This document describes a case study of an innovative solar heating and cooling system at the F-92 building of the ENEA CASACCIA Research Centre in Rome, Italy. The system uses evacuated tube solar collectors to provide 56% of winter heating needs, with the remaining 44% supplemented by a gas boiler. A phase change material (PCM) storage tank is able to reduce energy dissipation compared to a traditional water tank. The system is also able to provide summer cooling through an absorption chiller. Monitoring shows the PCM tank improves utilization of solar energy from 64% to 76% compared to a traditional tank.
For download link head to http://solarreference.com/solar-cooling-training-presentation/
Also available from SOLAIR website.
A presentation from the SOLAIR project on sizing of solar air conditioners. their website has a lot of details information. For similar useful resources visit us on http://solarreference.com
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Ā
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
For download link head to http://solarreference.com/solar-cooling-training-presentation/
Also available from SOLAIR website.
A presentation from the SOLAIR project on sizing of solar air conditioners. their website has a lot of details information. For similar useful resources visit us on http://solarreference.com
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Ā
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
Ā
the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic system. Proper cooling can improve the electric efficiency and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. Various cooling methods available for PV cells Such as Active and Passive cooling system. In this paper use various cooling methods for PV panel. Just like it heat pipe, floating, PCM used in back side of PV panel, evaporative cooling for PV panel.
Il CSP di piccola taglia e il calore di processo: esempi pratici e casi studi...Sardegna Ricerche
Ā
L'intervento di Werner Platzer (Fraunhofer ISE) in occasione dell'evento "Solare termodinamico di piccola taglia: impianti dimostrativi in Sardegna e calore di processo industriale" che si ĆØ tenuto a Pula (CA) il 25 settembre 2015.
Solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/t) parabolic trough collector systemManav Shah
Ā
This system consists of concentrating parabolic trough collector to magnify the solar radiation onto the focal point where absorber tube has been placed. Working fluid such as water is passed from the tube with the help of pump. In order to increase the overall efficiency of the system, photovoltaic cells are placed on the absorber tube so that hot water and electricity can be produced from one integrated system.
Generating Electricity More Efficiently with Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter"Douglas" F. Palte
Ā
The Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter is a direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion system designed in order to harvest most of the waste heat energy efficiently into electricity. Conceptually, it works by ionizing hot coolant in order to force it F=q(v Ć B) to push its ions against moving magnetic fields doing useful work converting thermal energy directly into electric power at high efficiency with almost no moving parts. Essentially, it can be comprised of two sets of concentric helix-coils (contra-aligned in Brayton cycle), feed by six phases [0Ā° 60Ā° 120Ā° 180Ā° 240Ā° 300Ā°], for producing opposing moving magnetic forces, for axially and radially compressing a hot ionized coolant F=q(v Ć B), forcing it to expand longitudinally which boosts the alternating magnetic fields F=i(L Ć B) Īµ=(Bāv sinĪø) electrodynamically converting thermal energy into electricity. Wherein, the phase rotation keeps hot plasma centered far from electromagnetic coils, which allow to induce high pressure and withstand very high temperatures for virtually getting closer to the maximum efficiency Ī·=1-(TC/TH), e.g. TC=300K, TH=30000K, Ī·%=99%. Together with the Aneutronic Reactor, it is to form the most perfect means for providing a high degree of cleanliness and efficiency, with practically no thermal and radioactive waste.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/thermoelectric
Bill Gould, CTO at SolarReserve, presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
Ā
the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic system. Proper cooling can improve the electric efficiency and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. Various cooling methods available for PV cells Such as Active and Passive cooling system. In this paper use various cooling methods for PV panel. Just like it heat pipe, floating, PCM used in back side of PV panel, evaporative cooling for PV panel.
Il CSP di piccola taglia e il calore di processo: esempi pratici e casi studi...Sardegna Ricerche
Ā
L'intervento di Werner Platzer (Fraunhofer ISE) in occasione dell'evento "Solare termodinamico di piccola taglia: impianti dimostrativi in Sardegna e calore di processo industriale" che si ĆØ tenuto a Pula (CA) il 25 settembre 2015.
Solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/t) parabolic trough collector systemManav Shah
Ā
This system consists of concentrating parabolic trough collector to magnify the solar radiation onto the focal point where absorber tube has been placed. Working fluid such as water is passed from the tube with the help of pump. In order to increase the overall efficiency of the system, photovoltaic cells are placed on the absorber tube so that hot water and electricity can be produced from one integrated system.
Generating Electricity More Efficiently with Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter"Douglas" F. Palte
Ā
The Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter is a direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion system designed in order to harvest most of the waste heat energy efficiently into electricity. Conceptually, it works by ionizing hot coolant in order to force it F=q(v Ć B) to push its ions against moving magnetic fields doing useful work converting thermal energy directly into electric power at high efficiency with almost no moving parts. Essentially, it can be comprised of two sets of concentric helix-coils (contra-aligned in Brayton cycle), feed by six phases [0Ā° 60Ā° 120Ā° 180Ā° 240Ā° 300Ā°], for producing opposing moving magnetic forces, for axially and radially compressing a hot ionized coolant F=q(v Ć B), forcing it to expand longitudinally which boosts the alternating magnetic fields F=i(L Ć B) Īµ=(Bāv sinĪø) electrodynamically converting thermal energy into electricity. Wherein, the phase rotation keeps hot plasma centered far from electromagnetic coils, which allow to induce high pressure and withstand very high temperatures for virtually getting closer to the maximum efficiency Ī·=1-(TC/TH), e.g. TC=300K, TH=30000K, Ī·%=99%. Together with the Aneutronic Reactor, it is to form the most perfect means for providing a high degree of cleanliness and efficiency, with practically no thermal and radioactive waste.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/thermoelectric
Bill Gould, CTO at SolarReserve, presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Il Solar Cooling nel condizionamento civile: caso di studio lorenzo patronciniLorenzo Patroncini
Ā
Here are presented the results of my bachelor dissertation, about Solar Cooling in buildings.
The 'solar cooling plant, literally "solar cooling", is a plant that allows, through the absorber, or desiccant wheel, the transformation of heat captured by solar collectors in chilled water for summer cooling of buildings.
The dominant technology for producing the cold source is solar absorption. Absorption chillers are commercially available for many years, especially in combination with cogeneration or waste heat that would otherwise be lost. For air conditioning applications, the absorption chillers use as the fluid mixture of water-lithium bromide with water as coolant. Clearly, these systems can not produce cooling below 0 C Ā°.
In this work are described the technologies involved in a SC plant, and then an example is designed for a call center application, with the optimal design given by 48 Solarbayer plane solar absorbers with a Yazaki WSC-FC 10 absorption machine.
Figures of economical performance are given, as well as energetic analisys.
SOLAR POWER VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMaj12345ay
Ā
USE OF SOLAR POWER IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The power incident from the sun to the earth has very much amount of energy that the present consumption rate of all the commercial and general uses. We utilize only 0.1% of total incident sun energy on the surface of earth. Thus solar energy can fulfill our present as well as future needs of energy. That is a reason it called renewable sources of energy. It is also environmental clean source of energy and available at whole part of world where people live. Using of solar energy in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning system it become very economical.
In our project we provide solar heat in generator for heating purpose of vapor compression refrigeration system.
For past few decades, energy has played a prominent role in the development of technology and economy. Energy has now become inevitable factor for production as well. The objective of this project is to develop an environment friendly vapour absorption system. Vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression system, in order to change the condition of refrigerant required for the operation of the cycle. R 717(NH3) and water are used as working fluids in this system. The basic idea of this project is derived from the solar heating panel to obtain heat energy, instead of using any conventional source of heat energy. In this project various observations are done by varying operating conditions related to heat source, condenser, absorber and evaporator temperatures. The drawback of this system is that, it remains idle in the cloudy weather conditions.
COMPONENTS USED IN SOLAR POWERED AQUA-AMMONIA VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
ā¢ ABSORBER
ā¢ PUMP
ā¢ HEAT EXCHANGER
ā¢ GENERATOR
ā¢ SOLAR PANEL
ā¢ CONDENSER
ā¢ EXPANSION VALVE
ā¢ EVAPORATOR
ā¢ DC BATTERY
ā¢ FAN
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
Ā
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
Water use of thermal power plants equipped with CO2 capture systemsGlobal CCS Institute
Ā
The potential for increased water use has often been noted as a challenge to the widespread deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Early studies, that are widely referenced and cited in discussions of CCS, indicated that installation of a capture system would nearly double water consumption for thermal power generation, while more recent studies show different results. The Global CCS Institute has conducted a comprehensive review of data available in order to clarify messages around water consumption associated with installation of a capture system. Changes in water use estimates over time have been evaluated in terms of capture technology, cooling systems, and how the data are reported.
