This document provides an overview of the geopolitical significance of Kashmir for India-Pakistan relations from partition in 1947 to the present. It discusses how Kashmir became divided and disputed between India and Pakistan after independence, leading to multiple wars and ongoing tensions over its status. The root cause of instability between the two countries revolves around Kashmir, which both see as strategically important due to its location bordering Central Asia and China. The document analyzes Kashmir's political status before partition and the events surrounding its division after 1947 that set the stage for ongoing conflict over its control and sovereignty.
The document summarizes the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It provides geographical and historical context, describing Kashmir as a disputed region with a Muslim majority population administered in parts by India, Pakistan, and China. It outlines the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971. The current situation involves ongoing violence and civilian casualties, with India accused of human rights violations. Both countries claim Kashmir but have been urged to resolve the dispute bilaterally through negotiations.
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region between India, Pakistan, and China. After the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Maharaja of Kashmir opted to join India, though parts of Kashmir were occupied by Pakistan. This led to the first Indo-Pakistani war over Kashmir. A ceasefire line divided the region, which later became the Line of Control (LOC). Subsequent wars and negotiations failed to resolve the dispute. Both countries claim the entire region of Kashmir, and have fought several wars over it. The conflict remains ongoing, with disputes over borders and occasional military clashes along the LOC.
The Kashmir dispute is a long-standing territorial conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Kashmir is important to both countries for strategic reasons, including its water resources and proximity to key transportation routes. The conflict has led to multiple wars between India and Pakistan and remains a flashpoint for potential nuclear conflict in the region. Despite UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status, India has resisted allowing Kashmiris a vote for independence for over 55 years. The dispute remains unresolved and a serious threat to regional stability and security.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan since partition in 1947. It discusses that Kashmir is currently divided between Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, and Chinese controlled Kashmir. It outlines several proposed solutions to resolve the conflict such as making the Line of Control an official border, dividing Kashmir along the Chenab river, granting independence, or providing autonomy under joint Indian-Pakistani control similar to Andorra. However, it notes that implementing any solution requires agreement between India and Pakistan, which has so far not been possible given both countries' claims over the territory.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from different perspectives. It provides background on the princely state of Kashmir and how it became part of India via an Instrument of Accession signed by its ruler. India sees Kashmir as an integral part of India based on this document, while Pakistan disputes the circumstances around its signing. Both countries have fought multiple wars over the region and continue to disagree on its status and governance. The document also notes China's claims to parts of Kashmir and outlines contentious policies like Article 370 and AFSPA that have fueled local unrest. It concludes by advocating for greater UN involvement to restore peace and respect for human rights in the disputed region.
Tooba Javaid's assignment report is about the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. The report provides background on the geography of Kashmir and the division of control between India, Pakistan, and China. It discusses the early history of Kashmir and the events surrounding partition and the first war over Kashmir in 1947. Subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971 are also mentioned. The report outlines reasons for the ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan over the region.
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan that has involved violence and unrest since 1947. The key combatants are the Indian military, which maintains control over part of Kashmir, and various Pakistani-backed militant groups who oppose Indian control. There are religious and political motivations for both sides, as India sees it as an internal issue and Pakistan views it as a crisis necessitating protection of Kashmiri Muslims. Over 70,000 lives have been lost in the ongoing conflict, and human rights abuses like rape have been perpetrated by both state and non-state actors.
The document summarizes the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It provides geographical and historical context, describing Kashmir as a disputed region with a Muslim majority population administered in parts by India, Pakistan, and China. It outlines the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971. The current situation involves ongoing violence and civilian casualties, with India accused of human rights violations. Both countries claim Kashmir but have been urged to resolve the dispute bilaterally through negotiations.
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region between India, Pakistan, and China. After the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Maharaja of Kashmir opted to join India, though parts of Kashmir were occupied by Pakistan. This led to the first Indo-Pakistani war over Kashmir. A ceasefire line divided the region, which later became the Line of Control (LOC). Subsequent wars and negotiations failed to resolve the dispute. Both countries claim the entire region of Kashmir, and have fought several wars over it. The conflict remains ongoing, with disputes over borders and occasional military clashes along the LOC.
The Kashmir dispute is a long-standing territorial conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Kashmir is important to both countries for strategic reasons, including its water resources and proximity to key transportation routes. The conflict has led to multiple wars between India and Pakistan and remains a flashpoint for potential nuclear conflict in the region. Despite UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status, India has resisted allowing Kashmiris a vote for independence for over 55 years. The dispute remains unresolved and a serious threat to regional stability and security.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan since partition in 1947. It discusses that Kashmir is currently divided between Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, and Chinese controlled Kashmir. It outlines several proposed solutions to resolve the conflict such as making the Line of Control an official border, dividing Kashmir along the Chenab river, granting independence, or providing autonomy under joint Indian-Pakistani control similar to Andorra. However, it notes that implementing any solution requires agreement between India and Pakistan, which has so far not been possible given both countries' claims over the territory.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from different perspectives. It provides background on the princely state of Kashmir and how it became part of India via an Instrument of Accession signed by its ruler. India sees Kashmir as an integral part of India based on this document, while Pakistan disputes the circumstances around its signing. Both countries have fought multiple wars over the region and continue to disagree on its status and governance. The document also notes China's claims to parts of Kashmir and outlines contentious policies like Article 370 and AFSPA that have fueled local unrest. It concludes by advocating for greater UN involvement to restore peace and respect for human rights in the disputed region.
Tooba Javaid's assignment report is about the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. The report provides background on the geography of Kashmir and the division of control between India, Pakistan, and China. It discusses the early history of Kashmir and the events surrounding partition and the first war over Kashmir in 1947. Subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971 are also mentioned. The report outlines reasons for the ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan over the region.
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan that has involved violence and unrest since 1947. The key combatants are the Indian military, which maintains control over part of Kashmir, and various Pakistani-backed militant groups who oppose Indian control. There are religious and political motivations for both sides, as India sees it as an internal issue and Pakistan views it as a crisis necessitating protection of Kashmiri Muslims. Over 70,000 lives have been lost in the ongoing conflict, and human rights abuses like rape have been perpetrated by both state and non-state actors.
