Kernel dump analysis
Cloud this, cloud that…It’s making everything easier, especially for web hosted services. But what about the servers that are not supposed to crash ? For applications making the assumption the OS won’t do any fault or go down, what can you write in your post-mortem once the server froze and has been restarted ? How to track down the bug that lead to service unavailability ?
In this talk, we’ll see how to setup kdump and how to panic a server to generate a coredump. Once you have the vmcore file, how to track the issue with “crash” tool to find why your OS went down. Last but not least : with “crash” you can also modify your live kernel, the same way you would do with gdb.
Adrien Mahieux – System administrator obsessed with performance and uptime, tracking down microseconds from hardware to software since 2011. The application must be seen as a whole to provide efficiently the requested service. This includes searching for bottlenecks and tradeoffs, design issues or hardware optimization.
qemu + gdb: The efficient way to understand/debug Linux kernel code/data stru...Adrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Part 02 Linux Kernel Module ProgrammingTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Linux Kernel Module Programming".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
qemu + gdb: The efficient way to understand/debug Linux kernel code/data stru...Adrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Part 02 Linux Kernel Module ProgrammingTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Linux Kernel Module Programming".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
Kernel Recipes 2017: Using Linux perf at NetflixBrendan Gregg
Talk for Kernel Recipes 2017 by Brendan Gregg. "Linux perf is a crucial performance analysis tool at Netflix, and is used by a self-service GUI for generating CPU flame graphs and other reports. This sounds like an easy task, however, getting perf to work properly in VM guests running Java, Node.js, containers, and other software, has been at times a challenge. This talk summarizes Linux perf, how we use it at Netflix, the various gotchas we have encountered, and a summary of advanced features."
Kernel Recipes 2019 - No NMI? No Problem! – Implementing Arm64 Pseudo-NMIAnne Nicolas
As the name would suggest, a Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) is an interrupt-like feature that is unaffected by the disabling of classic interrupts. In Linux, NMIs are involved in some features such as performance event monitoring, hard-lockup detector, on demand state dumping, etc… Their potential to fire when least expected can fill the most seasoned kernel hackers with dread.
AArch64 (aka arm64 in the Linux tree) does not provide architected NMIs, a consequence being that features benefiting from NMIs see their use limited on AArch64. However, the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) supports interrupt prioritization and masking, which, among other things, provides a way to control whether or not a set of interrupts can be signaled to a CPU.
This talk will cover how, using the GIC interrupt priorities, we provide a way to configure some interrupts to behave in an NMI-like manner on AArch64. We’ll discuss the implementation, some of the complications that ensued and also some of the benefits obtained from it.
Julien Thierry
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Anatomy of the loadable kernel module (lkm)Adrian Huang
Talk about how Linux kernel invokes your module's init function.
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Kernel Recipes 2019 - ftrace: Where modifying a running kernel all startedAnne Nicolas
Ftrace’s most powerful feature is the function tracer (and function graph tracer which is built from it). But to have this enabled on production systems, it had to have its overhead be negligible when disabled. As the function tracer uses gcc’s profiling mechanism, which adds a call to “mcount” (or more recently fentry, don’t worry if you don’t know what this is, it will all be explained) at the start of almost all functions, it had to do something about the overhead that causes. The solution was to turn those calls into “nops” (an instruction that the CPU simply ignores). But this was no easy feat. It took a lot to come up with a solution (and also turning a few network cards into bricks). This talk will explain the history of how ftrace came about implementing the function tracer, and brought with it the possibility of static branches and soon static calls!
Steven Rostedt
The Linux Block Layer - Built for Fast StorageKernel TLV
The arrival of flash storage introduced a radical change in performance profiles of direct attached devices. At the time, it was obvious that Linux I/O stack needed to be redesigned in order to support devices capable of millions of IOPs, and with extremely low latency.
In this talk we revisit the changes the Linux block layer in the
last decade or so, that made it what it is today - a performant, scalable, robust and NUMA-aware subsystem. In addition, we cover the new NVMe over Fabrics support in Linux.
Sagi Grimberg
Sagi is Principal Architect and co-founder at LightBits Labs.
Virtual File System in Linux Kernel
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Shell: A Command-Line Interpretor that connects a user to Operating System and allows to execute the commands or by creating text script.
Process: Any task that a user run in the system is called a process. A process is little more complex than just a task.
File: It resides on hard disk (hdd) and contains data owned by a user.
X-windows aka windows: A mode of Linux where screen (monitor) can be split in small “parts” called windows, that allow a user to do several things at the same time and/or switch from one task to another easily and view graphics in a nice way.
Text terminal: A monitor that has only the capability of displaying text stuff, no graphics or a very basic graphics display.
Session: Time between logging on and logging out of the system.
Linux Kernel Booting Process (1) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux and some related technologies.
