XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Bassi - Blended learning for alternative reefrigerantsCentro Studi Galileo
The document discusses a blended learning program called REAL Alternatives that provides training on alternative refrigerants. It aims to address safety, efficiency, reliability and containment of alternative refrigerants through e-learning, classroom instruction, and an e-library. The program was developed in response to industry needs and addresses critical safety factors of alternative refrigerants like flammability and toxicity. It provides training modules and encourages technicians, employers, and training providers to utilize the resources.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Yurek - Industry acts to preserve and expand the glob...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses refrigeration and its importance for food safety, access to fresh foods, and reducing spoilage and illness globally. It notes that refrigeration is vital along the entire food cold chain from field to market. The food cold chain and use of refrigerants like HFCs contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. However, industry groups are working to promote more efficient, cost-effective equipment that uses low global warming potential refrigerants to both reduce emissions and better preserve global food supplies.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Bassi - Blended learning for alternative reefrigerantsCentro Studi Galileo
The document discusses a blended learning program called REAL Alternatives that provides training on alternative refrigerants. It aims to address safety, efficiency, reliability and containment of alternative refrigerants through e-learning, classroom instruction, and an e-library. The program was developed in response to industry needs and addresses critical safety factors of alternative refrigerants like flammability and toxicity. It provides training modules and encourages technicians, employers, and training providers to utilize the resources.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Yurek - Industry acts to preserve and expand the glob...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses refrigeration and its importance for food safety, access to fresh foods, and reducing spoilage and illness globally. It notes that refrigeration is vital along the entire food cold chain from field to market. The food cold chain and use of refrigerants like HFCs contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. However, industry groups are working to promote more efficient, cost-effective equipment that uses low global warming potential refrigerants to both reduce emissions and better preserve global food supplies.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Orlandi - COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION APPLICATION OF VAR...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the use of variable speed compressors and fans in commercial refrigeration applications to improve off-design efficiency. It notes that variable speed technologies allow systems to better adapt to actual operating conditions, where off-design performance accounts for most usage. Test results showed that variable speed cabinets and remote systems had improved temperature control and reduced energy consumption compared to fixed speed alternatives. The conclusion is that variable speed components break traditional design rules and allow for optimized sizing and energy usage across all operating conditions.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO J. Curlin - Importance of the refrigeration cold chain i...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the importance of refrigeration and cold chains in achieving global food security and nutrition. It notes that over 800 million people currently suffer from hunger worldwide while over 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted each year. To help address these issues, the document calls for increased refrigeration facilities, adoption of more efficient cooling technologies, training of refrigeration technicians, and greater appreciation of cold chains to reduce food loss from farm to plate.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Rossi - ATP A legacy of the past A challenge for th...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for such Carriage (ATP). It provides background on ATP, indicating that it was created in 1970 with 7 signatories to establish temperature requirements for transporting perishable food. Currently there are 49 contracting parties. The document outlines ATP's structure, including defined temperature conditions and equipment requirements. It notes changes over the past 45 years to address multi-temperature and multi-compartment equipment. Future challenges are identified as expanding ATP's scope and ensuring uniform application both internationally and nationally.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Hafner - Supermarkets in warm climates applying R744 ...Centro Studi Galileo
This document summarizes research on applying carbon dioxide (R744) refrigeration technologies in supermarkets located in warm climates. It describes SINTEF, a Norwegian research organization that conducted the study. The document outlines different R744 refrigeration system designs and evaluates their annual energy consumption in various global cities using temperature data. It finds that R744 systems with ejector-supported parallel compression can achieve the highest efficiencies. The research concludes that R744 technologies provide efficient and global solutions for refrigeration and may outperform hydrofluorocarbon systems when considering total cost of ownership over the lifetime of the equipment.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Djibril - Developing the cold chain in the food secto...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses developing cold chain infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Near East and North Africa regions. It notes that food loss and waste are high in these regions due to a lack of sufficient cold storage and transportation infrastructure. The current state of cold chains is described as nascent or non-existent, with very low per capita cold storage capacity compared to developed countries. Constraints to developing cold chains include a lack of electricity access, skills and clear policies. However, opportunities exist due to growing populations, economies and food production. The document recommends governments commit to supporting cold chain development through clear strategies, capacity building, and public-private partnerships.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Orlandi - COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION APPLICATION OF VAR...