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region between India, Pakistan, and Kashmiri insurgent groups. Kashmir was a princely state under British rule that was majority Muslim. In 1947, as Britain withdrew from India, the Maharaja signed an Instrument of Accession to join India. Pakistan disputes this, and the first war over Kashmir broke out. The conflict has continued through alternating periods of violence and peace over control of the region and Kashmiri self-determination. Recent elections in Kashmir have seen higher voter turnout, suggesting growing acceptance of Indian rule.
The document provides a chronology of key events in the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2017 between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It outlines the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 that led to the Maharaja of Kashmir's accession to India and the first war between India and Pakistan over the region. Subsequent events include three wars, a Simla Agreement, a pro-independence insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, and continuing violence and tensions along the Line of Control dividing the region.
A country within a country-Kashmir ConflictSandeep Dixit
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Kashmir is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and has a population of about 10 million people, with Muslims making up three-quarters of the population. India controls the southeastern part of Kashmir as a state called Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls the northwestern part, divided into Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. Both countries claim the entire Kashmir region but have fought multiple wars over it since independence in 1947. The dispute remains dangerous as both countries are now nuclear powers.
The report discusses the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan. It provides a history of Kashmir from its sale to Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1846 to the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019. It describes the political events that led to the partition of Kashmir in 1947 and the first Indo-Pak war. It discusses the role of the UN in attempting to resolve the dispute through resolutions calling for a plebiscite. However, the UN has failed to bring peace due to rejection of resolutions by both countries. The abrogation of Article 370 has created restrictions on mobility, communication blockade, disruption of government services and education in Kashmir.
Kashmir dispute demands for Right to Self Determination; by amar jahangirAmir Jahangir
The document discusses the Kashmir dispute and the demands for the right of self-determination by Kashmiris. It provides background on the geographical position and divisions of Kashmir. It describes how the dispute arose from the partition of India in 1947 and the conflicting claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan. It outlines UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite to allow Kashmiris to decide the region's status. Finally, it discusses the aspirations of Kashmiris, the positions of India and Pakistan, and argues that international law and UN resolutions guarantee Kashmiris' right to self-determination.
21 kashmir conflict long and short essay the college studyMary Smith
It is an educational blog and intended to serve as complete and self-contained work on essays, paragraph, speeches, articles, letters, stories, quotes.
https://www.thecollegestudy.net/
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
The document discusses several Muslim reformers in South Asia who aimed to purify Islamic practices and society, including Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani who opposed Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and emphasized distinguishing worship from God alone, Shah Waliullah who sought to revive Islamic spirit and challenged British influence, and Syed Ahmad Barelvi who led an armed jihad movement against Sikh rule in Pakistan. It also outlines the Faraizi movement led by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal which stressed fulfilling religious obligations and opposed taxes by landowners.
Foreign Policy
Aims of foreign policy of Pakistan
China and Pakistan’s Relations
Relationship’s History of Pakistan and America
India-Pakistan Relations
Kashmir Conflict
Pak-Afghan Relations
pakistan and india relation till 1947 to 2016Usama Ahmad
The document summarizes the history of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses key events and disputes that have strained relations such as the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, several Indo-Pakistan wars, and ongoing tensions over terrorism. While the two countries have had hostile relations for decades, they have also attempted negotiations and agreements to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement and later composite dialogue processes.
The document provides background on the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. It discusses how Kashmir was historically independent but acceded to India in 1947 after partition. This led to the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. A ceasefire split the region in half, with India controlling 65% and Pakistan the rest. Subsequent wars and political developments eroded Kashmiri trust in Indian governance. India and the US began viewing the Kashmiri resistance through the lens of Islamic extremism.
Jammu and Kashmir Problems and Solutionsvsrcchennai
This document discusses Jammu and Kashmir, providing historical context and perspectives on the Kashmir issue. It outlines the region's history under various rulers from ancient times through the partition of India in 1947. It notes that Jammu and Kashmir formally acceded to India through an instrument of accession signed on October 26, 1947. However, the issue was later internationalized and taken up by the UN, leading to the line of control. The document decodes common myths and argues that Kashmir has long been integrated with Indian culture and the issue is one of nationality, not religion. It calls for full integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India by scrapping Article 370.
Issues of conflict between india and pakistanFaizan Shabbir
The document outlines several key issues of conflict between India and Pakistan, including Sir Creek, the Siachin Glacier, and water disputes. Sir Creek is an unresolved maritime boundary in the Runn of Kutch region, which both countries claim. The Siachin Glacier is a strategically important mountainous region where both countries maintain a permanent military presence. There are also ongoing water disputes around dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab that flow between the two countries. These issues remain unresolved sources of tension despite numerous negotiations and treaties over the decades.
Kashmir issue : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Kashmir ISsue
The document provides historical context on India-Pakistan relations since partition in 1947. It discusses the violent partition that divided British India, resulting in displacement of millions and over 1 million deaths. It then summarizes the numerous military conflicts between India and Pakistan since 1947 including the wars in 1948, 1965, and 1971 as well as the Kargil conflict. It also outlines the ongoing disputes between the two countries including Kashmir, water rights, terrorism, and political instability. Media role and four wars are also briefly discussed.
Presentation on the causes of conflicts that leads to the current scenarios in Kashmir and also talking briefly about the other side of Kashmir which is very beautiful
A power point presentation on the security issues that are faced by Pakistan today like Crimes, Terrorism, Refugee problem, Inter provincial disharmony and much more.
The document discusses the major difficulties faced by Pakistan after its partition from India in 1947. It outlines geographical disputes over boundaries that divided Muslim-majority and Hindu-majority areas unequally. Other issues included the unequal division of military and financial assets, the settlement of refugees, conflicts over Kashmir and water rights, establishing foreign relations and policy, and selecting a capital city amid a lack of resources and administration.
This presentation discusses Pakistan's foreign policy. It begins with introducing the group members and providing an overview of topics to be covered, which include the definition of foreign policy, principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy, determinants of its policy, and its relationships with other countries. Specifically, it outlines Pakistan's historical and ongoing tensions with India due to issues like the partition of British India, religious differences, the Kashmir dispute, and wars between the two countries in 1965 and 1971. It also discusses Pakistan's relationships with other Muslim-majority nations as well as countries like China.