This is the part one of the slides, and the succeeding slides will contain the errata for this slide.
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
A tutorial for beginners who are curious to learn about the Linux boot process. If you have any more doubts, you can contact me through my email given in the slide, or through my blog: mastro77.blogspot.in
syzkaller is an unsupervised, coverage-guided Linux syscall fuzzer.
The presentation covers basic of operation of the fuzzer, gives tutorial on how to run it and how to extend it to fuzz new drivers.
Kdump is a long existing method for acquiring dump of crashed kernel, however very few literatures are available to understand it's usage and internals. We receive a lot of queries on kexec mailing list about different issues related to the kexec/kdump environment.
In this presentation, we talk about basics of kdump usage and some internals about kdump/kexec kernel implementation. It includes end to end flow from kdump kernel configuration to crash analysis. We discuss some of the problem which is frequently faced by kdump users. It also includes related information about ELF structure, so that one can debug if vmcore itself gets corrupted because of any architecture related issue.
Kernel Recipes 2017: Using Linux perf at NetflixBrendan Gregg
Talk for Kernel Recipes 2017 by Brendan Gregg. "Linux perf is a crucial performance analysis tool at Netflix, and is used by a self-service GUI for generating CPU flame graphs and other reports. This sounds like an easy task, however, getting perf to work properly in VM guests running Java, Node.js, containers, and other software, has been at times a challenge. This talk summarizes Linux perf, how we use it at Netflix, the various gotchas we have encountered, and a summary of advanced features."
Kernel Recipes 2019 - No NMI? No Problem! – Implementing Arm64 Pseudo-NMIAnne Nicolas
As the name would suggest, a Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) is an interrupt-like feature that is unaffected by the disabling of classic interrupts. In Linux, NMIs are involved in some features such as performance event monitoring, hard-lockup detector, on demand state dumping, etc… Their potential to fire when least expected can fill the most seasoned kernel hackers with dread.
AArch64 (aka arm64 in the Linux tree) does not provide architected NMIs, a consequence being that features benefiting from NMIs see their use limited on AArch64. However, the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) supports interrupt prioritization and masking, which, among other things, provides a way to control whether or not a set of interrupts can be signaled to a CPU.
This talk will cover how, using the GIC interrupt priorities, we provide a way to configure some interrupts to behave in an NMI-like manner on AArch64. We’ll discuss the implementation, some of the complications that ensued and also some of the benefits obtained from it.
Julien Thierry
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Anatomy of the loadable kernel module (lkm)Adrian Huang
Talk about how Linux kernel invokes your module's init function.
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Kernel Recipes 2019 - ftrace: Where modifying a running kernel all startedAnne Nicolas
Ftrace’s most powerful feature is the function tracer (and function graph tracer which is built from it). But to have this enabled on production systems, it had to have its overhead be negligible when disabled. As the function tracer uses gcc’s profiling mechanism, which adds a call to “mcount” (or more recently fentry, don’t worry if you don’t know what this is, it will all be explained) at the start of almost all functions, it had to do something about the overhead that causes. The solution was to turn those calls into “nops” (an instruction that the CPU simply ignores). But this was no easy feat. It took a lot to come up with a solution (and also turning a few network cards into bricks). This talk will explain the history of how ftrace came about implementing the function tracer, and brought with it the possibility of static branches and soon static calls!
Steven Rostedt
The Linux Block Layer - Built for Fast StorageKernel TLV
The arrival of flash storage introduced a radical change in performance profiles of direct attached devices. At the time, it was obvious that Linux I/O stack needed to be redesigned in order to support devices capable of millions of IOPs, and with extremely low latency.
In this talk we revisit the changes the Linux block layer in the
last decade or so, that made it what it is today - a performant, scalable, robust and NUMA-aware subsystem. In addition, we cover the new NVMe over Fabrics support in Linux.
Sagi Grimberg
Sagi is Principal Architect and co-founder at LightBits Labs.
Virtual File System in Linux Kernel
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Shell: A Command-Line Interpretor that connects a user to Operating System and allows to execute the commands or by creating text script.
Process: Any task that a user run in the system is called a process. A process is little more complex than just a task.
File: It resides on hard disk (hdd) and contains data owned by a user.
X-windows aka windows: A mode of Linux where screen (monitor) can be split in small “parts” called windows, that allow a user to do several things at the same time and/or switch from one task to another easily and view graphics in a nice way.
Text terminal: A monitor that has only the capability of displaying text stuff, no graphics or a very basic graphics display.
Session: Time between logging on and logging out of the system.
Linux Kernel Booting Process (1) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux and some related technologies.
This is the part one of the slides, and the succeeding slides will contain the errata for this slide.
