodged in
cesarean scar
Systemic methotrexate
and local USG guided
transvaginal instillation
of Methotrexate was
performed
Case 2: USG, Doppler and 3D
images show widening of cesarean
scar with a decidual cast and a
small nonviable sac.
Systemic methotrexate was
administered
6
7. 7
Foetal echocardiography has seen the revolution and is now
coming up as a very promising tool in the diagnosis and
evaluation of various congenital cardiac defects. Almost all the
cardiac abnormalities can now be diagnosed appropriately at 16
weeks of gestation. We report an interesting case of the distressed
parents who were referred as suspected congenital cardiac
abnormalityat23weeksofgestation.
CASE REPORT
A 30 year old primigravida with gestation of 23 weeks with precious
pregnancy presented for fetal echocardiography. Her antenatal
ultrasound was suggestive of suggestive of ventrciulo septal defect
and parents were very anxious for the same. They were told of the
very poor outcome of the pregnancy, need for immediate surgery
after birth and poor long term outcome therefore they were
understandably very disturbed. Fetal echocardiography (done using
Philips IE 33 echo machine) showed a case of Tetrology of Fallot
with good pulmonary artery anatomy. Child had isolated large
ventriculoseptal defect with aortic override. He had anterior
malalignment of the septum. His pulmonary artery annulus was
adequate and distal branch pulmonary arteries were: right
pulmonary artery: 3mm, left pulmonary artery: 2.6mm. There was a
good antegrade flow in the pulmonary arteries and normal
ventricular function. Parents were recounseled about the presence
of Tetrology of Fallot. They were told as the need of elective total
correction (single stage) with normal long term outcomes. Parents
were highly thankful and decided to continue. The child was
delivered as a healthy female child with a birth weight of 3kg. Child
was discharged as per the protocol. She had an oxygen saturation of
97% at discharge. Her postoperative echocardiography was
suggestive of Tetrology of Fallot, large ventriculo septal defect with
aortic override. There was mild anterior malalignment with right
ventricular outflow tract gradient of 14mmHg. The gradient
increased to 30mm hg by next day with decrease in neonatal
pulmonary artery pressures. She had adequate pulmonary artery
annulus of: 6mm (expected: 6mm) with confluent branch pulmo-
nary arteries of RPA: 4mm, LPA:3.6 (expected: 4mm). The parents
were recounseled regarding the disease and that the elective
surgery will be planned at a later date ( as was explained antentally).
Child is being planned for a regular saturation monitoring. There
wasnootherstructuralorsystemicabnormalitypostnatally.
DISCUSSION
Foetal echocardiography is an important diagnostic tool whose
application has made it possible for the precise diagnostic evalua-
tion of various congenital heart diseases. By its ability to allow, to
make conscious decision about the continuation of pregnancy and
hence influence the outcome it has greatly modified the natural
history of the disease. Sensitivity and specificity of the foetal
echocardiographic examination appears maximal at 16-20 weeks of
gestation. This timing also allows for repeat examination when first
examination is incomplete before 22 weeks (maximum time limit of
termination of pregnancy). Foetal echocardiography can be
performed as early as 8-10 weeks transvaginaly. In the present case
the precise diagnosis not only allayed the anxiety in the family, it
also helped to make a conscious decision about the planning of
delivery in appropriate neonatal setting. TOF with adequate annulus
and branch pulmonary arteries is a diagnosis with good long term
outcome and it was this decision that helped family take a
consciousdecisionabouttheirpreciouspregnancy.
Tetralogy of Fallot includes non-restrictive perimembranous
ventricular septal defect with overriding aorta, and pulmonary
stenosis. Best views to detect this anomaly are five-chamber view
and long axis view of left ventricular outflow tract. These views
show ventricular septal defect with overriding aorta, and dilated
ascending aorta. Further sweep from five-chamber view shows
narrowing of right ventricular outflow tract. We observed good
antegrade flow in the present case. Although it needs to be
counseled that the pulmonary stenosis in TOF can be progressive,
hence I believe it is justifiable to repeat the echocardiography in
each trimester in case family decides for the continuation of
pregnancyasinthepresentcase.Shortaxisviewatthelevelofgreat
vessels shows small pulmonary arteries and dilated aorta. Doppler
interrogation of right ventricular outflow tract shows increased
pulmonary outflow velocity. All these findings can be progressive
with increasing right ventricle outflow tract obstruction, decreasing
size of pulmonary artery. Common differential diagnosis is truncus
arteriosus in which single great artery with large conotruncal
ventricular septal defect is present. The present case highlights the
importance of foetal echo. The diagnosis of good anatomy TOF not
only allayed parental anxiety after adequate counseling it also
enableddeliveryproximitytothepaediatriccardiaccentre.