The document discusses the conflict in Kashmir over several decades beginning in 1947 when India gained independence. It summarizes the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, as well as subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971. It then outlines issues such as the differing views between India and Pakistan over control of Kashmir, human rights violations including extrajudicial killings, and laws imposed by India like the Armed Forces Special Powers Act that have enabled impunity. The document concludes by discussing phenomena like enforced disappearances and mass graves that have been uncovered in Kashmir.
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region between India, Pakistan, and Kashmiri insurgent groups. Kashmir was a princely state under British rule that was majority Muslim. In 1947, as Britain withdrew from India, the Maharaja signed an Instrument of Accession to join India. Pakistan disputes this, and the first war over Kashmir broke out. The conflict has continued through alternating periods of violence and peace over control of the region and Kashmiri self-determination. Recent elections in Kashmir have seen higher voter turnout, suggesting growing acceptance of Indian rule.
The document provides a chronology of key events in the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2017 between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It outlines the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 that led to the Maharaja of Kashmir's accession to India and the first war between India and Pakistan over the region. Subsequent events include three wars, a Simla Agreement, a pro-independence insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, and continuing violence and tensions along the Line of Control dividing the region.
A country within a country-Kashmir ConflictSandeep Dixit
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Kashmir is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and has a population of about 10 million people, with Muslims making up three-quarters of the population. India controls the southeastern part of Kashmir as a state called Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls the northwestern part, divided into Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. Both countries claim the entire Kashmir region but have fought multiple wars over it since independence in 1947. The dispute remains dangerous as both countries are now nuclear powers.
The report discusses the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan. It provides a history of Kashmir from its sale to Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1846 to the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019. It describes the political events that led to the partition of Kashmir in 1947 and the first Indo-Pak war. It discusses the role of the UN in attempting to resolve the dispute through resolutions calling for a plebiscite. However, the UN has failed to bring peace due to rejection of resolutions by both countries. The abrogation of Article 370 has created restrictions on mobility, communication blockade, disruption of government services and education in Kashmir.
Kashmir dispute demands for Right to Self Determination; by amar jahangirAmir Jahangir
The document discusses the Kashmir dispute and the demands for the right of self-determination by Kashmiris. It provides background on the geographical position and divisions of Kashmir. It describes how the dispute arose from the partition of India in 1947 and the conflicting claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan. It outlines UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite to allow Kashmiris to decide the region's status. Finally, it discusses the aspirations of Kashmiris, the positions of India and Pakistan, and argues that international law and UN resolutions guarantee Kashmiris' right to self-determination.
21 kashmir conflict long and short essay the college studyMary Smith
It is an educational blog and intended to serve as complete and self-contained work on essays, paragraph, speeches, articles, letters, stories, quotes.
https://www.thecollegestudy.net/
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
The document discusses several Muslim reformers in South Asia who aimed to purify Islamic practices and society, including Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani who opposed Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and emphasized distinguishing worship from God alone, Shah Waliullah who sought to revive Islamic spirit and challenged British influence, and Syed Ahmad Barelvi who led an armed jihad movement against Sikh rule in Pakistan. It also outlines the Faraizi movement led by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal which stressed fulfilling religious obligations and opposed taxes by landowners.
Foreign Policy
Aims of foreign policy of Pakistan
China and Pakistan’s Relations
Relationship’s History of Pakistan and America
India-Pakistan Relations
Kashmir Conflict
Pak-Afghan Relations
pakistan and india relation till 1947 to 2016Usama Ahmad
The document summarizes the history of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses key events and disputes that have strained relations such as the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, several Indo-Pakistan wars, and ongoing tensions over terrorism. While the two countries have had hostile relations for decades, they have also attempted negotiations and agreements to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement and later composite dialogue processes.
The document provides background on the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. It discusses how Kashmir was historically independent but acceded to India in 1947 after partition. This led to the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. A ceasefire split the region in half, with India controlling 65% and Pakistan the rest. Subsequent wars and political developments eroded Kashmiri trust in Indian governance. India and the US began viewing the Kashmiri resistance through the lens of Islamic extremism.
Jammu and Kashmir Problems and Solutionsvsrcchennai
This document discusses Jammu and Kashmir, providing historical context and perspectives on the Kashmir issue. It outlines the region's history under various rulers from ancient times through the partition of India in 1947. It notes that Jammu and Kashmir formally acceded to India through an instrument of accession signed on October 26, 1947. However, the issue was later internationalized and taken up by the UN, leading to the line of control. The document decodes common myths and argues that Kashmir has long been integrated with Indian culture and the issue is one of nationality, not religion. It calls for full integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India by scrapping Article 370.
Issues of conflict between india and pakistanFaizan Shabbir
The document outlines several key issues of conflict between India and Pakistan, including Sir Creek, the Siachin Glacier, and water disputes. Sir Creek is an unresolved maritime boundary in the Runn of Kutch region, which both countries claim. The Siachin Glacier is a strategically important mountainous region where both countries maintain a permanent military presence. There are also ongoing water disputes around dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab that flow between the two countries. These issues remain unresolved sources of tension despite numerous negotiations and treaties over the decades.
Kashmir issue : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Kashmir ISsue
The document provides historical context on India-Pakistan relations since partition in 1947. It discusses the violent partition that divided British India, resulting in displacement of millions and over 1 million deaths. It then summarizes the numerous military conflicts between India and Pakistan since 1947 including the wars in 1948, 1965, and 1971 as well as the Kargil conflict. It also outlines the ongoing disputes between the two countries including Kashmir, water rights, terrorism, and political instability. Media role and four wars are also briefly discussed.
Presentation on the causes of conflicts that leads to the current scenarios in Kashmir and also talking briefly about the other side of Kashmir which is very beautiful
A power point presentation on the security issues that are faced by Pakistan today like Crimes, Terrorism, Refugee problem, Inter provincial disharmony and much more.
The document discusses the major difficulties faced by Pakistan after its partition from India in 1947. It outlines geographical disputes over boundaries that divided Muslim-majority and Hindu-majority areas unequally. Other issues included the unequal division of military and financial assets, the settlement of refugees, conflicts over Kashmir and water rights, establishing foreign relations and policy, and selecting a capital city amid a lack of resources and administration.
This presentation discusses Pakistan's foreign policy. It begins with introducing the group members and providing an overview of topics to be covered, which include the definition of foreign policy, principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy, determinants of its policy, and its relationships with other countries. Specifically, it outlines Pakistan's historical and ongoing tensions with India due to issues like the partition of British India, religious differences, the Kashmir dispute, and wars between the two countries in 1965 and 1971. It also discusses Pakistan's relationships with other Muslim-majority nations as well as countries like China.