Guido Magneschi, Instituteās Senior Advisor ā Carbon Capture, and co-author of the study, presented the results of the review and illustrated the main conclusions.
An approach to reduce cooling water consumption in thermal power plant by vap...dbpublications
Ā
Low water levels in feeder canals of thermal power plants causes shut down of power generations for a few days in the last few years. Apart from that the āCentral Electricity Authorityā produced a report on minimizing the overall water requirement of coal based thermal power stations, and as the report tells that a major proportion of the total water requirement of the power stations is the cooling water used.In this paper we made an attempt to perform a thermodynamic study and analysis of a 250 MW thermal power plant, to reduce the mass flow of cooling water by decreasing its temperature with the help of solar powered refrigeration system. So, here we are going to study an analytical mathematical model of a vapor absorption refrigeration system, and we will try to optimize itās control parameters using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. where the cooling water coming from the cooling tower enters into a solar refrigeration system before entering to the condenser of the power plant. , and we will try to optimize itās control parameters using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. As the temperature of the cooling water drops down because of the refrigeration system, the overall requirement of cooling water reduces. A mathematical model of amount of cooling water flow per second is made in this paper using Taguchi analysis.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
Ā
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Experimental Investigation of Solar Water Heater Integrated with a Nanocompos...ijtsrd
Ā
This present work contributes to the improvement in thermal energy storage capacity of an all glass evacuated tube solar water heater by integrating it with a phase change material PCM and with a nanocomposite phase change material NCPCM .. Paraffin wax as PCM and a nanocomposite of paraffin wax with 1.0 mass GeO2 nanoparticles as NCPCM had been used during the experiments. Three different cases, namely, without PCM, with PCM, and with NCPCM, were considered. The testing procedure involved the observation of total temperature variation in the tank water from 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 a.m. of next morning.OBJECTIVEThe main objective of my project is to increase the performance of solar water heater integrated storage tank with PCM and NCPCM which would serve the varying demands. Shashi Kumar | Prof. Ranjeet Arya "Experimental Investigation of Solar Water Heater Integrated with a Nanocomposite Phase Change Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35820.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/35820/experimental-investigation-of-solar-water-heater-integrated-with-a-nanocomposite-phase-change-material/shashi-kumar
Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar TopicKaran Prajapati
Ā
Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal hybrid system helps in optimizing the efficiency of solar pv panel by extracting the heat from the surface of PV module. So, we get electrical and thermal efficiency as product. Normally, water or air is used as working fluid. The seminar topic i.e. this presentation have literature reviews on four main research papers and respective major findings from them. I would recommend the viewers to download the presentation because there is resolution problem while viewing on this website.
The detailed report of this presentation can be seen at :- https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1435.3443
Solar photovoltaic/thermal air collector with mirrors for optimal tiltsIJECEIAES
Ā
This work is the result of a study of a photovoltaic/thermal air collector that concentrates solar radiation using two mobile mirrors to enhance electrical and thermal energy. The study is made for the site of Tetouan (Morocco) (longitude=-5Ā°, latitude=35.25Ā°) for a daily variation during typical days in May, June, September, and December, days considered as clear sky. To prove the effectiveness of the mirrors on the production of both electrical and thermal energy by the collector, we compared their electrical and thermal efficiency in two cases, without and with mirrors at the optimal positions. We validate the obtained simulation results by comparing them to the results from experimental studies published in the literature, for which a strong agreement was obtained. The model estimates the solar energy received by the hybrid collector during the day, to optimize the performance of the fixed collector, we have searched for the values of the optimal daily tilt angles of the two mirrors which allowed us to enhance the quantity of incoming solar radiation on the collector. The tilt angles depend on the sunās elevation angle, the azimuth angle for typical days of the year.