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the use of variable speed compressors and fans in commercial refrigeration applications to improve off-design efficiency. It notes that variable speed technologies allow systems to better adapt to actual operating conditions, where off-design performance accounts for most usage. Test results showed that variable speed cabinets and remote systems had improved temperature control and reduced energy consumption compared to fixed speed alternatives. The conclusion is that variable speed components break traditional design rules and allow for optimized sizing and energy usage across all operating conditions.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO J. Curlin - Importance of the refrigeration cold chain i...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the importance of refrigeration and cold chains in achieving global food security and nutrition. It notes that over 800 million people currently suffer from hunger worldwide while over 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted each year. To help address these issues, the document calls for increased refrigeration facilities, adoption of more efficient cooling technologies, training of refrigeration technicians, and greater appreciation of cold chains to reduce food loss from farm to plate.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Rossi - ATP A legacy of the past A challenge for th...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for such Carriage (ATP). It provides background on ATP, indicating that it was created in 1970 with 7 signatories to establish temperature requirements for transporting perishable food. Currently there are 49 contracting parties. The document outlines ATP's structure, including defined temperature conditions and equipment requirements. It notes changes over the past 45 years to address multi-temperature and multi-compartment equipment. Future challenges are identified as expanding ATP's scope and ensuring uniform application both internationally and nationally.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Hafner - Supermarkets in warm climates applying R744 ...Centro Studi Galileo
This document summarizes research on applying carbon dioxide (R744) refrigeration technologies in supermarkets located in warm climates. It describes SINTEF, a Norwegian research organization that conducted the study. The document outlines different R744 refrigeration system designs and evaluates their annual energy consumption in various global cities using temperature data. It finds that R744 systems with ejector-supported parallel compression can achieve the highest efficiencies. The research concludes that R744 technologies provide efficient and global solutions for refrigeration and may outperform hydrofluorocarbon systems when considering total cost of ownership over the lifetime of the equipment.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Djibril - Developing the cold chain in the food secto...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses developing cold chain infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Near East and North Africa regions. It notes that food loss and waste are high in these regions due to a lack of sufficient cold storage and transportation infrastructure. The current state of cold chains is described as nascent or non-existent, with very low per capita cold storage capacity compared to developed countries. Constraints to developing cold chains include a lack of electricity access, skills and clear policies. However, opportunities exist due to growing populations, economies and food production. The document recommends governments commit to supporting cold chain development through clear strategies, capacity building, and public-private partnerships.
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO H. Dhont - Refrigerant R32 for air conditioners and heat...Centro Studi Galileo
Hilde Dhont from Daikin Europe presented on the use of R-32 as a refrigerant for air conditioners and heat pumps. R-32 has a global warming potential of 675, about one third of R-410A. Equipment charged with R-32 can reduce the CO2 equivalent refrigerant charge by over 75% compared to R-410A. R-32 allows for high energy efficiency and complies with the new EU F-gas regulation. While R-32 is slightly flammable, the risk is very low and safety standards allow its use in typical room sizes. Installation and servicing of R-32 equipped units is similar to R-410A. R-32 is
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO J. Boone - Energy saving 90°C hot water NH3 heat pumps i...Centro Studi Galileo
This document discusses a combined ammonia chiller/hot water heat pump system used in dairy plants. The system provides chilled water at 1.5°C and hot water at 90°C, with a total cooling capacity of 2,060 kW and heating capacity of 2,950 kW. The heat pump units have coefficient of performance values for cooling of 4.22 and for heating between 5.99-7.49. An analysis shows the heat pump system would save over 1 million euros per year compared to a gas boiler system.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Creamer - EUROPEAN F-GAS TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT: QU...Centro Studi Galileo
This document provides an overview and summary of the latest technology in refrigeration and air conditioning that was presented at the 17th European Conference in Milano, Italy on June 9-10, 2017. Key topics discussed include revisions to EU regulations on F gas assessments, refrigerant overviews and selection considerations, concerns regarding practical training requirements, and safety protocols for recovering A2L refrigerants.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Funder-Kristensen - REFRIGERATION PLANTS AS BENEFICI...Centro Studi Galileo
Thermal networks that connect supermarket refrigeration systems to district heating grids can significantly expand the energy scope of supermarkets. By integrating photovoltaic electricity generation and utilizing waste heat from refrigeration, supermarkets can export flexibility in electricity consumption and thermal energy conversion to storage and distribution networks. Unused compressor capacity in supermarket refrigeration systems, which is typically around 70%, represents an opportunity to absorb and distribute limitless thermal energy to external district heating networks.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Voigt - THE HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATION INDUSTR...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses the EU energy efficiency rules and their impact on manufacturers. It provides background on EPEE, an organization representing manufacturers in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump industry. It then outlines the context of increasing energy dependency in Europe and the role of heating and cooling technologies in reducing it. A major focus of the EU's approach is the Ecodesign directive which sets minimum energy performance standards for products, in turn triggering technology innovation. Significant energy savings are expected if the right balance of ambitious but realistic standards are set and enforced through market surveillance.