The document discusses the conflict in Kashmir over several decades beginning in 1947 when India gained independence. It summarizes the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, as well as subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971. It then outlines issues such as the differing views between India and Pakistan over control of Kashmir, human rights violations including extrajudicial killings, and laws imposed by India like the Armed Forces Special Powers Act that have enabled impunity. The document concludes by discussing phenomena like enforced disappearances and mass graves that have been uncovered in Kashmir.
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
This document provides an overview of the Kashmir conflict between India, Pakistan, and China over control of the Kashmir region. It discusses how Kashmir is divided between the three countries, with India controlling Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh, Pakistan controlling Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and China controlling parts of Ladakh. The population of the Indian-controlled region is predominantly Muslim. The document traces the history of control over Kashmir and discusses the ongoing dispute and conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the region.
The document provides an overview of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India, including its history, vision, achievements, drawbacks, presidents, contributions, election campaigns, 2014 election manifesto, and the author's opinion of the party. It discusses how BJP was established in 1980 and its successes in recent elections under Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014. The document also outlines BJP's goals of improving education, healthcare, and reducing poverty and corruption in India.
The document discusses two common models of rational decision making in foreign policy analysis. The first model refers to a process where decision makers should be logical, orderly, coherent and consistent in their preferences. They should also be able to update their estimates based on new reliable information. The second model expects decision makers to generate subjective probability estimates of outcomes. However, cognitive biases can challenge these rational models, as decision makers tend towards simplicity, consistency, act as poor estimators and experience loss aversion.
1. Foreign policy is defined as the goals and interests that shape how a country interacts with other members of the international community.
2. Foreign policy is influenced by systemic, domestic, and individual levels of analysis. The systemic level looks at global circumstances, the domestic level examines determinants within a country, and the individual level focuses on decision makers.
3. Developing a foreign policy involves creating a delegation profile with background information on a country, and then analyzing that information to determine the country's positions on relevant issues.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
Foreign policy involves a state using political influence to induce other states to exercise their lawmaking power in a way that benefits the influencing state. It aims to protect territorial integrity and citizen interests both within and outside the state. Additionally, foreign policy seeks to maintain international links through policies of conflict or cooperation to promote national interests like security, self-preservation, and economic and political goals. A country's foreign policy is determined by internal factors like geography, culture, economic strength, and political structures as well as external factors like the international power structure, organizations, alliances, and world public opinion.
India is located in southern Asia and is the seventh largest country in the world. It has traditionally maintained friendly relations with its many neighboring countries. The document also provides brief descriptions of Afghanistan, Myanmar, Maldives, and China, including their locations, neighboring countries, and additional details.
India has a multiparty democratic political system with three branches of government - executive, judiciary, and legislature. Key institutions include the Election Commission of India, which oversees national elections, and special constitutional provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir granting it autonomy. The document provides an overview of India's government structure at the federal and state levels.
India has a federal parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The Prime Minister is the head of government and the President is the head of state. India has a multi-party system and holds elections regularly. It has the largest democracy based on population. Religion, caste, and regional divisions have influenced Indian politics. Corruption is a major issue that impacts the economy and trust in government.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising which tools are best for cutting trees or shaving without proper context and safety considerations.
The document discusses various aspects of decision making. It defines decision making as choosing one alternative from among options. It describes the decision making process as recognizing the need for a decision, identifying alternatives, choosing the best option, and implementing it. Decision making can occur under certainty, risk, or uncertainty. Rational models of decision making propose a logical, step-by-step process while behavioral models recognize limitations and biases that influence decisions. Political forces, intuition, escalation of commitment, risk tolerance, and ethics also shape organizational decision making.
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This document provides background information on the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It summarizes the key events in the conflict's history from 1846 to present day, including the partition of British India in 1947 that led to disputes over Kashmir's status and ownership. The main actors involved - India, Pakistan, and Kashmiri people - have incompatible goals regarding Kashmir's status. Deep-rooted hostility between India and Pakistan, as well as division along ethnic lines between Hindus and Muslims, have made the conflict particularly intractable and prolonged.
research article onsemoitic analysis on pkistan india relationshipSheharyar567
This document summarizes a research article about analyzing the relationship between India and Pakistan through print media in Pakistan. The researcher conducted a content analysis of two major Pakistani newspapers, Jang and Dawn, over one year to study how the print media portrayed relations between the two countries. The analysis looked at factors like frequency and length of articles, framing of issues as positive/negative, and placement of stories. A survey was also administered to readers of the newspapers to understand the impact of media framing on public perceptions of India-Pakistan relations. The study found that Pakistani print media generally took a neutral to positive approach in promoting bilateral relations between the two countries.
This document provides an overview of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan in 6 sections. It discusses: (1) how the conflict started over the ruler's decision to join India after Partition; (2) the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir; (3) human rights violations against Kashmiris; (4) the roles of international organizations like the UN and OIC; and (6) concludes that Kashmiris should determine the region's status and resolving this conflict is important for South Asian peace and prosperity.
The document analyzes the geopolitical significance of Kashmir's accession under Dogra rule. It discusses how the boundaries of Kashmir were extended under Maharaja Gulab Singh with British help. It examines how British interference in Kashmir's administration increased after Gulab Singh's death. The objectives are to analyze how Dogra rulers politically integrated Kashmir and how British made Kashmir part of India, causing ongoing tensions. The methodology uses analytical and descriptive approaches analyzing secondary sources like books, articles and gazettes.
This report summarizes the complex relationship between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. It outlines the main causes of conflict as the violent partition that displaced millions, and the disputed territory of Kashmir. Multiple wars have been fought over Kashmir, and relations have often soured due to cross-border terrorism. While there have been attempts to improve ties, issues around Kashmir and terrorism have impeded progress. The nuclear capabilities of both countries also increase tensions.
The conflict between India and Pakistan originated from tensions between Indian and Muslim nationalism during British rule. The partition of British India led to an independent India and Pakistan in 1947, but also sparked religious conflict over the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Over 70 years since independence, India and Pakistan have fought three wars and have ongoing tensions over Kashmir, though they have also had some successes in sharing water resources and resolving border disputes. Religious nationalism and tensions over Kashmir have periodically led to outbreaks of violence between the two countries.