Experiment study of water based photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collectorIJECEIAES
Ā
Solar radiation can be converted to the electrical energy and thermal energy by photovoltaic panel and solar collector. In this experiment, PV/T collector was designed, fabricated and tested its performance. The experiment conducted on PV/T collector with water flow at mass flow rate 0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s. The water flow with the stainless stell absorber help the PV/T collector in increasing the convection of thermal heat transfer. The power output increase with increase of radiation. The efficiency of PVT varies with different intensity of radiation which stated in this experiment for 750 W/m2 and 900 W/m2. The analysis of energy and exergy are excuted and results show energy output for water based PV/T collector are 346 W for solar radiation 700 W/m2 and 457 W for solar radiation 900 W/m2. Meanwhile the total exergy output compared to the PV panel without stainless stell absorber, which the exergy increased by 22.48% for 700 W/m2 and 20.87% for 900 W/m2.
Harnessing the WhirlWind by AVE TechnologyMohammad Akram
Ā
An atmospheric vortex engine (AVE) uses a controlled vortex to capture mechanical energy produced when heat is carried upward by convection in the atmosphere
Similar to Andrea Calabrese - ENEA - IMPIANTI DI SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING: UN CONTRIBUTO POSITIVO ALLE PROBLEMATICHE ENERGETICHE ED AMBIENTALI (20)
Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...Centro Studi Galileo
Ā
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
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15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
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Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
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IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
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Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Convegno Europeo
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Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
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It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
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Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
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What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
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VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
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Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
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This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
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Andrea Calabrese - ENEA - IMPIANTI DI SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING: UN CONTRIBUTO POSITIVO ALLE PROBLEMATICHE ENERGETICHE ED AMBIENTALI
1. XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th-8th JUNE 2013 CSG
Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
āSOLAR HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS:
A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTE TO ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESā
CASE STUDY: Innovative Solar heating and cooling system with PCM tank at service of F-92 Building of
ENEA CASACCIA Research Centre (ROMA)
XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE Milan, June 7th 2013
Scientific referents:
Ing. Nicolandrea Calabrese
Ing. Francesco DāAnnibale
Ing. Carla Menale
Ing. Paola Rovella
For info: andrea.calabrese@enea.it
www.climatizzazioneconfontirinnovabili.enea.it
2. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
Consumption2
3. F-92 BUILDING FEATURES
Latitude 42Ā°03āN
Longitude 12Ā°18āEst
Climatic
Zone (Italy)
D
Area 381 m2 mq
CASE STUDY: Solar heating and cooling system at service of F-92 Building of ENEA CASACCIA
Research Centre (ROMA)
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
https://maps.google.it/maps/ms?gl=it&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=103631601450429953584.00047466407d1fa933f1a
4. CASE STUDY: Innovative Solar heating and cooling system at service of F-92 building of ENEA
CASACCIA Research Centre (ROMA)
A NETWORK OF UNDERGROUND PIPING CONNECTS THE HEATING
AND REFRIGERATION STATION TO THE BUILDING
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
5. Heating with Sunā¦
A) Solar heating:
WINTER TIME: room heating is realized with radiant heating system, powered with low temperature to maximize the
use of thermal solar energy.
Evacuated tubes collectors type all glass
(WINTER: 40-50Ā°C)
(SUMMER: 80 ā 110Ā°C)
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
6. Heating with the Sunā¦using radiant heating system
A) Solar heating:
The highest paviment
temperature depends on
enviroment kind:
Range Tmandata panels: 40 ā 50 Ā°C
Dtmaximum panelsās track: 20Ā°C
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
7. Main systemās Components:
A) Solar heating:
Evacuated tube solar collectors:
Technical Data:
-Single collector gross area = 3,75 [m2];
-Solar field gross area = 56 [m2];
-Thermal Power ā 25 [kWth].