Alberto Cavallini - Università di Padova - APPLICAZIONI A MINICANALI PER SIST...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses research on using minichannel heat exchangers to reduce refrigerant charge in HVAC&R systems. Minichannel heat exchangers can minimize refrigerant charge without loss of performance. Experimental results show that minichannel condensers can reduce refrigerant charge by 65% compared to brazed plate heat exchangers. Systems using minichannel heat exchangers have been demonstrated to achieve refrigerant charges as low as 30 g/kW for propane refrigerant. The research aims to better understand heat transfer in minichannels to inform design of low charge systems.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Agostini - R744 REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS MULTI EJECTORS...Centro Studi Galileo
- The document discusses R744 refrigerating systems with multi ejectors. It describes a company called Frigo Consulting that specializes in CO2 refrigeration and has implemented multi-ejector systems for several supermarket refrigeration projects.
- The multi-ejector systems have achieved efficiency increases of 15-25% compared to traditional booster systems with parallel compression through the use of liquid and vapor ejectors as well as heat exchanger improvements. Case studies on implemented systems in Switzerland and Romania show energy savings of 23-30%.
The document discusses the 15th European Conference on the latest technologies in air conditioning and refrigeration industry to be held at Politecnico of Milan from June 7-8, 2013. It provides details about an ammonia heat pump system installed in 2010 that produces hot water up to 60°C for an annual savings of 85,381 Euros. The system has a return on investment of 3.5 years and higher efficiency than comparable technologies.
Hecu – high energy efficiency solution for condensing units fitted with DC co...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Hecu Sistema is the CAREL solution for commercial refrigeration, designed for high energy efficiency condensing units that use either traditional HFC refrigerants or natural refrigerants such as CO2.
The system’s distinctive features include the use of DC inverter technology and real-time synchronisation with the refrigeration units. Hecu sistema meets the requirements of the latest environmental sustainability standards relating to energy consumption (Eco-design directive) and the use of low GWP refrigerants (F-Gas regulation). Stable control means high-quality food preservation and a drastic reduction in waste.
Hecu sistema is also compatible with all CAREL supervisors, which can monitor each individual system or groups of systems, and offer dashboards to simplify interpretation and analysis of system operation.
Hermann Halozan - INSTITUTE OF THERMAL ENGINEERING - POMPE DI CALORE, RIDURRE...Centro Studi Galileo
The document appears to be a presentation given at the XV European Conference on Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning in Milano on June 6-7, 2013. The presentation discusses heat pumps and their role in reducing energy consumption and emissions. It notes that 80% of CO2 emissions in the EU are from energy consumption and that heat pumps can help achieve goals of using 20% less primary energy, reducing CO2 emissions by 20% and increasing the renewable energy share to 20%.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Ascani - INDUSTRIALIZATION AND PATH TO COMMERCIALIZA...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses Cold Energy, a company developing an energy efficiency kit for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The kit introduces a turbocharger and two heat exchangers to a conventional refrigeration cycle to recover energy and reduce energy usage. Prototypes are being tested and the product is planned to be commercialized for low-temperature applications from 2019-2021 before expanding to medium- and high-temperature sectors. The document outlines Cold Energy's technology, development timeline, market approach, and integration of the kit into refrigeration systems with minimal interface requirements.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Minetto - SUPERSMART: ENERGY EFFICIENT SUPERMARKETS ...Centro Studi Galileo
The SuperSmart project aims to promote more energy efficient cooling and heating solutions in European food retail stores. It has three main objectives: 1) Remove non-technological barriers to efficient solutions, 2) Raise expertise among technical and non-technical staff through training, and 3) Support a new EU Ecolabel for food retail stores by developing draft criteria. The project will develop training materials, educate through training sessions, and make proposals for criteria for an EU Ecolabel to recognize more sustainable food retail stores.
The document provides information about energy efficiency learnings and models in Finland. It discusses Finland's targets for 2020 related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the share of renewables and energy efficiency. It describes the various tools Finland uses to promote energy efficiency, including legislation, subsidies, voluntary agreements and energy auditing. It also outlines the typical steps involved in energy auditing and management in Finland, and provides examples of energy savings identified in audits of industrial facilities.