The document summarizes the complex history of conflict between India and Pakistan over several disputed territories and issues. It notes that the India-Pakistan border has been the site of much bloodshed and war since partition in 1947. The ongoing conflict in Kashmir has resulted in over 40,000 deaths. The document argues that the root cause of tensions is an imbalance of power between the two countries that Pakistan refuses to accept. It examines past peace talks that have failed and outlines realistic options for India, including taking advantage of internal divisions within Pakistan to encourage the breakup of the Pakistani state.
This document summarizes the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan. It outlines that Kashmir is located in northern Pakistan and is divided between Indian, Pakistani, and Chinese control. The main cause of the ongoing dispute is India's occupation of Kashmir in 1947, which Kashmiris and Pakistanis reject as illegitimate. The document provides a brief history of the conflict and notes that the current situation in Kashmir is contentious, with Kashmiris favoring independence over Indian or Pakistani rule.
Safdar ali_Pak-india relations assignmentSafdar Ali
The document provides a historical overview of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses several points of conflict and tension between the two countries, including the Kashmir dispute, multiple wars, terrorist attacks, and ongoing tensions over their shared border. While relations have often been strained due to these issues, the document also outlines some agreements and processes the two countries have engaged in to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement, Composite Dialogue Process, and ceasefire negotiations along the Line of Control.
Intergenerational impact of Indian Partition.pdfJapjotSingh43
The document discusses the intergenerational impact of the Indian Partition of 1947. It summarizes the historical background leading up to Partition, the violence and mass displacement that occurred as millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs migrated between India and Pakistan. Over a million people died and families lost loved ones and their homes. The trauma of these events has persisted across generations, influencing cultural identity, family dynamics, and relationships between India and Pakistan that remain shaped by the legacy of Partition. Artists have reflected on this history through various media to process the emotional complexity and document this transformative period that continues to define South Asia.
The document summarizes the complex relationship between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses the ongoing Kashmir dispute, periods of war including 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999, ongoing terrorism supported by Pakistan, and trade agreements between the two countries aimed at increasing economic cooperation. However, military confrontations over Kashmir have taken precedence and prevented deeper economic integration that could benefit both countries.
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1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 115-123
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.Iosrjournals.Org
www.iosrjournals.org 115 | Page
Geo-political Significance of Kashmir: An overview of Indo-Pak
Relations
Naseer Ahmed Kalis* Shaheen Showkat Dar**
* Naseer Ahmed Kalis, Junior Research Fellow in the Department of Strategic and Regional Studies University
of Jammu.18006. (J&K)
** Shaheen Showkat Dar, Assistant Professor in the Department of Strategic and Regional Studies University
of Jammu. 180006. (J&K)
Abstract: Geopolitical significance is an important aspect of relation between states which have common
borders. In case of India and Pakistan, geopolitical deliberations owe their significance to the very act of
partition of India into two independent states and Kashmir as a disputed and divided territory between them. In
this context, this paper will analyse the geo-political significance of Kashmir for India and Pakistan. There are
strong evidences in the scholarly literature that the two states are creating an atmosphere of chaos, hostility and
their citizens are battling with insecurities of poverty, illiteracy and underdevelopment. The duo states are
acting as oppressor in Kashmir where thousands of people has been died and left their homes due to Indo-Pak
hostility. The panorama of peace and human rights from last 24 years is in murky. Therefore, the geo-political,
significance of Kashmir has put India and Pakistan on formidable wars from the last 65 years.
The root cause of instability and hostility revolves around Kashmir, a landlocked territory, a bone of
confrontation and a contributory cause of Indo- Pak hostility from the day one of their independence.
Keywords Geopolitics, Kashmir, Pre-Divide, Post-Divide, Militancy, India and Pakistan
I. Introduction
The first tragedy of conflict is security of involved state, security of health, security of economics,
security of education, security of food, security of energy and all.1
The concept of geopolitics since late 19th
and early 20th
century emerged as an important discourse in
contemporary world. The states intended the expansionist policy in order to enlarge their geographical
boundaries. The Geopolitics of India and Pakistan is contiguous with Jammu and Kashmir that resulted into its
partition. Keeping in view the global geopolitics, the author intended to present the geo-political significance of
such a heartland of South Asia i.e. Jammu and Kashmir who‟s geo-political and strategic importance has put
India and Pakistan on formidable wars, hostility, and low intensity conflicts. Both are the military giant of South
Asia apart from China and are members of the nuclear club since 1998. Pakistan emerged as political entity on
the basis of Two-Nation Theory of Mohd Ali Jinnah from the same womb in 1947, if so why the two siblings
are engaged in a rivalry from 1947 till date? Kashmir is a bone of confrontation between the two because for
India it is the example of her secular identity, the only window open towards central Asia and has physical
access with Afghanistan; Xinjiang (East Turkestan), hence is India‟s Integral Part as per Instrument of
Accession signed by Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir in Oct. 1947. From Pakistan perspective, According to
Two Nation Theory of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan due to its Muslim majority.
Pakistan claims Kashmir as her lifeline; Jugular Vein.2
Kashmir is not a zone of peace rather a zone of chaos, a
militarised zone in the world, insecurity, tensions over where India and Pakistan claims. All this is because of its
physical contiguity with the two. Its territory is wedged between three triangular Nuclear Weapons states of
India, Pakistan and China.
Since 19th century state of Jammu and Kashmir has acquired a unique geo-political status in the Indian
sub-continent. Its frontiers marching towards post soviet Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China
and Tibet that deserve constant vigil and as such it has made the State very important. Pakistan‟s occupation of
Northern Areas of Kashmir gave it tremendous strategic advantages in South Asia as the region shares common
boundaries with Xinjiang and Afghanistan, and the Central Asian countries. Besides its strategic and political
importance, Pakistan and India both claim Kashmir because of cultural and social reasons. Kashmir has become
ingrained in the minds of both Indians and Pakistanis as the single biggest issue facing the Indian subcontinent.
The crying need of the hour is to make it a zone of peace, a zone of perpetual peace because offensive and
defensive strategy of both nations has put peace in murky and is still a far sighted dream. Both the nations
should come forward after putting their 65 years blame game and enmity into dustbin like France and Germany,
with a spectacle of peace for future progress and prosperity of their regions.
