Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a glomerular disease characterized by subepithelial immune deposits causing nephrotic syndrome in many cases. It can be primary or secondary. Evaluation of secondary causes includes screening for autoimmune diseases, viral infections, malignancies and other underlying conditions. Treatment involves treating any identified secondary cause. For primary MN, supportive care is initially recommended, with immunosuppressive therapy considered for persistent high-risk disease. Treatment options include steroids, calcineurin inhibitors and alkylating agents. Close monitoring of response is important to guide management.
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Thrombotic Microangiopathies are diverse group of disorders wherein thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and organ dysfunction such as Kidney and brain occur . Major recent advances in this field have occurred which opens up oppurtunities to effectively manage its clinical challenges .
Presentation given to our fellowship program about diabetic kidney disease.
2022 update discussing SGLT2i, MRA (e.g. finerenone), health economics and beyond
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Renal Replacement therapy (Dialytic Management) in AKI - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Infection-related Glomerulonephritis (KDIGO 2021 Guidelines) - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Diabetes Mellitus Management in CKD (Clinical Tips) - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Thrombotic Microangiopathies are diverse group of disorders wherein thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and organ dysfunction such as Kidney and brain occur . Major recent advances in this field have occurred which opens up oppurtunities to effectively manage its clinical challenges .
Presentation given to our fellowship program about diabetic kidney disease.
2022 update discussing SGLT2i, MRA (e.g. finerenone), health economics and beyond
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Renal Replacement therapy (Dialytic Management) in AKI - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Infection-related Glomerulonephritis (KDIGO 2021 Guidelines) - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Diabetes Mellitus Management in CKD (Clinical Tips) - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Liquid biopsy is a test that examines deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and other molecules in a patient's blood to detect cancer. Liquid biopsy plays a key role in early cancer detection by providing a non-invasive method for detecting the presence of cancer cells in the body.
Agenda: To understand the following:
• Trends and key market developments
• Common methodologies employed in liquid biopsy analysis
• Overview of emerging clinical applications and the testing landscape
• Adoption scenario and key investments
• Conclusion and future outlook
The team of expert analysts from the healthcare vertical at BIS Research has been studying the role of liquid biopsy in early cancer detection and its impact on the overall healthcare industry, publishing several studies around the same.
20160918 - F. Prefumo - Ecografia, screening biochimico, NIPT e diagnosi pren...Roberto Scarafia
Dipartimento di Ostetricia e Ginecologia
Università di Brescia / A.O. Spedali Civili di Brescia
Integrating NT+biochemistry and cffDNA
First-trimester contingent screening for trisomy 21 by biomarkers and maternal blood cell-free DNA testing
Nicolaides et al., UOG 2013
First-line screening by cfDNA testing alone in a population of 100000 pregnancies, including 294 with trisomy 21
Rapidly changing scenario
Relative role of “traditional” screening, NIPT and invasive testing defined on the basis of:
Accuracy
Risk
Cost
Accessibility
New technologies need to be adapt to clinical necessities
Serum interleukin - 6 level among sudanese patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors:Safaa I.A Nasr , Rbab A.M Adam , Hala M.M Ibrahim , Afra S.A Abdelgadir , Ibrahim Alkider , Solomon M. Gamde , Simon P. Abriba
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7652-7654 | Abstract | PDF File
Overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government health insti...Yakubu Sunday Bot
overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government owned health institution in nigeria.Several challenges abound in the Nigerian health sector ranging from financial,political and lack of commitment.Its obvious and no wonder the state of health care deliveryy, vis a vis its quality of care to its citizenry.
Morphologomics - Challenges for Surgical Pathology in the Genomic Age by Dr. ...Cirdan
This presentation introduces and discussesthe concept of ‘morphologomics’ that is omics approaches critically reimagined and reappraised from the viewpoint of classic morphology.
It was delivered by Dr. Anthony Gill at the Pathology Horizons 2017 conference in Cairns, Australia.
introduce and discuss the concept of ‘morphologomics’ that is omics approaches critically reimagined and reappraised from the viewpoint of classic morphology.