The document discusses a survey of refrigeration installations using natural refrigerants NH3 and CO2 at cold storage facilities. It describes a 200,000m3 cold storage/logistics center project that installed 11 refrigeration packages using NH3 and CO2. The packages provide a total cooling capacity of 2700kW and achieve an estimated 25-30% reduction in energy consumption compared to previous systems using HCFC-22. The system offers advantages including use of natural refrigerants, improved energy efficiency, safety features, low maintenance needs, and automatic operation.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO C. Malvicino - AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY S...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses air conditioning technology and regulations for vehicles. It notes that vehicles are required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% in the next 5 years. Thermal systems present opportunities to improve vehicle efficiency by integrating them properly and enabling new functions. Regulations have banned high global warming potential refrigerants above 150 from new passenger cars in Europe since 2017. Dual loop cooling systems and other thermal system concepts could help meet efficiency and emissions targets while providing passenger comfort.
Lowering the operating temperatures in old-generation district heating system...Alessandro Capretti
This presentation addresses the first result of the TEMPO project (www.tempo-dhc.eu), with a focus on the existing high temperature district heating network of the city of Brescia in Italy. Presenter Paolo Leoni
TEMPO is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768936
Electric Motor Systems: targeting and implementing efficiency improvementsLeonardo ENERGY
Energy savings of 20% to 30% in industrial electric motor systems are economically viable but can only be achieved through system optimization. This includes the electrical side as well as the mechanical side and its operation condition. Depending on the individual context of the industrial end user (e.g. regulation, energy price, management structure, capacities, available support, supply services, etc.), the end user can follow a sequence of steps in order to improve the efficiency of its running stock and thus ‘harvest’ the savings on a cost-effective and sustainable base.
Industrial Insulation: Energy and CO2 savings potential in EU27Leonardo ENERGY
Expert experiences show that in industrial plants about 10% or more of the equipment is uninsulated or covered with damaged insulation. Furthermore, the level of insulation applied is typically based on a minimum investment decision following requirements regarding the maximum surface temperature to avoid personal injuries, minimum process needs or based on generic maximum heat loss rates only.
Requirements like cost-effectiveness or maximum energy efficiency of the insulation system are therefore often not considered. In the past, when fuel prices were lower energy efficient insulation would not have led to a large difference. Nowadays, the price of energy is higher and is expected to grow even further. As a result there is an increasing gap between current and cost-effective insulation levels. Additional costs for CO2 emission allowances will accelerate this trend and further increase the savings potential.
The total cost-effective savings potential amounts to about 480 PJ and 37 Mt CO2 per year for industry. In other words, more than 4% of total industry fuel consumption and emissions. The savings potential exists across all regions, sectors, equipment and operating temperatures.
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This document discusses refrigerants that can replace R410A in comfort applications to meet the F-gas phase down regulations. It finds that R32 demonstrates slightly better performance than R410A, increasing capacity by 6% and seasonal efficiency by 1-2%. HFO blends and propane offer alternatives for residential heat pumps. A2L refrigerants require safety modifications but can be used in existing R410A designs. The new IEC standard eases integration of electronics in A2L systems. Overall solutions exist to comply with regulations while maintaining performance.
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The document discusses the challenges for refrigerants currently and in the future. It notes that the F-Gas regulation is strongly influencing the refrigeration market through a phase down of average GWP levels and bans on some HFCs for certain sectors. By 2030, the average GWP will need to be reduced to 800. This will require the use of natural refrigerants like CO2, ammonia, and hydrocarbons as shorter term HFC replacements may not be available or the situation could become chaotic. CO2 transcritical systems are presented as a long term solution for supermarkets.
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...Centro Studi Galileo
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XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Buoni - THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS, TRAININ...Centro Studi Galileo
1) Training and certification programs for technicians need to be updated to include alternative refrigerants like hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and ammonia as countries shift away from high global warming potential refrigerants.
2) While there are over 40 training centers in the EU that offer training on alternative refrigerants, training availability and facilities are uneven across Europe.