2. Geo-political Significance of Kashmir: An overview of Indo-Pak Relations
www.iosrjournals.org 116 | Page
In a sarcastic remark, both India and Pakistan are in a race of nuclear arms, military race, violating cease fire in
different border sectors. Both are battling with guns and bullets while masses are battling with insecurity,
poverty, illiteracy and underdevelopment. If the peace is not restored in the state by the two twin nations, there
would be possibility nuclear war, full scale or all out war in future. The seed of hostilities were sown in 1947.
The mid of 20th
century was a juncture of the state as it was passing through ordeal situation, it was divorced
before marriage. The pre-divide state of Jammu and Kashmir was the largest among the 562 princely states in
India. Its area was 222,870 sq. Km or roughly double the area of Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium and
Luxemburg combine.3
However; post-divide state is being controlled by triangular nuclear states of India,
Pakistan and China. 45% of its area is under India‟s control, 35% is under Pakistan‟s control and 20% is claimed
by China. India and Pakistan fought for Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, limited war in 1985 (Siachen) and 1999
(Kargil). The mid of 20th
century witnessed cold war and hostility between U.S.A and USSR at international
level in general and India and Pakistan in particular, but indo-pak cold war was contested and revert to conflict
and peace agreements. Cold war is no more but indo-pak situation still same with low intensity conflicts, regular
ceasefire violations, cross border terrorism, human rights violations. For states military and national securities
became important rather than food, health, economic and other core issues of securities. Until „Oct 1947, Jammu
and Kashmir was free from both India and Pakistan as defined by a thinker, “it was not a disputed territory or a
zone of conflict, neither it was an integral part of India nor a Jugular vein of Pakistan”.4
Political Status of Pre-divide Kashmir
Historically, the state of Jammu and Kashmir emerged as a political entity under Amritsar Treaty of
16th
of March 1846 between Maharaja Gulab Singh and Britishers. According to the treaty Maharaja paid 75
lakh to Britishers and established his power as heir. Apart from fix sum, Maharaja has to present annually to the
Britishers „one horse, twelve shawl goats of approved breed (six
male and six female) and three pairs of shawls‟.5
Maharaja Gulab
Singh was the founder of dogra dynasty which ruled for 106 years
by four hereditary rulers of „Gulab Singh (1846-1857), Ranbir
Singh (1857-1885), Pratap Singh (1885-1925) and Hari Singh
(1925-1952).6
The last guard of dogra dynasty, Maharaja Hari
Singh introduced State Subject for permanent residents as defined
in Notification No. 1-L/84 of 1927. On one hand he gave
citizenship rights to J &K residents, on the other hand laid
punitive taxes on the people „everyone was taxed, even prostitutes
were not spared. The condition of people especially Muslims was
unbearable as Prem Nath Bazaz a, prominent Kashmiri pandit and
political activist remarked, the condition of Muslims was
“appaling, dressed in rags and barefoot . . . Most of landless
labourers working as serf for absentee [Hindu] landlords”.7
People
have no rights to voice against Maharaja and make any
organisation or party. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, a teacher of a
school formed, with the aid of some educated people, the first
political party in the form of „Reading Room Association‟ at
Srinagar to address and discuss the grievances of the people.
The episode of 13 July 1931 gave a jolt to Maharaja‟s
regime in general and people in particular. It is a historic day in
annals of Jammu and Kashmir and was the first political activity against the dogra dynasty resulted in firing.
Abdul Qadar and other young Muslims organised a deputation to present their grievances before Maharaja, but
the attempt was ended with „riots‟ there existed carnage as” twenty one persons were killed when Maharaja‟s
police opened fire on protesters”.8
On hearing this, British govt said Maharaja to appoint a grievance redresser
committee. Maharaja appointed Galancy Commission (April 1932) headed by B.J Galancy, an English ICS
Officer to enquire about the causes of unrest. Galancy commission in October suggested that a series of reforms
to be made in administrative, education, land tenure, taxation structure in order to make life bearable for Muslim
masses. In October 1932, Sheikh Abdullah formed first mass based political party named „All Jammu and
Kashmir Muslim Conference‟ as opposition of Maharaja Regime. In 1939 at the annual conference, the party
was renamed as „All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference‟ in order to join non-muslim masses also, out of
176 delegates present, 173 voted to ratify the change.
In 1944 Abdullah launched „Naya Kashmir‟ also called New Kashmir Manifesto which talks about
National Economic Plan and Constitution for the State. Earlier, All India Muslim League under the leadership of
Mohd Ali Jinnah passed „Pakistan Resolution‟ in order to create a separate Muslim country. The creation of
Pakistan on religious lines was the foremost foray of Jinnah. Jinnah‟s logic was that Hindu India and Muslim
Figure 1.1: Map of Kashmir Pre-
Partition Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/
in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakis
tan/timeline/1947_48.stm
3. Geo-political Significance of Kashmir: An overview of Indo-Pak Relations
www.iosrjournals.org 117 | Page
India must be separated. To achieve this he devised Two Nation Theory and explained, “Islam and Hinduism are
not religions . . . But are in fact distinct social orders . . . Hindus and Muslims are two different religious
philosophies, social customs and literatures”.9
In order to win the hope of Kashmir people, who already were
against the despotic rule, Jinnah visited valley with his Two Nation Theory but his hope was destroyed in one
stoke. Abdullah and people of Jammu and Kashmir „had decisively rejected the theory and the very concept of
Pakistan‟.10
Basically Abdullah was close friend of Nehru and was in favour of India. Abdullah‟s major priority
was to free people from, dogra yoke.
Abdullah in April 1946 launched, „Quit Kashmir‟, an all out agitation against Maharaja Hari Singh on the
same tune of Mahatma Gandhi‟s, „Quit India‟ of 8th
October 1942. Abdullah‟s movement was to rend the
Amritsar Treaty of 1846, and declared, “the time has come to tear the Treaty of Amritsar . . . sovereignty is not
the birth right of Maharaja Hari Singh. Quit Kashmir is not a question of revolt, it is a matter of right”.11
At the
time of partition, Abdullah was in favour of India but Hari Singh wants to remain independent even he
concluded so called „standstill agreement‟ with both India and Pakistan, India rejected it and Pakistan‟s
government assumed charge of Jammu & Kashmir„s post and telegraphs system and undertook to supply the
state with foodstuffs and other essential commodities. Jinnah on the other hand left no plan untried to persuade
Abdullah for the accession with Pakistan. Dr. Mohd. Din Taseer and Sheikh Sadiq Hussain were hand-Picked
for mission to discuss with Abdullah but the discussion proved fruitless at Srinagar.