dkNET Webinar: Leveraging Computational Strategies to Identify Type 1 Diabete...dkNET
dkNET New Investigator Pilot Program in Bioinformatics Awardee Webinar Series
Presenter: Wenting Wu, PhD. Research Assistant Professor, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Associate Director of Data and Analytics Core for Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an immune-mediated disease that results in insulin insufficiency and affects 0.3% of the population, including both children and adults. To support clinical trial efforts, there is an urgent need to develop reliable biomarkers capable of predicting T1D risk and guiding therapeutic interventions. Recently, whole blood bulk RNA sequencing has been used to guide T1D clinical trial design and assess response to disease modifying interventions. While the use of bulk RNA sequencing is cost-effective, these datasets provide limited information about cell specific gene expression changes. Here, we aimed to apply computational strategies to deconvolute cell type composition using cell specific gene expression references. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was conducted to profile peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from youth within recent T1D onset and age- and sex-matched controls and identified 31 distinct cell clusters. Using this pre-defined reference dataset, we ran computational algorithms CIBERSORTx and other deconvolution methods simultaneously to deconvolute cell proportions using public clinical trial data. We focused our initial analysis on data from the TN-20 Rituximab trial, which tested the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab vs placebo in recent onset T1D. This talk will introduce recent advances of scRNA-seq techniques and computational deconvolution methods and demonstrate that how we apply different deconvolution approaches for secondary analysis of existing clinical trial data, in the purpose of linking cell specific immune signatures associated with drug responder status.
Upcoming webinars schedule: https://dknet.org/about/webinar
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch Syndromedaranisaha
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies...
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch SyndromeJohnJulie1
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies...
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch SyndromeAnonIshanvi
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies...
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch SyndromeNainaAnon
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies...
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch Syndromesemualkaira
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch SyndromeEditorSara
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies.
Lynch syndrome (LS) describes a subset of patients with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (most
commonly MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) that account for
2-4% of all colorectal cancers [1, 2] with varying phenotypes
de-pending on specific mutation. Patients with LS have an
estimated lifetime risk of 80% for developing colorectal cancer
and an in-creased risk for other extracolonic malignancies,
including endo-metrial, gastric, ovarian, pancreas, ureter and
renal pelvis, biliary tract, brain, and small intestinal cancers.2
Recently adrenocor-tical cancer (ACC), a rare and aggressive
malignancy, has been associated with LS [3-7], although the
low prevalence of ACC makes it difficult to attribute causality.
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies..
An Adrenal Mass in a Patient with Lynch Syndromesemualkaira
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare malignancy (estimated annual incidence 0.7 to 2.0 cases per million individuals worldwide) with a poor prognosis. In contrast, Lynch Syndrome (LS) is a much more commonly encountered hereditary syndrome that predisposes individuals to colon cancer and multiple other malignancies..
Similar to Membranous Nephropathy - Management Algorithm - Dr. Gawad (20)
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Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) in Adults and Acute Kidney Injury - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Insights from the FIGARO-DKD and FIDELIO-DKD trials - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
10. Talk Outline
Steps of Management of MN
(Diagnosis & Treatment)
Evaluation
of secondary causes
Therapy:
Secondary: Treat the cause
Idiopathic: Specific
Treatment
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
11. Talk Outline
Steps of Management of MN
(Diagnosis & Treatment)
Evaluation
of secondary causes
Therapy:
Secondary: Treat the cause
Idiopathic: Specific
Treatment
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
12. Talk Outline
Steps of Management of MN
(Diagnosis & Treatment)
Evaluation
of secondary causes
Therapy:
Secondary: Treat the cause
Idiopathic: Specific
Treatment
To go through evaluation of secondary causes
we have to discuss first Clinically applied
Pathophysiology of MN
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
13. Subepithelial deposits MN
Possible Mechanisms
Glassock RJ. N Engl J Med 2009;361:81-83.
Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models of, and Patients with,
Membranous Nephropathy.
14. Subepithelial deposits MN
Possible Mechanisms
Glassock RJ. N Engl J Med 2009;361:81-83.
Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models of, and Patients with,
Membranous Nephropathy.
1ry MN
15. Subepithelial deposits MN
Possible Mechanisms
Glassock RJ. N Engl J Med 2009;361:81-83.
Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models of, and Patients with,
Membranous Nephropathy.
1ry MN
16. Subepithelial deposits MN
Possible Mechanisms
Glassock RJ. N Engl J Med 2009;361:81-83.
Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models of, and Patients with,
Membranous Nephropathy.
1ry MN
17. Subepithelial deposits MN
Possible Mechanisms
Glassock RJ. N Engl J Med 2009;361:81-83.
Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models of, and Patients with,
Membranous Nephropathy.
1ry MN2ry MN 2ry MN
18. Subepithelial deposits MN
Possible Mechanisms
Glassock RJ. N Engl J Med 2009;361:81-83.
Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models of, and Patients with,
Membranous Nephropathy.