FIGURE 1 (PRE): Foetal echocardiography images done at 23 weeks
showing Tetrology of Fallot in various views. Fig 1a showing
modified apical 5c view with flow acceleration in RVOT, Fig 1b
showing VSD (marked by arrow) with aortic override, Fig 1c showing
4 chamber view with well formed 2 ventricles, Fig 1d showing
parasternalshortaxisviewwithRVOT.
RVOT:rightventricularoutflowtract,PA:pulmonaryartery,RA:right
atrium, RV: right ventricle, LA: left atrium, LV: left ventricle, VSD:
ventricularseptaldefect,AO:aorta.
Dr. Neeraj Awasthy, Dr. Jawid
Department of Paediatric Cardiology
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket
Foetal Echocardiography:
A Modality that Alloys Anxiety
8. Fig 1d
Fig 2c
Fig 2a
Fig 2b
FIGURE 2 (Post): Postnatal echocardiogram done after delivery
showing the anatomy of TOF. Fig 2a showing subcoastal coronal
view with anterior tilt showing flow acceleration with good
antegrade flow in RVOT, Fig 2b showing parasternal long axis view
with VSD and aortic override, Fig 2c showing parasternal short axis
view (modified) with confluent and adequate sized branch
pulmonaryarteries.
Fig1a
Fig 1b
Fig 1c
8
9. SIOP-PODC Nutrition Fellowship-2016
was conducted at Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai
has been successfully completed
by Ms. Kalpana Gupta,
Senior Clinical Nutritionist, Max-Saket.
It was a two week programme which aimed at
Capacity building of the dieticians working in the
field of Paediatric Oncology, Pan India. The key focus
area of the workshop was to understand the
importance of Nutrition in Cancer Therapy and ways
to bridge the gap by nutritional interventions.
SIOP-PODC
Nutrition Fellowship 2016
9
10. 10
ABSTRACT
We present a case of diabetes and hypertension with history of
diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy with chronic kidney disease
stage V (D) who underwent live related renal transplantation. In post
transplant period he had delayed graft function which gradually
recovered and was being planned for discharge. At the time he
developed right lower limb deep venous thrombosis which rapidly
progressed to graft vein stenosis in matter of hours and was
successfully managed with thrombolysis, PTA and pulverization of
the thrombus. The patient recovered good renal function and is
presentlyhavingaserumcreatinineof1.7mg/dl.
CONCLUSION
Timely and aggressive management of acute complications like
graftveinstenosiscanhavefavorablegraftoutcomes.
Mr. A, a known case of diabetes since 1998 and hypertension since
2012, with diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy with chronic
kidney disease stage V was on maintenance hemodialysis for past
few months. He was being worked up for renal transplant with
prospective donor being his wife. After a thorough pre-transplant
work up and T and B cell CDC cross match negative his renal
transplant surgery was performed. He was given ATG induction and
kept on triple drug immunosupression tacrolimus, mycophenolate
mofetil and steroids. Total ischemic time was 25 minutes and warm
ischemic time was 5 minutes. Post-operative he had urine output of
less than 100 ml over next 2 hours. Ultrasound Doppler done
showed good flows at hilum with RI of 0.77and 0.72. Local causes
like catheter site obstruction were also ruled out. His urine output
remained low and hemodialysis was done at night. A clinical
diagnosis of ATN was made and tacrolimus was withheld and
second dose of ATG was given. Tacrolimus levels sent were 29.7
ng/ml. Over a period of next 2 days his urine output improved. His
tacrolimus levels started decreasing and gradually tacrolimus was
reintroduced. On postoperative day 7th his serum creatinine came
down to 1.7 mg/dl. His blood sugars fluctuated and required insulin
infusions intermittently. His urine culture grew E Coli sensitive to
colistin and colistin and meropenem were added. He complained of
breathlessness and was evaluated. Chest medicine opinion was also
taken. CT thorax and Pulmonary function test done were within
normal limits. Breathlessness gradually improved by fluid manage-
ment only. He was planned for discharge on a serum creatinine of
1.8 mg/dl when he complained of mild pain in right lower limb. On
examination right lower limb had mild swelling. A venous doppler
done was suggestive of deep venous thrombosis extending up to
right external iliac vein but renal artery flows were normal. He was
immediately started on low molecular weight heparin. In a period of
few hours he had a fall in urine output. A high clinical suspicion of
graft vein thrombosis was kept and after explaining to family his CT
venogram was done which showed deep venous thrombosis
extending from right external iliac vein up to below knee including
anastomoses of allograft renal vein. Cardiologist and vascular
surgeons were involved and after discussing also possible options
and there outcomes with the family TPA thrombolysis and vascular
intervention was planned. On fluoroscopy thrombus filled right
allograft renal vein and right common femoral vein without any
flows to common iliac vein were detected. PTA and pulverisation of
the thrombus was done and TPA was injected. TPA thrombolysis was
continued post intervention and heparin infusion with regular
monitoring of APTT was done. Post procedure urine output
remained low and his hemodialysis was done. Gradually over next
24 hrs his urine output improved. He required one more session of
hemodialysis before his serum creatinine started decreasing. He was
gradually shifted to acitrome. His INR was monitored and patient
discharged on a serum creatinine of 2 mg/dl. He is on regular follow
upandmaintainingaserumcreatinineof1.7mg/dl.