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
A tutorial for beginners who are curious to learn about the Linux boot process. If you have any more doubts, you can contact me through my email given in the slide, or through my blog: mastro77.blogspot.in
syzkaller is an unsupervised, coverage-guided Linux syscall fuzzer.
The presentation covers basic of operation of the fuzzer, gives tutorial on how to run it and how to extend it to fuzz new drivers.
Kdump is a long existing method for acquiring dump of crashed kernel, however very few literatures are available to understand it's usage and internals. We receive a lot of queries on kexec mailing list about different issues related to the kexec/kdump environment.
In this presentation, we talk about basics of kdump usage and some internals about kdump/kexec kernel implementation. It includes end to end flow from kdump kernel configuration to crash analysis. We discuss some of the problem which is frequently faced by kdump users. It also includes related information about ELF structure, so that one can debug if vmcore itself gets corrupted because of any architecture related issue.
HKG18-TR14 - Postmortem Debugging with CoresightLinaro
Session ID: HKG18-TR14
Session Name: HKG18-TR14 - Postmortem Debugging with Coresight
Speaker: Leo Yan
Track: Training
★ Session Summary ★
For most cases we can easily debug with kernel's oops dumping info, but sometimes we need to know more information for program execution flow before the issue happens. So we can rely on two tracing methods to reproduce the program execution flow, one method is using software tracing which is kernel's pstore method; another method is to rely on Coresight hardware tracing, this method also can avoid extra workload introduced by tracing itself. Coresight has provided two mechanisms for Postmortem debugging, one method is Coresight CPU debug module so we can extract CPU program counter info, this is quite straightforward to debug CPU lockup issue; Another is Coresight panic kdump, we connect kernel kdump mechanism to extract Coresight tracing data so we can reproduce the last execution flow before panic (even hang issue with some tweaking in kernel). This session wants to go through these topics and demonstrate the debugging tools on 96boards Hikey in 25 minutes session.
---------------------------------------------------
★ Resources ★
Event Page: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/hkg18/hkg18-tr14/
Presentation: http://connect.linaro.org.s3.amazonaws.com/hkg18/presentations/hkg18-tr14.pdf
Video: http://connect.linaro.org.s3.amazonaws.com/hkg18/videos/hkg18-tr14.mp4
---------------------------------------------------
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Hong Kong 2018 (HKG18)
19-23 March 2018
Regal Airport Hotel Hong Kong
---------------------------------------------------
Keyword: Training
'http://www.linaro.org'
'http://connect.linaro.org'
---------------------------------------------------
Follow us on Social Media
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The lecture by Norman Feske for Summer Systems School'12.
Genode Compositions
SSS'12 - Education event, organized by ksys labs[1] in 2012, for students interested in system software development and information security.
Genode[2] - The Genode operating-system framework provides a uniform API for applications on top of 8 existing microkernels/hypervisors: Linux, L4ka::Pistachio, L4/Fiasco, OKL4, NOVA, Fiasco.OC, Codezero, and a custom kernel for the MicroBlaze architecture.
1. http://ksyslabs.org/
2. http://genode.org
Let's trace Linux Lernel with KGDB @ COSCUP 2021Jian-Hong Pan
https://coscup.org/2021/en/session/39M73K
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_Gyvdl_d_k
Engineers have plenty of debug tools for user space programs development, code tracing, debugging and analyzing. Except “printk”, do we have any other debug tools for Linux kernel development? The “KGDB” mentioned in Linux kernel document provides another possibility.
Will share how to experiment with the KGDB in a virtual machine. And, use GDB + OpenOCD + JTAG + Raspberry Pi in the real environment as the demo in this talk.
開發 user space 軟體時,工程師們有方便的 debug 工具進行查找、分析、除錯。但在 Linux kernel 的開發,除了 printk 外,還可以有哪些工具可以使用呢?從 Linux kernel document 可以看到 KGDB 相關的資訊,提供了在 kernel 除錯時的另一個可能性。
本次將分享,從建立最簡單環境的虛擬機機開始,到實際使用 GDB + OpenOCD + JTAG + Raspberry Pi 當作展示範例。
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Driving the industry toward upstream firstAnne Nicolas
Wanting to avoid the Android experience, Google developers always aimed to make their Chrome OS Linux kernels as close to mainline as possible. However, when Chromebooks were first created, Google was left with no choice, the mainline kernel, in some subsystems, still did not have all the functionalities needed by Chromebooks. Hence, similarly to Android, Chrome OS had to develop their own out-of-tree code for the kernel and maintain that for a few different kernel versions.
Luckily, over the last few years a strong and consistent effort has been happening to bring Chromebook devices closer to mainline. It has led to significant improvements that now make it possible to run mainline on Chrome OS devices. And not only Chromebooks, as these significant strides are also improving Arm-based SOCs and other key components of the rich Chromebook hardware ecosystem. In this talk, we will look at how and why upstream support for Chromebooks improved, the current status of various models, and what we expect in the future.