1ry MN2ry MN 2ry MN
19. Animal Model - Heymann nephritis
Megalin
Quigg RJ. Kidney Int 2003; 64:2318.
20. Congenital MN have been shown to be mediated by an antibody to neutral endopeptidase
(NEP), an antigen expressed on the podocyte membrane. In these cases, mothers with a
hereditary absence of NEP become sensitized during pregnancy and passively transfer anti-NEP
IgG to the infant, who is born with congenital nephrotic syndrome caused by MN through an
alloimmune mechanism
Human Podocyte Antigens
Neutral Endopeptidase
22. Human Podocyte Antigens
Thrombospondin type - 1 domain -
containing 7A (THSD7A)
• A transmembrane protein expressed on podocytes.
• Responsible Ab in 10% of idiopathic MN with
negative anti-PLA2R Ab.
Gödel M et al. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:1073.
Iwakura T et al. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138841.
23. Mechanism of idiopathic MN
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
24. Mechanism of idiopathic MN
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
Qu Z et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27: 1931–1937, 2012
25. Mechanism of idiopathic MN
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
26. Mechanism of idiopathic MN
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
27. Mechanism of idiopathic MN
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
28. Mechanism of idiopathic MN
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
29. Characteristics of Idiopathic MN
Pathogenesis
• Anti PLAR2 Ab.
• Th2 Humoral immunity.
• IgG4 subclass.
• C5b9 (MAC)
30. Characteristics of Idiopathic MN
Pathogenesis
• Anti PLAR2 Ab.
• Th2 Humoral immunity.
• IgG4 subclass.
• C5b9 (MAC)
31.
32.
33.
34. Serum PLA2R auto antibodies test is a
good +ve but not good -ve marker for
MN.
Anti-PLA2R Titers Clinical Significance
(1)
35. Anti-PLA2R Titers Clinical Significance
(2)
• anti-PLA2R titers strongly correlated with
clinical status
• lower anti-PLA2R titers were associated with a
higher rate of spontaneous remission
• a decline in anti-PLA2R predicted the clinical
response to immunosuppressive therapy
Hofstra JM et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6:1286.
Hofstra JM et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1735.
Ruggenenti P et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2545.
36.
37. Anti-PLA2R
Is it only related to Idiopathic MN?
J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 1137–1143, 2011.
38. Anti-PLA2R Titers Clinical Significance
(3)
• Highly suggestive of primary MN
• But does not exclude the coexistence of:
–hepatitis virus infection,
–malignancy,
–another associated rheumatologic or
inflammatory disease.
J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 1137–1143, 2011.
39. Talk Outline
Steps of Management of MN
(Diagnosis & Treatment)
Evaluation
of secondary causes
Therapy:
Secondary: Treat the cause
Idiopathic: Specific
Treatment
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
41. 1- Biopsy
1ry MN
Subepithelial
IgG subclass 4
Anti PLA2R
2ry MN
- Ig other than IgG (e.g. IgA, IgM),
particularly in mesangium,
subendothelial, tubular BM
deposits.
- C1q deposits
- tubuloreticular structures in the
glomerular endothelial cells
42. 2- Age
4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 1ry pathology, but not
excluding 2ry causes)
- ANA - Anti dsDNA
- HBsAg - HCV Ab
- Cryoglobulins - RF
- C3 - C4
- ESR - CRP
If not 4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 2ry pathology, but not
excluding 1ry causes)
Tumor screening:
When to screen ?
How to screen?
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
43. 2- Age
4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 1ry pathology, but not
excluding 2ry causes)
- ANA - Anti dsDNA
- HBsAg - HCV Ab
- Cryoglobulins - RF
- C3 - C4
- ESR - CRP
If not 4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 2ry pathology, but not
excluding 1ry causes)
Tumor screening:
When to screen ?
How to screen?
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
44. 2- Age
4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 1ry pathology, but not
excluding 2ry causes)
- ANA - Anti dsDNA
- HBsAg - HCV Ab
- Cryoglobulins - RF
- C3 - C4
- ESR - CRP
If not 4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 2ry pathology, but not
excluding 1ry causes)
Tumor screening:
When to screen ?
How to screen?
Take care of what is called
PURE MEMBERANOUS
LUPUS NEPHROPATHY
where no clinical or
serological evidence of SLE.
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
45. 2- Age
4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 1ry pathology, but not
excluding 2ry causes)
- ANA - Anti dsDNA
- HBsAg - HCV Ab
- Cryoglobulins - RF
- C3 - C4
- ESR - CRP
If not 4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 2ry pathology, but not
excluding 1ry causes)
Tumor screening:
When to screen ?
