This document discusses a conference on refrigeration and air conditioning technology to be held in Milano, Italy. It provides information about Business Edge Ltd., a training company that offers courses on low global warming potential refrigerants for stationary equipment, the automotive industry, and other applications. Specific training topics covered include hydrocarbons, CO2, ammonia, flammability limits, regulations, and handling mildly flammable refrigerants like HFO-1234yf used in automotive air conditioning. The main concern discussed is the lack of skills for working with these new alternative refrigerants.

1. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

2. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Business Edge Ltd
• Kelvin Kelly
Training Director

3. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Business Edge Ltd
• Leading Technology Training Company
1990 - 2012. Numerous Air Conditioning, Refrigeration and Building
Services Courses.
• Distributor of Specialist Equipment
– Climacheck Performance Analyser.
– Fri3Oil Flushing Technology.
– AC&R Software Products.
• Trouble-Shooting & Fault-Finding
Water Chillers, DX Systems, Multi-Split, VRF Systems, AHU`s, etc.
• Legal and Arbitration Work
Successful legal settlements up to £1.25M based on Expert
Technical Witness capabilities. £4M case underway.

4. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Business Edge Clients Include…….

5. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Training in the use of Low GWP
Refrigerants

6. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
1830 1930 1990 2010
Safety and
durability
Cooling by any
method
Protect the
ozone layer
Reduce Global
Warming
SO2, NH3, CCL4, H2O
HC, ethers
CFC, HCFC, HFC,
NH3, H2O…
(HCFC), HFC, NH3,
HC, H2O, CO2
HFC, HC, HFO,
NH3, H2O,..
Refrigerant Overview
ODP=0, but high
GWP
ODP=0
GWP low
or ultra low
ODP and GWP
CFC HCFC HFC Low GWP
Very high
ODP and GWP

7. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Regulation 842/2006
• Adopted in the UK 4/7/07
• First UK training courses February 2009
• Approx. 20+ thousand certified UK personnel
• This equates to nearly 85% completed
• However we are still running courses every
month!
• Update to include alternative technology.

8. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training for
Stationary Equipment

9. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training Courses
• City and Guilds 6187.
– Hydrocarbon system installation, testing,
servicing and maintenance.
– CO2 system installation, testing, servicing
and maintenance.
– Ammonia system installation, testing,
servicing and maintenance.

10. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Refrigeration Comparison
Fluid ODP GWP Efficiency Flammability Toxicity Fluid
Cost
Equip
Cost
CFC
HCFC
HFC
HFO
HC
NH3
CO2

11. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Refrigerant Characteristics
• Hydrocarbon refrigerants :
– Asphyxiant
– Flammable
– Low Global Warming Potential
– High efficiency
– Cheap
– Low Compression ratio (high suction, low discharge pressures)
– High heat transfer in heat exchangers
– Reduced system pressure losses (lower refrigerant density and
viscosity)
– Non Stenched (no smell)

12. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Practical Assessments
• Recovery of Flammable Refrigerants.
• Partial evacuation/purging with inert gas.
• Ensuring flammability limits are not reached.
• Brazing of system components.
• Pressure strength/tightness testing.
• Evacuation/De-Hydration.
• Charging of systems.
• Leak testing

13. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training for
Stationary equipment

14. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
HC Recovery
• The area must be well ventilated
• No source of ignition within 3m
• Forced air ventilation is recommended,
using a EX rated fan motor with
a 5m cable to ensure switching
is provided outside of 3m zone.
• A HC leak detector must be used
throughout the process
(cannot have a zero function
must alarm at 20% LFL)
Fill system with OFN
3m
5m

15. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Theoretical Assessments
• Characteristics of Hydrocarbons.
• Occupancy classes (EN 378).
• Refrigerant charge calculations.
• Flammability limits.
• Legislation and European Standards

16. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Location Refrigerant LFL (kg/m³) Max Charge (kg)
Floor (0.6m)
Window (1.0m)
Wall (1.8m)
Ceiling (2.2m)
R600a
HC
0.043 0.135
0.226
0.406
0.496
Floor (0.6m)
Window (1.0m)
Wall (1.8m)
Ceiling (2.2m)
R290
HC
0.038 0.116
0.193
0.348
0.425
Floor (0.6m)
Window (1.0m)
Wall (1.8m)
Ceiling (2.2m)
R1234yf
HFO
0.299 1.529
2.55
4.59
5.61
Floor (0.6m)
Window (1.0m)
Wall (1.8m)
Ceiling (2.2m)
R32
HFC
0.307 1.58
2.63
4.74
5.79

17. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training for
the Automotive Industry

18. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training for the Automotive
Industry
Business Edge Ltd is
carrying out a range
of training courses
for the Automotive
Industry to prepare
them for the
widespread adoption
of HFO Refrigerants.

19. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training for
the Automotive Industry

20. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Automotive HFO-1234yf
• HFO-1234yf accepted for use in automotive AC
– - Safe for use; low environmental impact
– HFO-1234yf selected by most Auto OEMs
globally to meet EU MAC Directive
• Now commercially available for new model
types

21. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Low GWP Training for the Automotive
Industry
The main concern is
the lack of skills with
regard to the handling
of mildly flammable
refrigerants.

22. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Practical Concerns
• Systems are poorly labelled.
• Potential to add HFO couplers to
a R134a Recycling unit causing
contamination to the unit and
subsequent vehicles.

23. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Practical Training Concerns

24. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th
-8th
JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Practical Training Concerns
• It is therefore important to ensure
adequate Training takes place.