The independence of India and Pakistan was not a chaplet rather the birth of conflicts, chaos, and hatred
among those who once joined hand to fight against colonial rule. The two independent dominions of Pakistan
and India were born on 14th
and 15th
of August respectively. Princely states were a peculiar issue, they were
technically free to accede to either dominion or to remain independent, the idea of independent according to
Lord Mountbatten, the first and last British Governor General of free India, was merely a „theoretical option‟ he
urged to merge either India or Pakistan. Except Junagarh, Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir all other have
chosen their dominions. Junagarh and Hyderabad were annexed in the Indian Union subsequently. Jammu and
Kashmir till October 1947 was independent from both nations as mentioned earlier. The preference to remain
independent by Hari Singh was the major mistake which put the future of the state at stake and till date the state
is being chewed in the strong jaws of India and Pakistan. The episode of mid 20th
century in the state was so
devastative that millions of innocent persons including men, women, children and even unborn babies still in the
womb of their mothers were mercilessly killed in the massacre especially in Jammu, Udhampur, Poonch, and
Mirpur.
Divide of Kashmir
The Kashmir crisis erupted in October 1947 was the product of ambivalence feeling of Poonch masses
when the punitive taxes imposed by Maharaja forced the people to revolt against the regime. It should be noted
that the taxation policy was not imposed on Hindus and Sikhs. The fiscal situation of Poonch was found that
there was a “tax on every hearth and every widow. Every cow, buffalo and sheep was taxed and even every wife
. . . Dogra [Hindu] troops were billeted on the [Muslim] Poonchis to enforce collection”.12
Poonch was an
„autonomous principality‟ within the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir until Second World War, when the
local ruler was deposed by dogra kingship and imposed heavy taxes. The local revolt which begun in Poonch
against taxation policy on Muslim peasantry, later wrapped the entire state with chaos, carnage, appaling,
massacre etc. The estimated killings were more than two million. The British Daily, The London Times in Oct.
10 1947 wrote that “Maharaja under his own supervision, got 237,000 Muslims assassinated, using military in
Jammu area”.13
In Mirpur out of 25,000, about 18,000 were killed mercilessly, 35, 00 made captive‟14
On 3rd
October 1947, the pro-Pakistan chieftains of western districts of Jammu- Muzzafarabad, Poonch, Mirpur
proclaimed the formation of Azad Jammu and Kashmir government in Rawalpindi. Jammu and Kashmir govt
cabled Pakistan for violation of standstill agreement and on 18th
of October delivered an acrimonious message
signalling the breakdown of future relations. Four days later an unfolding drama wrapped the state with carnage.
C Dasgupta portrait as, the raider in Kashmir started on 22nd
of October in 1947 at 4:30 am, they „crossed the
Muzzafarabad bridge and sacked the town provided with mortars transport, they moved swiftly up the Jhelum
Valley Road to Uri, from Uri they turned towards Baramulla. After an orgy of massacre, pillage and rape, in
which the sisters of European Convents were not spared, the invaders continued their march‟,15
some raiders
were motivated by the prospect of pillage, rape and loot.
Mahatma Gandhi on December 25, 1947 said that Maharaja is responsible for what is happening in the
state. Maharaja‟s crumbling force failed to combat and maharaja has no option except the Indian help, so he
send an emergency request to New Delhi for military assistance, but Lord. Mountbatten refused to send the
troops without signing the „Instrument of Accession‟. Maharaja then has two options, either to sign the
accession with India and take Military assistance to combat the raiders or to let the raider to devastate the state.
He signed the Instrument of Accession and took military help from India. He appointed Sheikh Abdullah as
„Emergency Administrator‟ of the state on the advice of Nehru. Next day, on 27th
of October Indian army landed
4. Geo-political Significance of Kashmir: An overview of Indo-Pak Relations
www.iosrjournals.org 118 | Page
on Jammu and Kashmir soil in the early morning to overthrow the raiders. Jinnah on the same day, on the other
side was giving cautions to the winds and ordered General Gracy to launch Pakistan‟s regular army into Jammu
and Kashmir to launch a full scale war but his plank was also failed as General Gracy refused to carry out orders
after conformity with field Marshal Auchinleck, that „all British soldiers would be withdrawn if Pakistan army
was sent into territory which now belonged to India by the virtue of Accession‟.16
Pakistan has also occupied
major areas of Poonch except Poonch town. Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan refused to accept the
Accession and declared on 4th
November, 1947, „we do not recognize this accession, the accession of Kashmir
to India is a „fraud‟ perpetrated on the people of Kashmir by its cowardly ruler‟17
Nehru took the „Kashmir Issue‟ to United Nations with the prospects of an immediate step from UN, but
UN also failed to solve it properly. United Nations set up a commission i.e. United Nation Commission for India
and Pakistan (UNCIP), passed a resolution and asked Pakistan to withdraw its forces from the areas occupied
and recommend for plebiscite but neither plebiscite nor forces were withdrawn from the state. Nehru also
pointed that after restoration of peace, the future of the state would be determined by the people but nothing
happened. A Line of Divide (LOD) in zigzag shape from Chicken Neck( Jammu) to Northern Areas was made
in 1st
January 1949, rend the state into two parts, one is administered by India by the virtue of Instrument of
Accession and other occupied and administered by Pakistan. This altered in 1972 as Line of Control (LoC)
under Shimla Agreement. Pakistan calls Jammu and Kashmir an „unfinished agenda‟ of partition. Since 1989
Pakistan has embraced Mao‟s dictum of „guerrilla warfare‟ and low-intensity conflicts, cross-border terrorism,
infiltration, cease fire violation etc to keep the issue of Kashmir alive. Colonel Akbar Khan of Pakistan was the
pioneer of engineering an armed revolt in Kashmir, he thought, the best option available to Pakistan was to
support proxy forces. His logic was to keep Kashmir a boiling pot through guerrilla warfare which mounted in
1989.18
Since 1989, the situation of Indian held Kashmir is something different which we may call, era of
extremism and militancy‟. It will be hard to say that the present-day growth of extremism and militancy in
Kashmir has roots in India's treatment to Kashmiris, only aided and guided by Pakistan's self interests. India has
badly mishandled the Kashmir case from the beginning. The oppressive approach by the Indian security forces
to a large is responsible to what the Kashmiris calls, „Azaadi‟ (Independence). The offensive and defensive