Enric Balletbò i Serra
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Hunting and fixing bugs all over the Linux kernelAnne Nicolas
At a rate of almost 9 changes per hour (24/7), the Linux kernel is definitely a scary beast. Bugs are introduced on a daily basis and, through the use of multiple code analyzers, *some* of them are detected and fixed before they hit mainline. Over the course of the last few years, Gustavo has been fixing such bugs and many different issues in every corner of the Linux kernel. Recently, he was in charge of leading the efforts to globally enable -Wimplicit-fallthrough; which appears by default in Linux v5.3. This presentation is a report on all the stuff Gustavo has found and fixed in the kernel with the support of the Core Infrastructure Initiative.
Gustavo A.R. Silva
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Metrics are moneyAnne Nicolas
In I.T. we all use all kinds of metrics. Operations teams rely heavily on these, especially when things go south. These metrics are sometimes overrated. Let’s dive into a few real life stories together.
Aurélien Rougemont
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Kernel documentation: past, present, and futureAnne Nicolas
The Linux kernel project includes a huge amount of documentation, but that information has seen little in the way of care over the
years. The amount of care has increased significantly recently, though, and things are improving quickly. Listen as the kernel’s documentation maintainer discusses the current state of the kernel’s docs, how we got here, where we’re trying to go, and how you can help.
Jonathan Corbet
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Knowing your ARM from your ARSE: wading through the t...Anne Nicolas
Modern SoC designs incorporate technologies from numerous vendors, each with their own inconsistent, confusing, undocumented and even contradictory terminology. The result is a mess of acronyms and product names which have a surprising impact on the ability to develop reusable, modular code thanks to the nature of the underlying IP being obscured.
This presentation will dive into some of the misnomers plaguing the Arm ecosystem, with the aim of explaining why things are like they are, how they fit together under the architectural umbrella and how you, as a developer, can decipher the baffling ingredients list of your next SoC design!
Will Deacon
Kernel Recipes 2019 - GNU poke, an extensible editor for structured binary dataAnne Nicolas
GNU poke is a new interactive editor for binary data. Not limited to editing basic ntities such as bits and bytes, it provides a full-fledged procedural, interactive programming language designed to describe data structures and to operate on them. Once a user has defined a structure for binary data (usually matching some file format) she can search, inspect, create, shuffle and modify abstract entities such as ELF relocations, MP3 tags, DWARF expressions, partition table entries, and so on, with primitives resembling simple editing of bits and bytes. The program comes with a library of already written descriptions (or “pickles” in poke parlance) for many binary formats.
GNU poke is useful in many domains. It is very well suited to aid in the development of programs that operate on binary files, such as assemblers and linkers. This was in fact the primary inspiration that brought me to write it: easily injecting flaws into ELF files in order to reproduce toolchain bugs. Also, due to its flexibility, poke is also very useful for reverse engineering, where the real structure of the data being edited is discovered by experiment, interactively. It is also good for the fast development of prototypes for programs like linkers, compressors or filters, and it provides a convenient foundation to write other utilities such as diff and patch tools for binary files.
This talk (unlike Gaul) is divided into four parts. First I will introduce the program and show what it does: from simple bits/bytes editing to user-defined structures. Then I will show some of the internals, and how poke is implemented. The third block will cover the way of using Poke to describe user data, which is to say the art of writing “pickles”. The presentation ends with a status of the project, a call for hackers, and a hint at future works.
Jose E. Marchesi
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Analyzing changes to the binary interface exposed by th...Anne Nicolas
Operating system distributors often face challenges that are somewhat different from that of upstream kernel developers. For instance, some kernel updates often need to stay at least binary compatible with modules that might be “out of tree” for some time.
In that context, being able to automatically detect and analyze changes to the binary interface exposed by the kernel to its module does have some noticeable value.
The Libabigail framework is capable of analyzing ELF binaries along with their accompanying debug info in the DWARF format, detect and report changes in types, functions, variables and ELF symbols. It has historically supported that for user space shared libraries and application so we worked to make it understand the Linux kernel
binaries.
In this presentation, we are going to present the current support of ABI analysis for Linux Kernel binaries, the challenges we face, how we address them and the plans we have for the future.
Dodji Seketeli, Jessica Yu, Matthias Männich
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Remote update adventures with RAUC, Yocto and BareboxAnne Nicolas
Different upgrade and update strategies exist when it comes to embedded Linux system. If at development time none of these strategies have been chosen, adding them afterwards can be tedious task.
Even harder it gets when the system is already deployed in the field and only accessible via a 3G connection.
This talk is a developer experience of putting in place exactly that. Giving a return of experience on one way of doing it on a system running Barebox and a Yocto-based distribution.