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
8. A) Solar heating: SYSTEM LAYOUT, during the research activity we analyze the different energy cotributions
FE01
FE07
FE03
FE02
Solar field
Hot tank
Gas boiler
Request of Energy
from building
WINTER WORKING
IN BUILDING
THERMAL CENTRAL
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
9. Winter Monitoring Data: 09 FEBRUARY ā 15 APRIL 2012
A) Solar heating:
GAS BOILER
SOLAR FIELD
Energy contribution
Energy contribution of Integration Gas Boiler and Solar Field
09-29 February 2012 01-31 March 2012 01-15 April 2012
kWh Integration
Gas Boiler
kWh Useful
Solar Field
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
10. Winter Monitoring Data: 09 FEBRUARY ā 15 APRIL 2012
A) Solar heating:
09 FEBRUARY ā 15 APRIL 2012
SOLAR FRACTION
INTEGRATION GAS BOILER: 3.628,0 kWh
SOLAR FIELD: 4.532,0 kWh
09-29 February 2012 01-31 March 2012 01-15 April 2012
Monitoring Thermal Solar Collectors
Solar radiation incident on the solar field [kWh]
Energy Produced by Solar field and used (FE01) [kWh]
Energy produced by the solar field and dissipated by Dry cooler
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
Energy dissipatedā¦
11. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
At the end of our research activity about solar heating and
cooling system for WINTER season we obtained that the energy
required to heat F-92 building was provided for:
- 56 % by solar energy
- 44 % by gas boiler (methane gas)
These results were obtained ensuring COMFORT conditions into
the building.
Winter Monitoring Data: 09 FEBRUARY ā 15 APRIL 2012
12. A) Solar heating: obtained indoor environmental temperature
Winter Monitoring Data: 09 FEBRUARY ā 15 APRIL 2012
SET POINT
9 - 17 February 2012:
Fixed environment
setpoint
Tmin = 19Ā°C
Tmax = 21Ā°C
19 February - 15 April
2012:
Fixed environment
setpoint
Tmin = 18Ā°C
Tmax = 20Ā°C
Note: set TA01
Tmin = 14Ā°C
Tmax = 16Ā°C
Environment Temperatures [ā°C]
9 - 17 February 2012 Working System CONTINUE
19 February 2012 - 15 April 2012: Working System DISCONTINUOUS (from 7.00 am to 17.00 pm)
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
[Monitoringās Day]
Environment Temperatures [ā°C]
13. A) Solar heating: Comparision between February 2012 and February 2013
GAS BOILER
Energy contribution
9 - 17 February 2012 Working System CONTINUE
19 February 2012 ā 29 February 2012: Working System
DISCONTINUOUS (from 7.00 am to 17.00 pm)
February 2012 February 2013
1975 kWh
(46,5%)
2275 kWh
(53,5%)
Energy contribution
01-28 February 2013 : Working System DISCONTINUOUS
(from 7.00 am to 17.00 pm)
GAS BOILER
SOLAR FIELDSOLAR FIELD
10 - 12 February 2013:
Solar collectors NOT
covered by snow
10 - 12 February 2012:
Solar collectors covered
by snow
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
SOLAR
FRACTION
14. Winter Monitoring Data: 09 FEBRUARY ā 15 APRIL 2012
A) Solar heating:
There is Dissipated
Energyā¦.BUT INTEGRATION
GAS BOILER IS USED!!
It would be necessary an
accumulation tank for thermal
energy, DURING WINTER
PERIOD, with a bigger
capacity (experimental
analisys 2012 year with
sensible Accumulation tank of
C=1.500 liters)
NEW GENERATION
ACCUMULATION SYSTEM:
PCM
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
15. PCM (Phase Change Material) Accumulation tank to reduce dissipated energy:
Sensible water accumulation of 3500 l
kJ730005187.43500
outinlwatersens TTcmE
kJ69000533130
,tubeslattubeslat cNE
Latent PCM Accumulation
(PCM S46 TubeICE) of 1000 l
HYDRATED SALTS OF
S89-S7 SERIES placed
in sealed tubes
Cold Water
Hot Water
Solar Field
Control
Unit
Gas
BoilerHot
Water
Tank
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
16. PCM (Phase Change Material) Accumulation tank
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
UNIVERSITAā DI PADOVA
Dipartimento di Tecnica e
Gestione
dei sistemi industriali
17. PCM (Phase Change Material) Accumulation tank to reduce dissipated energy:
CHARGE PHASE DISCHARGE PHASE
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Latent
Temperature of
the phase change
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible
Latent
Temperature of
the phase change
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
18. TRADITIONAL TANK
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
TE07
TE08
TE07
TE08
C = 1500 litres C = 1000 litres
PCM TANK
Comparison Traditional Tank (ONLY WATER) - PCM Tank (HYDRATED SALTS)
19. Comparison Traditional Tank C=1500 litres - PCM Tank C=1000 litres
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
Days of April 2012 and Aprile 2013 (more comparable than days of March because days of April 2012 and days of
April 2013 have medium temperatures more similar than March 2012 and March 2013) have an index FE07/GG
more similar than those of March, respectively 19 kWh/GG and 24 kWh/GG.