How to screen?
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
Serum complement
is usually normal in
idiopathic MN
46. 2- Age
4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 1ry pathology, but not
excluding 2ry causes)
- ANA - Anti dsDNA
- HBsAg - HCV Ab
- Cryoglobulins - RF
- C3 - C4
- ESR - CRP
If not 4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 2ry pathology, but not
excluding 1ry causes)
Tumor screening:
When to screen ?
How to screen?
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
47. Malignancy Screening
When to screen?
If the anti-PLA2R antibody test is negative
+ the kidney histology is consistent with secondary MN
+ there is no other clear cause of secondary MN
+ risk factors or alarm signs:
• extensive smoking history,
• guaiac-positive stools,
• unexplained anemia or weight loss
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
49. Malignancy Screening
How to screen?
Examination:
- LN.
- Systemic exam for any mass.
- CXR
- USS Abd & Pelvis
- CBC
- Occult blood in stool
Male > 50 = PSA Female > 50 = Mammogram
Body CT Scan (± other imaging) if cause is
not evident
50. Malignancy Screening
Frequency of screening
Cancer screening should continue for a period of
five to ten years after the diagnosis of MN
(since cancers associated with MN are typically diagnosed within
this time frame.)
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
51.
52. Talk Outline
Steps of Management
(Diagnosis & Treatment)
Evaluation
of secondary causes
Therapy:
Secondary: Treat the cause
Idiopathic: Specific
Treatment
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
53. Definitions
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Jha V et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1899–1904.
Urinary protein (confirmed by two
values at least 1 week apart)
Serum
albumin
S.Cr.
Complete
Remission
- Urinary protein excretion < 0.3 g/d
- uPCR < 300 mg/g or < 30 mg/mmol
Normal
Partial
Remission
- Urinary protein excretion < 3.5 g/d
- uPCR < 3500 mg/g or <350 mg/mmol
+
50% or greater reduction from peak
values
54. Spontaneous complete
remission of proteinuria
5 to 30 % at five years
Spontaneous partial remission 25 to 40 % at five years
End-stage renal disease in
untreated patients
14 % at five years,
35 % at 10 years,
41 % at 15 years
Possibility of Remission
Jha V et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1899.
55. General Supportive Therapy
• Angiotensin inhibition
• Lipid lowering
• Anticoagulation (if serum albumin <2.5 g/dl and
additional risks for thrombosis)
• Diuretics to control edema, Salt restriction
• Maintenance of adequate nutrition
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
Claudio Ponticelli, Richard J. Glassock. CJASN. 2014 Mar;9(3):609-16.
56. MN - Risk Categories
Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk
Serum
creatinine
and creatinine
clearance
Normal Normal or
near-normal
Deteriorating
renal function
Proteinuria <4 g/day 4-8 g/day >8 g/day
Supportive
treatment
period
over 6 months
of supportive
care
over 6 months
of supportive
care
over 3-6
months
of supportive
care
Fernando C. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 905-919, 2008
57. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
58. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
59. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
60. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
61. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
62. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
63. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
64. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
65. IMN – Treatment Algorithm
Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:139-274
Hofstra, J. M. et al. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 9, 443–458 (2013)
72. 1- Biopsy
1ry MN
IgG subclass 4
Anti PLA2R
2ry MN
- Ig other than IgG (e.g. IgA, IgM),
particularly in mesangium,
subendothelial, tubular BM
deposits.
- C1q deposits
- tubuloreticular structures in the
glomerular endothelial cells
73. 2- Age
4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 1ry pathology, but not
excluding 2ry causes)
- ANA - Anti dsDNA
- HBsAg - HCV Ab
- Cryoglobulins - RF
- C3 - C4
- ESR - CRP
- Syphilis serology
If not 4th to 5th decade
(suggesting 2ry pathology, but not
excluding 1ry causes)
Tumor screening:
When to screen ?
How to screen?
Laurence H Beck, Richard J Glassock. UpTodate. Oct 21, 2015.
74. Serum complement is usually normal in
idiopathic MN
Take care of what is called PURE
MEMBERANOUS LUPUS NEPHROPATHY
where no clinical or serological evidence of SLE.
75. Malignancy Screening
How to screen?
Examination:
- LN.
- Systemic exam for any mass.
- CXR
- USS Abd & Pelvis
- CBC
- Occult blood in stool
Male > 50 = PSA Female > 50 = Mammogram
Body CT Scan (± other imaging) if cause is
not evident