Patrick Boettcher
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Making embedded graphics less specialAnne Nicolas
Traditionally graphics drivers were one of the last hold-outs of proprietary software in an embedded Linux system. This situation is changing with open-source graphics drivers showing up for almost all of the graphics acceleration peripherals on the market right now. This talk will show how open-source graphics drivers are making embedded systems less special, as well as trying to provide an overview of the Linux graphics stack, de-mystifying what is often seen as black magic GPU stuff from outside observers.
Lucas Stach
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Linux on Open Source Hardware and Libre SiliconAnne Nicolas
This talk will explore Open Source Hardware projects relevant to Linux, including boards like BeagleBone, Olimex OLinuXino, Giant board and more. Looking at the benefits and challenges of designing Open Source Hardware for a Linux system, along with BeagleBoard.org’s experience of working with community, manufacturers, and distributors to create an Open Source Hardware platform. In closing also looking at the future, Libre Silicon like RISC-V designs, and where this might take Linux.
Drew Fustini
Embedded Recipes 2019 - From maintaining I2C to the big (embedded) pictureAnne Nicolas
The I2C subsystem is not the shiniest part of the Linux Kernel. For embedded devices, though, it is one of the many puzzle pieces which just have to work. Wolfram Sang has the experience of maintaining this subsystem for nearly 7 years now. This talk gives a short overview of how maintaining works in general and specifically in this subsystem. But mainly, it will highlight noteworthy points in the timeline and lessons learnt from that. It will present trends, not so much regarding I2C but more the Linux Kernel and the embedded ecosystem in general. And of course, there will be plenty of anecdotes and bits from behind the scenes for your entertainment.
Wolfram Sang
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Testing firmware the devops wayAnne Nicolas
ITRenew is selling recertified OCP servers under the Sesame brand, those servers come either with their original UEFI BIOS or with LinuxBoot. The LinuxBoot project is pushing the Linux kernel inside bios flash and using userland programs as bootloader.
To achieve quality on our software stack, as any project, we need to test it. Traditional BIOS are tested by hand, this is 2019 we need to do it automatically! We already presented the hardware setup behind the LinuxBoot CI, this talk will focus on the software.
We use u-root for our userland bootloader; this software is written in Go so we naturally choose to use Go for our testing too. We will present how we are using and extending the Go native test framework `go test` for testing embedded systems (serial console) and improving the report format for integration to a CI.
Julien Viard de Galbert
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Herd your socs become a matchmakerAnne Nicolas
About 60% of the Linux kernel source tree is devoted to drivers for a large variety of supported hardware components. Especially in the embedded world, the number of different SoC families, versions, and revisions, integrating a myriad of “IP cores”, keeps on growing.
In this presentation, Geert will explain how to match drivers against hardware, and how to support a wide variety of (dis)similar devices, without turning platform and driver code into an entangled bowl of spaghetti.tra
Starting with a brief history of driver matching in Linux, he will fast-forward to device-tree based matching. He will discuss ways to handle slight variations of the same hardware devices, and different SoC revisions, each with their own quirks and bugs. Finally, Geert will show best practices for evolving device drivers in a maintainable way, based on his experiences as an embedded Linux kernel developer and maintainer.
Geert Uytterhoeven
Embedded Recipes 2019 - LLVM / Clang integrationAnne Nicolas
Buildroot is a popular and easy to use embedded Linux build system. It generates, in few minutes, lightweight and customized Linux systems, including the cross-compilation toolchain, kernel and bootloader images, as well as a wide variety of userspace libraries and programs.
This talk is about the integration of LLVM/clang into Buildroot.
In 2018, Valentin Korenblit, supervised by Romain Naour, worked on this topic during his internship at Smile ECS. After a short introduction about llvm/clang and Buildroot, this talk will go through the numerous issues discovered while adding llvm/clang componants and how these issues were fixed. Romain will also detail the work in progress and the work to be done based on llvm/clang libraries (OpenCL, Compiler-rt, BCC. Chromium, ldd).
Romain Naour
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Introduction to JTAG debuggingAnne Nicolas
This talk introduces JTAG debugging capabilities, both for debugging hardware and software. Marek first explains what the JTAG stands for and explains the operation of the JTAG state machine. This is followed by an introduction to free software JTAG tools, OpenOCD and urJTAG. Marek shortly explains how to debug software using those tools and how that ties into the JTAG state machine. However, JTAG was designed for testing hardware. Marek explains what boundary scan testing (BST) is, what are BSDL files and their format, and practically demonstrates how to blink an LED using BST and only free software tools.
Marek Vasut
Embedded Recipes 2019 - Pipewire a new foundation for embedded multimediaAnne Nicolas
PipeWire is an open source project that aims to greatly improve audio and video handling under Linux. Utilising a fresh design, it bridges use cases that have been previously addressed by different tools – or not addressed at all -, providing ground for building complex, yet secure and efficient, multimedia systems.