If we considere tank contribute to Fā92 building heating (TANK_TO_LOAD) we obtain a higher value for 2013 equal
to 16 kWh / GG compared to 13 kWh / GG of 2012.
The contribution of the accumulation to the needs of the building (TANK_TO_LOAD/FE07) was the same: 69% for
2012 and 68% for 2013 (SAME SOLAR FRACTION).
The percentage of utilization of solar energy (TANK_TO_LOAD/FE02) with PCM accumulation amounted to 76%
compared with 64% of the accumulation standard.
where:
ā¢ n: days number of the conventional heating period
ā¢ T0: environment conventional temperature
ā¢ Te: medium extenal daily temperature
APRILE 2012 APRILE 2013
TEMPERATURA MEDIA
PERIODO
13.3 14.3 [Ā°C]
VOLUME ACCUMULO 1500 900 [l]
TEMPERATURA INTERNA
EDIFICIO
20.0 22.0 [Ā°C]
GG] FE07/GG 19 24 [kWh/GG]
GG] TANK_TO_LOAD/GG 13 16 [kWh/GG]
] FE07 1 070 1 556 [kWh]
] FE03 331 503 [kWh]
] FE02 1 159 1 394 [kWh]
] TANK_TO_LOAD 739 1 053 [kWh]
SOLAR FRACTION 69% 68% %
APRIL 2012
TANK VOLUME
INTERNAL BUILDING
TEMPERATURE
APRIL 2013
21. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
Experimental test of a single PCM Vessel (HYDRATED SALTS)
PCM vessel:
De = 50 mm
L = 1000 mm
HYDRATED SALTS
22. PCM Test Report: EXPERIMENTAL RIG
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
23. PCM Test Report: EXPERIMENTAL RIG
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
Typical test conditions:
ā¢ Water velocity in the anulus: 0.2 to 0.4 m/s
ā¢ Inlet temperature Ti : 20 to 85 Ā°C
ā¢ Pressure P: 1.0 to 1.3 bar
ā¢ Temperature ramp gradient: 5 to 600 Ā°C/h
Geometry equivalent to a
subchannel in the real vessel
PCM vessel:
De = 50 mm
L = 1000 mm
Test section:
Di = 60 mm
L = 1000 mm
24. FAST TEMPERATURE RAMP (10ā°C/min)
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
No visible effect on the output
temperature gradient around
the melting temperature
T=46Ā°C
The melting energy is
absorbed and released in
hours and its effect can not be
distinguished from the
thermal capacity of the single
phase material
SLOW TEMPERATURE RAMP (10ā°C/h)
PCM Test Report: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
25. PCM: IMPROVEMENTS
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
INCREASE OF PCM CONDUCTIVITY WITH HIGH CONDUCTIVITY FOAMS:
CERAMICS, METALS OR GRAPHITE
AISI 316 SiC (Silicon Carbide)
26. Solar cooling System with Absorption Chiller
B) Solar cooling:
Vacuum Solar
Collector
250 m2
Cold Water
Accumulation
tank 15.000 l
Cold
Water
100 kW
Hot Water
150 kW
CHILLER
SOLAR COOLING system with integration gas boiler and accumulation system for hot and cold water. Idraulic scheme (doc. SYSTEMA S.p.A)
SUMMER PERIOD: coincidence between cool energy request peak and period of maximum availability of solar
energy.