3) AREA has developed guidelines on minimum training requirements for contractors and equipment handling low global warming potential refrigerants to help with the transition.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Gabiel - EU F-GAS REGULATION: PERSPECTIVESCentro Studi Galileo
The document summarizes the EU F-Gas Regulation and its implications. It notes that the EU regulation will lead to significant reductions in HFCs by 37% in 2018, 55% in 2021, and 69% in 2024. This is more ambitious than reductions under the Kigali Amendment. The reductions are even larger than they appear because baseline exclusions and exemptions mean actual reductions will be 48% in 2018 and 64% in 2021. Early effects include HFC stockpiling, price increases, and risks of illegal trade and material shortages. The regulation provides an opportunity for European green technologies to be mainstreamed globally through the Montreal Protocol HCFC phase-out.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO A. Kaschl - IMPLEMENTING THE EU PHASE DOWNCentro Studi Galileo
The document summarizes the EU's phase-down of F-gases, or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), under the F-gas Regulation to reduce emissions. It outlines that the regulation establishes an upstream quota system to reduce HFC imports and production in the EU by 80% by 2030 from a 2015 baseline. Companies must register and report HFC quantities and are issued annual quotas to place HFCs on the EU market. The goals of the phase-down are to stimulate innovation, support climate policy, and facilitate convergence with the Montreal Protocol, while emissions and consumption are already falling under the regulation.
The document summarizes the topics that will be covered during presentations at the Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning conference in Milan on June 9-10, 2017. The three topics are: 1) how to apply F-gas regulations and ongoing actions to reduce gases, 2) challenges and solutions for cold chains internationally from political and technical perspectives, and 3) opportunities for renewable energy in cooling due to regulations and new technologies in refrigeration and air conditioning.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO M. Masoero - Inspection and monitoring of refrigeration and HVAC systems
1. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Inspection and monitoring of
refrigeration and HVAC systems
Results of the iSERVcmb project
Marco Masoero
Politecnico di Torino
2. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
iSERVcmb – the continuous monitoring
and benchmarking of HVAC systems
• www.iservcmb.info May 2011 – May 2014
• iSERVcmb is the largest EC project ever funded under the IEE
funding stream (2011)
• iSERV builds on AUDITAC (2005 – 2007) and HARMONAC
(2007 – 2010) www.harmonac.info
• Until recently HARMONAC was also the second largest project
ever funded under the IEE stream
• The projects are high-profile within the EC and will help
inform future policy in this area
3. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
iSERV Partners and Steering Group
Welsh School of Architecture,
Cardiff University
Building energy use experts
K2n Ltd
Energy database experts
MacWhirter Ltd
Installation, Maintenance and
Energy Inspections
National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens
Indoor Air Quality experts
University of Porto
HVAC and Engineering experts
Politecnico di Torino
HVAC and Engineering experts
Université de Liège
HVAC and Modelling experts
Univerza v Ljubljani
HVAC and Engineering experts
University of Pecs
HVAC and Engineering experts
Austrian Energy Agency
Dissemination and Legislation
REHVA
HVAC Professional Body
CIBSE
HVAC Professional Body
SKANSKA
Building Developer
Camfil Farr
Filter manufacturer
SWEGON
AHU System manufacturer
4. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
What does iSERVcmb do?
• iSERVcmb has 5 main aims:
– Show how an automatic energy monitoring and feedback
system based on physical assets might look like in reality in the EU-27
– Show the in-use energy savings being achieved in real buildings
from implementation of such a system from data collected across the
EU-27
– Provide guidance to the EU – 27 Member State policymakers about
how to write legislation for such systems
– Provide benchmark ranges for the achieved energy performance
of HVAC components in practice when servicing stated end-use
activities
– Produce measurement based guidance to the professions on
how to reduce the in-use energy consumption of HVAC systems in
buildings
5. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Italian building basis
About 100 buildings:
– 60 bank agencies
– 1 data center
– 10 Office buildings
– 20 retail shops
– 9 Supermarkets
6. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Italian Supermarkets
• Total GIA between 8’000 and 19’000 square meters:
– Sales area
– Warehouse
– Catering area
– Offices
7. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Italian Supermarkets
Rooftop system
serving the sales area
Air and water system
serving offices
Industrial cooling
Positive 4°C
Negative -20°C
8. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Electric Submetering
• Metering generally comprehend:
– Lighting
– Positive cooling
– Negative cooling
– Rooftop HVAC system
– Other loads
• Other loads are:
– Owens (bakery) (250 kW)
– Food preparation (50 kW)
9. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Metering difficulties
• Electric panel and distribution not suitable for “complete
metering”
• Lighting is often split between normal line and UPS line
• Spatial distribution of systems
• Different approach to HVAC and industrial cooling (separate
maintenance contract, separate control, etc...)
10. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Data overview
SHOP SALE AREA (m2
) LIGHTING
POSITIVE
COOLING
NEGATIVE
COOLING
HVAC
OTHER
LOADS
TOTAL
A 8877 69.8 47.3 12.2 81.3 279.5 490.1
B 7250 N/A 86.9 41.8 100.3 460.3 689.3
C 12576 172.4 N/A 35.1 17.7 218.7 443.8
D 7000 38.7 51.1 16.4 45.1 348.8 500.0
E 13000 54.2 57.8 46.2 55.7 195.3 409.2
F 5403 123.2 93.5 57.2 97.8 458.5 830.2
G 8123 72.2 52.8 18.4 37.5 352.4 533.2
H 5900 72.7 16.8 35.5 17.5 414.6 557.0
I 13400 N/A 55.6 19.9 62.9 399.3 537.7
mean 9058.8 86.2 57.7 31.4 57.3 347.5 554.5
std.dev. 3132.7 46.1 23.9 15.5 31.2 97.9 130.1
Std.dev/
mean
% 35% 53% 41% 49% 54% 28% 23%
Yearly specific consumption of different loads (kWh/m2
)
11. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Data overview
Yearly specific consumption of different loads (kWh/m2
)
12. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Data overview
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
kWh/m2
Month
Lighting consumption
D E G H A
13. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Data overview
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
kWh/m2
Months
HVACsystem electric consumption
C D E G H A B I
14. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Data overview
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
kWh/m2
Month
Positive cooling consumption
D E G H A B I
15. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Data overview
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
kWh/m2
Month
Negative cooling consumption
C D E G H A B I
16. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Metering problems
• Wrong classification or unknown electric distribution
Lighting consumption
17. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Metering problems
• Meters shut down
Negative cooling
18. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Metering problems
• Presence of Photovoltaic system, double metering required
Global electric energy
19. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Control problems
• Poor control during summer
Rooftop consumption
20. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Control problems
• High lighting consumption during night (poor scalability of lighting electric lines)
Lighting consumption
21. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Control problems• Random lighting consumption during night (manual control of security company)
Lighting consumption
22. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Other findings
• Negative cooling systems
Well dimensioned
23. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Other findings
• Negative cooling systems
Close to its maximum power
24. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption
• Focusing on benchmarking evaluation for HVAC consumption,
a multi-linear regression was evaluated to describe the HVAC
consumption in respect of:
– 1.Gross internal area GIA
– 2.Climatic conditions (monthly mean temperature) ExtT
– 3.Working hours Occ
– 4.Internal electric loads (lighting+other loads) Loads
25. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption:
3-variable model
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT)
Calculated
Measured
Test to minimize the number of inputs (no loads).
26. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption:
4-variable model
Good evaluation with 4 variables. (R2
≈ 0.8)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC
27. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption
Calculated measured
kWh kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Jan 18455 1.11 1.17
Feb 10875 0.65 0.75
Mar 13339 0.80 0.65
Apr 7582 0.45 0.34
May 18698 1.12 1.14
Jun 23418 1.40 1.31
Jul 38533 2.31 2.10
Aug 53087 3.18 2.72
Sep 37287 2.24 1.87
Oct 28629 1.72 1.53
Nov 25034 1.50 1.40
Dec 15741 0.94 1.01
YEAR 290679 17.44 15.99
Specific consumption is related to the other variables,
Supermaket C,
16’000 m2
Year global consumption:
8.3 GWh
Year HVAC consumption:
291 MWh
28. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption:
Supermarket C
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC
29. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption
Specific consumption is related to the other variables,
Supermarket F,
7’800 m2
Yearly global consumption:
6.8 GWh
Yearly HVAC consumption:
590 MWh (evauated, one
month missing)
Calculated measured
kWh kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Jan 60151 7.65 6.93
Feb 30257 3.85 3.36
Mar 9987 1.27 1.35
Apr 33081 4.21 4.35
May 0 0.00 0.00
Jun 43568 5.54 7.33
Jul 74999 9.54 9.25
Aug 67352 8.57 9.08
Sep 65939 8.39 7.24
Oct 53669 6.83 6.81
Nov 54273 6.90 6.43
Dec 61702 7.85 7.26
YEAR 554978 70.59 69.39
30. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption:
Supermarket F
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC
31. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Benchmarking HVAC consumption:
Supermarket C vs F
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
Monthly HVAC Electric Consumption(GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh/m2 MILANO Monthly HVACElectric Consumption (GIA, Occ, ExtT, Light, SP)
Calculated
HVAC
32. Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
Thank you for your attention
marco.masoero@polito.it