In this talk, Julien is going to present the PipeWire project and the concepts that make up its design. In addition, he is going to give an update of the current and future work going on around PipeWire, both upstream and in Automotive Grade Linux, an early adopter that Julien is actively working on.
Julian Bouzas
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Suricata and XDPAnne Nicolas
Suricata is a network threat detection engine using network packets capture to reconstruct the traffic till the application layer and find threats on the network using rules that define behavior to detect. This task is really CPU intensive and discarding non interesting traffic is a solution to enable a scaling of Suricata to 40gbps and other.
This talk will present the latest evolution of Suricata that knows uses eBPF and XDP to bypass traffic. Suricata 5.0 is supporting the hardware XDP to provide ypass with network card such as Netronome. It also takes advantage of pinned maps to get persistance of the bypassed flows. This talk will cover the different usage of XDP and eBPF in Suricata and shows how it impact performance and usability. If development time permit, the talk will also cover AF_XDP and the impact on this new capture method on Suricata.
Eric Leblond
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Marvels of Memory Auto-configuration (SPD)Anne Nicolas
System memory configuration is a transparent operation nowadays, something that we all came to expect to just work out of the box. Still, it does happen behind the scenes every single time we boot our computers. This requires the cooperation of hardware components on the mainboard and on memory modules themselves, as well as firmware code to drive these. While it is possible to just let it happen, having a deeper understanding of how it works makes it possible to access valuable information from the operating system at run-time.
I will take you through the history of system memory configuration from the mid 70s to now. We will explore the different types of memory modules, how their configuration data is stored and how the firmware can access them. We will see which problems had to be solved along the way and how they were solved. Lastly we will see how Linux supports reading the memory configuration information and what you can do with that information.
Jean Delvare
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Formal modeling made easyAnne Nicolas
Modeling parts of Linux has become a recurring topic. For instance, the memory model, the model for PREEMPT_RT synchronization, and so on. But the term "formal model" causes panic for most of the developers. Mainly because of the complex notations and reasoning that involves formal languages. It seems to be a very theoretical thing, far from our day-by-day reality.
Believe me. Modeling can be more practical than you might guess!
This talk will discuss the challenges and benefits of modeling, based on the experience of developing the PREEMPT_RT model. It will present a methodology for modeling the Linux behavior as Finite-State Machines (automata), using terms that are very known by kernel developers: tracing events! With the particular focus on how to use models for the formal verification of Linux kernel, at runtime, with low overhead, and in many cases, without even modifying Linux kernel!
Daniel Bristot de Oliveira
Kernel Recipes 2019 - CVEs are dead, long live the CVE!Anne Nicolas
For the Linux kernel, CVEs do not work at all given the rate of fixes being applied and rapidly backported and pushed to users through a huge variety of different ways. The average “request to fix” date for Linux CVEs is -100 days, showing that either no one cares about CVEs for Linux, or engineers are using them to game their internal release processes, or no one happens to notice when the kernel developers resolve an issue, or all of the above. This talk will go into the problems with CVEs when it comes to a fast moving project like Linux, and show the decentralized solution that we have been using for the past 14 years instead. All other open source projects are encouraged to use these same methods to help resolve the problems that CVEs have.
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Developing Distributed High-performance Computing Capabilities of an Open Sci...Globus
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Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
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Feasible Features
One Subscription, Four Modules – Admin, Employee, Receptionist, and Gatekeeper ensures confidentiality and prevents data from being manipulated
User Friendly – can be easily used on Android, iOS, and Web Interface
Multiple Accessibility – Log in through any device from any place at any time
One app for all industries – a Visitor Management System that works for any organisation.
Stress-free Sign-up
Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
Host gets a notification, where they opt to Approve the meeting
Host notifies the Receptionist of the end of the meeting
Visitor is checked-out by the Receptionist
Host enters notes and remarks of the meeting
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Scheduling Meetings – Host can invite visitors for meetings and also approve, reject and reschedule meetings
Single/Bulk invites – Invitations can be sent individually to a visitor or collectively to many visitors
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Alerts & Notifications – Get notified on SMS, email, and application
Parking Management – Manage availability of parking space
Individual log-in – Every user has their own log-in id
Visitor/Meeting Analytics – Evaluate notes and remarks of the meeting stored in the system
Visitor Management System is a secure and user friendly database manager that records, filters, tracks the visitors to your organization.