REVIEW
Renal allograft thrombosis may be responsible for 2–7% of early
[1, 2, 3]
allograft losses in adults and up to 35% in children . In a study
conducted by Zilinska et al out of 103 renal transplant patients
(january 2008 to december 2009) studied they detected renal vein
thrombosis in 3 cases (2.9%), artery thrombosis in 4 cases (3.9%),
one time intrarenal pseudoaneurysm (1%) and renal artery stenosis
[4]
in ten patients (9.7%) . Most cases of renal allograft thrombosis
occur early in the postoperative period with a peak incidence of 48
A Rare Delayed Presentation of
Deep Venous Thrombosis Progressing to
Renal Graft Vein Thrombosis
a a a b c d
G.D Chhabra , R Grover , D Khullar , A Kumar , K Rai , Y Mitender
a b
Department of Nephrology & Renal Transplant Medicine, Department of Urology & Renal Transplant,
c d
Department of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiology
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket
11. 11
hours. However, thrombus formation may be delayed until after the
[1]
first week . Thrombosis may initially involve the renal artery or
more frequently the renal vein, but in some cases it is difficult to
ascertain where the thrombosis originated. Predisposing factors for
renalallograftthrombosisinclude:
Ÿ Hypovolaemia
Ÿ Atherosclerosis
Ÿ Techniqueerror
Ÿ OKT3(plushigh-dosemethylprednisolone)
Ÿ Antiphospholipidantibodies
Ÿ Highdosesteroids
Ÿ Longcoldischaemiatime
Ÿ Delayedgraftfunctionrecovery
Ÿ Elderlydonors
Late allograft thrombosis has been defined as occurring later than
[1,5]
14 days postoperatively , but rarely renal artery thrombosis may
develop a few months post transplantation. Renal allograft vein
thrombosis may be induced by renal vein kinking or by renal vein
compression caused by lymphocele or other fluid collection, and
often results from extension of deep vein thrombosis to the renal
[1,6] [1, 7]
allograft vein . A review of the USRDS data found that in renal
transplant recipients deep vein thrombosis had an incidence of 2.9
episodes/1000 persons year; the risk was greater for patients with
renal insufficiency and with nephrotic syndrome, increased
haematocrit, rejection, infection or factor V Leiden mutation. The
prognosis is poor because many patients lose their graft function,
but some may be rescued depending on the timelines of the
diagnosis. Pulmonary embolism is a complication of renal vein
thrombosis especially with deep vein thrombosis. Treatment with
streptokinase or urokinase may be useful particularly in case of
acute or partial vein thrombosis. Percutaneous mechanical
thrombectomy and localised catheter-directed thrombolysis may
[1,8]
alsoallowthereturnofkidneyfunctioninsomepatients .
DISCUSSION
As clear from above review our patient had some predisposing
factors in form of an infection and delayed graft recovery. The above
factors may have pre-disposed our patient to a thrombotic state
vis-a vis all patients with these predisposing factors do not have
thrombotic events. But early diagnosis and prompt and aggressive
management led to resolution of the thrombosis and recovery of
renalfunction.
CONCLUSION
Complicationslikerenalgraftveinthrombosiscanpresentatypically
and in late period as extensions of deep venous thrombosis but
aggressive and timely intervention can have very satisfactory results
andsalvagerenalgraft.
REFERENCES
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thrombosisNephrolDialTransplant(2009)24:1388–1393.
(2) Irish A. Renal allograft thrombosis: can thrombophilia explain the inexplicable
NephrolDialTransplant1999;14:2297–2303.
(3) Smith JM, Stablein D, Singh A et al. Decreased risk of renal allograft thrombosis
associatedwithinterleukin-2receptorantagonists:areportoftheNAPRTCS.Am
JTransplant2006;6:585–588.
(4) Zilinska Z, Chrastina M, Trebaticky B, Breza j et al. Vascular comlications after
renaltransplantation:clinicalstudy.BratislLekListy2010;111(11):586-589.
(5) Friedman GS, Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B et al. Hypercoagulable states in renal
transplant candidates: impact of anticoagulation upon incidence of renal
allograftthrombosis.Transplantation2001;72:1073–1078.
(6) Ramirez PJ, Gohn RY,KestinAet al. Renal allograft loss due to proximal extension
ofileofemoraldeepvenousthrombosis.ClinTransplant2002;16:310–313
(7) Abbott KC, Cruess DF, Agodoa LY et al. Early renal insufficiency and late venous
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Dis2004;43:120–130.
(8) Melamed ML, Kim HS, Jaar BG et al. Combined percutaneous mechanical and
chemical thrombectomy for renal vein thrombosis in kidney transplant
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