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
27. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
Solar cooling System with Absorption Chiller
B) Solar cooling:
29. Main system Components:
B) Solar cooling:
Absorption Chiller
(water ā lithium bromide):
Technical Data:
- Cooling Power =18 [kWf];
- Heating Power in =25 [kWt];
Accumulation tank for
cold water:
Technical Data:
- volume 1000 [ L];
Evaporative Tower:
Technical Data:
-Potentiality = 43 [kW]
(Tbu=25,6[Ā°C]; TH2O in=35[Ā°C];
TH2O out=30 [Ā°C]);
-Air Flow = 7.500,0 [m3/h];
-Water Flow = 7.400,0 [l/h]
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
30. Electric Power Absorbed: 48 [W]
Temperature [Ā°C]
T Heat Medium Inlet 88
T Heat Medium Outlet 83
Chilled Water Inlet 12,5
Chilled Water Outlet 7
Cooling Water Inlet 31
Cooling Water Outlet 35
http://www.yazaki-airconditioning.com/fileadmin/templates/img_airconditioning/swf/080925_chiller_absorption_ani.html
B) Solar cooling:
Layout of Absorption chiller water-lithium bromide
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
31. B) Solar cooling:
SYSTEM LAYOUT: during the research activity we analyze the different energy contributions
FE01
FE07
FE03
FE02
FE04 FE05
FE06
Required building
Cold rated output
Heat rate input
SUMMER WORKING
Water/Lithium-bromide Chiller
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
32. B) Solar cooling:
Summer Monitoring Data: 01 June - 15 September 2012
01 JUNE 2012 - 15 SEPTEMBER 2012: Working System DISCONTINUOUS (from 9.00 am to 19.00 pm)
GAS BOILER
SOLAR FIELD
Energy contribution
Energy Contributution of Integration Gas Boiler and Solar Field
01-30 June 2012
kWh Integration Gas Boiler
kWh Useful Solar Field
01-31 July 2012 01-31 August 2012 01-15 September 2012
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
33. B) Solar cooling:
Summer Monitoring Data: 01 June - 15 September 2012
01-30 June 2012
Monitoring Thermal Solar Collectors
01 JUNE ā 15 SEPTEMBER 2012
SOLAR FRACTION
INTEGRATION GAS BOILER: 4.657,0 kWh
SOLAR FIELD: 8.909,0 kWh
Solar radiation incident on the solar field [kWh]
Energy Produced by Solar field and used (FE01) [kWh]
Energy produced by the solar field and dissipated by Dry cooler
01-31 July 2012 01-15 September 201201-31 August 2012
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
34. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
At the end of our research activity about solar heating and cooling
system for SUMMER season we obtained that the thermal energy
required by CHILLER to conditionig F-92 building was provided for:
- 66 % by solar energy
- 34 % by gas boiler (methane gas)
These results were obtained ensuring COMFORT conditions into the
building.
Summer Monitoring Data: 01 JUNE ā 15 SEPTEMBER 2012
35. B) Solar cooling: obtained indoor environmental temperature
Summer Monitoring Data: 01 June - 15 September 2012
SET POINT
01 June - 15
September 2012:
Fixed
environment
setpoint
Tmin = 22Ā°C e
Tmax = 24Ā°C
Note: TA01
no controlled
01 JUNE 2012 - 15
SEPTEMBER 2012:
Working System
DISCONTINUOUS
(from 9.00 am to
19.00 pm)
T external medium
(09:00 ā 19:00)
03/09/2012: 24Ā°C
04/09/2012: 19Ā°C
05/09/2012: 24Ā°C
06/09/2012: 28Ā°C
07/09/2012: 29Ā°C
08/09/2012: 29Ā°C
09/09/2012: 28Ā°C
10/09/2012: 28Ā°C
T external medium
(09:00 ā 19:00)
21/07/2012: 31Ā°C
22/07/2012: 29Ā°C
23/07/2012: 25Ā°C
24/07/2012: 27Ā°C
25/07/2012: 30Ā°C
26/07/2012: 32Ā°C
STOP OF SYSTEM
FOR
MAINTENANCE:
21/08/2012
22/08/2012
23/08/2012
26/08/2012
Environment Temperatures [ā°C]
[Monitoringās Day]
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
36. CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: BX EINSTEIN
Operative Data and
weather conditions
Management, Control and
Back up PC
Servo motors electric valves
regulation Variable flow pumps
Energy counters
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
37. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESENTED CASE STUDY
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
ONE OF THE FIVE
BETTER CASE STUDY
38. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
WITHOUT BONUS
Solar heating and cooling: PAYBACK PERIOD
PAYBACK PERIOD RELATIVE DIFFERENT PLACES AND SYSTEM POWER
39. āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā
WITH BONUS
INTRODUCED BY
D.M. del 28/12/2012
Solar heating and cooling: PAYBACK PERIOD
PAYBACK PERIOD RELATIVE DIFFERENT PLACES AND SYSTEM POWER
40. Our research and development activities:
Thanks for your attention
āUse of solar and environmental heat to air conditioningā