"Secure Your Premises with VizMan (VMS) – Get It Now"
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Kernel Recipes 2015 - Kernel dump analysis
1. Linux crashdump analysis
Dumping and analysing system state
Kernel-Recipes 2015
Adrien Mahieux - Sysadmin & microsecond hunter
gh: github.com/Saruspete
tw: @Saruspete
2. 0 - Agenda
1. What’s a (crash)dump ?
2. Dump analysis
3. Live analysis (+ edition)
4. Tools & Links
- Get a dump - from hypervisor
- Get a crashdump - with kdump
- GDB based tool : crash
- Requirements : debuginfo
- What to look for
- Using crash on a live system
- Source browsing
- Script helpers
- Analysis
3. What A snapshot of a system memory at a specific time
Who Mostly for sysadmins and guardians of production
Where Physical and Virtual Linux-based servers
When Your server is unresponsive (from ssh / console / application…)
Why To know what happened (kernel bug, external attack, limit missing…)
How Physical : kexec & panic the server
Virtual : same, or from hypervisor
H. Much Uses between 64M and 512M of RAM to boot the sec. kernel
On Virtual, you may do it from hypervisor at no cost
1 - What’s a (crash)dump ?
4. 1.1 - Get a dump - hypervisor
VMWare
- Suspend / resume (.vmss file) or Snapshot with memory (.vmsn file)
- Use tool vmss2core (VMWare Labs) to transform the raw dump into ELF dump
libvirt
- virsh : virsh dump MyGuestName /storage/MyGuestName.dump
- QEMU Monitor : dump-guest-memory [-z|-l|-s] FILENAME
Xen
- xl : dump-core domain-id filename
5. 1.2 - Get a crashdump - kexec / kdump
Kernel configuration
- CONFIG_KEXEC=y to boot the secondary kernel
- CONFIG_SYSFS=y for /sys/kernel/kexec_crash_{loaded,size}
- CONFIG_CRASH_DUMP=y
- CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE=y Export dump to /proc/vmcore
- (CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=y) Will not be in live kernel
- (CONFIG_RELOCATABLE=y) To use the same kernel for live & dump
- boot option : crashkernel=X@Y
- X is the amount of memory to be reserved
+ 2 bytes for each 4KB
- Y is the offset at which memory will be reserved
- You can specify only X and the Kernel will find Y
- If you have more than 2G of RAM, you can use “auto”
6. 1.2 - Get a crashdump - kexec / kdump
Configure kdump
- Feature of the kernel that exports an ELF memory image via /proc/vmcore
- kdump often refers to the whole process to dump a core
- Relies on kexec to boot a secondary kernel / initrd to do the job
- Uses the memory reserved by “crashkernel” bootopt to load the “dump-
capture” kernel & initrd
- Upon panic, the running kernel will start the new one, which will do the dump
(ssh, ftp, local disk.. depending on your script) and reboot the system
- kdump can use makedumpfile to filter memory data by type (free pages,
userland pages, private cache, cache pages, zero pages).
- Check status with /sys/kernel/kexec_crash_{loaded,size}
7. 1.2 - Get a crashdump - kexec / kdump
Dumping an unresponsive system : PANIC !
Manually
- SysRq echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger
- NMI via IPMI ipmitool power diag
- NMI via virsh virsh inject-nmi MyGuestName
- Beware of kernel.unknown_nmi_panic=1
Automatically
- Watchdog Boot cmdline: nmi_watchdog=1
- Softlockup sysctl kernel.softlockup_panic=1
- Out Of Memory sysctl vm.panic_on_oom=1
8. 1.2 - Get a crashdump - kexec / kdump (non-server)
Desktops / Laptops usually don’t have external source to generate NMI
Kernel provides other ways :
Hard/Soft lockup detectors
- Kernel config {SOFT,HARD}LOCKUP_DETECTOR / BOOTPARAM_{SOFT,HARD}
LOCKUP_PANIC
- Hard : Stay in kernel for more than 10sec
- Soft : Task is hung for 120sec
Watchdog daemon
- Kernel config {SOFT,CLOCKSOURCE}_WATCHDOG
- Boot option “nmi_watchdog=1”
- watchdog daemon (http://sourceforge.net/projects/watchdog)
11. 2 - Dump Analysis
Your weapon : Crash
- Tool by Dave Anderson (RedHat)
- Based on GDB
- x86, x86_64, arm, ia64, ppc64, s390
- Extensible (snap, trace, appdump,
memory, dm, ipcs, cgroups, sockets,
openvz…)
- Quick evolution and active Mailing
List
Your gunsmith : debuginfos
- We don’t want debug in production, but
we’d like to be able to debug
- Split debuginfo are Dwarf debug data in
separate files to be used on demand
- Most distributions provides them for
stock kernel
Redhat : debuginfo-install
kernel
Debian : apt-get install linux-
image-$(uname -r)-dbg
12. 2.1 - What to look for
Summup of the system state : sys
KERNEL: /var/crash/127.0.0.1-2015-08-20-20:00:00/vmcore
DUMPFILE: vmcore.myserver [PARTIAL DUMP]
CPUS: 24
DATE: Mon Aug 20 20:00:00 2015
UPTIME: 32 days, 17:12:02
LOAD AVERAGE: 1625.88, 1603.11, 1509.73
TASKS: 25639
NODENAME: myserver
RELEASE: 2.6.18-371.8.1.el5
VERSION: #1 SMB Fri Mar 28 05:53:58 EDT 2014
MACHINE: x86_64 (2933Mhz)
MEMORY: 284 GB
PANIC: “Kernel panic - not syncing: An NMI occured”
PID: 61015
COMMAND: "java"
TAKS: ffff8135b50e5830 [THREAD_INFO: ffff8104bd256000]
CPU: 0
STATE: TASK_RUNNING (PANIC)
System logs log
Memory Usage kmem
Swap Usage swap
Running processps
Set PID to analyze set
Task struct of PID task
Files opened by PID files
Backtrace of PID bt
Available devices dev
Available NICs net
Interrupts irq
Mountpoints mount
Process using a file fuser
IPC Show ipcs
Kernernel Modules mod
RunQueue runq
Symbols info sym
17. 3 - Live modifications
Yes, you can tinkle with the Kernel memory too !
Through /dev/mem, you can access memory… but not on most distributions.
Dave Anderson says : Defeat CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM with kretprobes http:
//www.redhat.com/archives/crash-utility/2008-March/msg00036.html
/* Return-probe handler: force return value to be 1. */
static int ret_handler(struct kretprobe_instance *ri, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
#if defined(__i386__) && !defined(__KERNEL__)
regs->eax = 1;
#else
regs->ax = 1;
#endif
return 0;
}
18. 3.1 - Live modifications - Network Parameters
Get the list of the NICs :
crash> net
NET_DEVICE NAME IP ADDRESS(ES)
ffff88003e999020 lo 127.0.0.1
ffff88003e228020 eth0 192.168.122.13
Check the value (net_device)
crash> struct net_device.mtu
ffff88003e228020
mtu = 1500
Get the offset
crash> struct -o net_device.mtu
ffff88003e228020
struct net_device {
[ffff88003e22818c] unsigned int mtu;
}
Read the memory
crash> rd -32 -D ffff88003e22818c
ffff88003e22818c: 1500
And change it
crash> wr -32 ffff88003e22818c 1400
[root@centos6 ~]# ifconfig eth0 |grep
-Po 'MTU:[0-9]+'
MTU:1400
20. 4.1 - Tools : OpenGrok
Wicked fast code source browser
http://opengrok.github.io/OpenGrok/
Grok : "to understand intuitively or by empathy;
to establish rapport with" / "to empathize or
communicate sympathetically (with); also, to
experience enjoyment"
Uses ctags and lucene to index code with
context : Search for “text”, “definitions”,
“symbols”, “file path” and “history”
Understand : Mercurial, Git, SCCS, RCS, CVS,
Subversion, Teamware, ClearCase, Perforce,
Monotone and Bazaar
21. 4.2 - Tools : kdumptools
Set of scripts to ease your kdump usage (try to work with all distributions)
https://github.com/saruspete/kdumptools
kdump_setup.sh Helper: setup kdump on your distrib
kdump_analyze.sh Helper: analyze a crashdump (retrieve dbg + crash)
kdump_live.sh Helper: analyze your running system
kdump_getdbg.sh Helper: retrieve debuginfos for a given OS / Release
src/crash Crash + compile scripts (latest version)
src/allow_devmem Kernel module to allow /dev/mem usage
22. 4.3 - Links - kdump
Kdump-Tool : Kexec is part of kexec-tools
Sources : https://git.kernel.org/cgit/utils/kernel/kexec/kexec-tools.git
Distrib : https://kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kexec/
Kernel Doc :
http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt
MakeDumpFile : Select the memory regions to be stripped of the dump
https://github.com/chitranshi/makedumpfile
Fence Kdump : Avoid kdump being interrupted by sending heartbeats
http://www.ovirt.org/Fence_kdump
23. 4.4 - Links - crash
Official Page : Download, tools and help
http://people.redhat.com/anderson
Linux Crash Cook Book : Detailed and step-by-step details
http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/crash-book.html
Defeating /dev/mem restrictions : Howto tinkle with /dev/mem http://www.redhat.
com/archives/crash-utility/2008-March/msg00036.html
Dwarf debuginfo format : Details on the Dwarf format compatible with ELF binaries
http://dwarfstd.org
24. 4.5 - Links - Kernel
Linux Insides : https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides
Understanding the Linux Kernel
ISBN 10 : 0-596-00565-2
Linux Kernel Development
ISBN 10 : 0-672-32946-8
Linux Kernel Architecture
ISBN 10 : 0-470-34343-5
The Linux Programming Interface
ISBN 10 : 1-59327-220-0