approaches of Pakistan and India have kept the peace and human rights Kashmir in murky. Indian security
forces treated badly which force the people to fight with empty hands. They are fighting with stones. They are
fighting with processions, hartals, strikes, and with every means available to them, but not with gun s. They are
aided, guided and backed by extremist groups whose base is Pakistan. If there is any Indian government
presence in Kashmir, it is the Indian police, BSF, CRPF, and the Indian army. During the uprising of Kashmir
between 1990 and 2009, thousands of Kashmiri youth became the victim of extremism. The reason offered was
they were militants, separatists, and now terrorists. Due to the killing of Kashmiri people by the army in the last
two decades, the demographic picture of Kashmir has changed radically. Finding a bridegroom for a Kashmiri
girl has become difficult. The army has killed several youngsters under the guise of militancy.19
The approach of both countries is based on „zero-sum game‟ Armed Forces Special Power Act (AFSPA)
of 1990 and Public Safety Act has failed to restore peace rather accelerated the tempo of militancy and Violence
in the state. Many Human Right Organisations criticizes India for human rights violations in Kashmir. The
central forces with AFSPA under the umbrella of „special powers‟ are instead of protecting the state assassinates
the peace, violates human rights, sees the people with a jealous eye, searches the villages, tortures the people
and creates a psychological fear in the minds of people which leads to clash with security forces everywhere in
vale. Instead of strengthen AFSPA, proper management of border from where according to the army chief „90%
of infiltration‟ is going on, is to be required and is to a great extent can contribute to save the state in general
and Kashmir valley in particular from the cross border terrorism. My argument is that demilitarisation is an
option for revival of peace in Valley in future. Pakistan claims herself incomplete without Kashmir, waged a
guerrilla mode of warfare in the state which shows that there is a clash of interest and identity between the two
nations on the territory only by keeping peace and rights of the people in murky.
5. Geo-political Significance of Kashmir: An overview of Indo-Pak Relations
www.iosrjournals.org 119 | Page
Map1.2. Shows the line of Control/divided of the state of Jammu and Kashmir available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html.
Kashmir: An Indian Perspective on Kashmir
As far Indian perspective is concerned, Instrument of Accession signed by Hari Singh is the chief source
of it, an Integral part of India. Sheikh Abdullah, the popular leader of the state confirmed the accession as final.
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, on Independence Day address, August 15, 2002 said that Kashmir is not a
piece of land; it is a test case of secularism in India. India has always stood the test of a secular nation. Jammu
and Kashmir is a living example of this. Mr Gopal, a writer in his article in Indian Periodical “Carvan”
published in February 1950 offered; India without Kashmir could cease to occupy a pivotal position on the
political map of Central Asia. The caravan trade routes from Central Asia to India pass through Kashmir.
Strategically, Kashmir is vital to the security; it has been so ever since the dawn of history. Its northern
provinces give direct gateway to the North West province of Pakistan and Northern Punjab. It is India‟s only
window to the Central Asian Republics of USSR in the north, China on the East and Afghanistan on the West.
As India's northernmost territory, the state of Jammu and Kashmir provides a valuable window on the other
regional powers, including China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the nearby former Soviet republic of Tajikistan.
According to the India, the state of Kashmir since its accession to India is an integral part of the union of India.
The official Indian position argues that the future status of the state otherwise is a domestic problem, and the
talks between India and Pakistan should occur in a strictly bilateral framework.
India has a geo-political importance of the region especially Gilgit-Baltistan, a part of princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir, presently under Pakistan‟s control, because it has physical contiguity with Afghanistan,
East Turkistan and close to central Asian states. Thus, has a great economic and strategic importance for India.
The people of Gilgit-Baltistan are not satisfied by Pakistan govt, 60% of them want Independent Jammu and
Kashmir, 30% to Pakistan and 10% people of that area wants to join India.20
There are many other areas in
Kashmir that have major geo-political significance. One such area is the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram Pass.
It is the only barrier preventing Pakistani and Chinese forces from linking up in Kashmir. If Pakistan and China
were allowed to link up their militaries at Siachen, India‟s national security over the entire northern frontier
would be greatly undermined. Such a link up would create a very powerful military force, consisting of India‟s
two biggest rivals who have fought with India. This force would be capable of joint and potentially decisive
military action against India. That is why India spends huge funds to the forces deployed in Siachen since 1984.
Since 1984, the troops of both sides have been entrenched in what is described as the highest and most
inhospitable battlefield in the world... The expenditure of maintaining troops at the Siachen glacier alone is
approximately US $ 2 million a month. From 1984 to 2009 India and Pakistan‟s military expenditure on Siachen
Glacier is $5 billion each with 1025 and 1344 deaths respectively.21
Strategic importance of Kashmir which is
essentially a place of natural beauty lies in its being a vast stretch of plain land surrounded by the high
Himalayan ranges which make it an ideal supply and air base for the defence of India's Northern frontier.
Kashmir in Pakistani perception
Strategically, Kashmir is located between three triangular nuclear weapons states of India, Pakistan and
China. From Pakistan‟s perspective, Kashmir is strategically located and can be used to „cripple Pakistan‟s
economically and militarily‟. The strategic location of Kashmir has engage Pakistan in low-intensity conflicts,
guerrilla mode of warfare with India. The presence of Indian troops in J&K could constitute a direct threat from
the rear to North West Frontier Provence (NWFP), thus Jammu and Kashmir can be used as an offensive
6. Geo-political Significance of Kashmir: An overview of Indo-Pak Relations
www.iosrjournals.org 120 | Page
strategy by the Indian . . . many also believe that Pakistan‟s military would be jeopardized if Jammu and
Kashmir went to India.22
Pakistan claims Kashmir as her jugular vein, her lifeline, an unfinished agenda of
partition and core of Pakistan‟s ideological survival. Historically Pakistan has viewed its dispute with India as a
key determinant of its strategic behaviour in the international arena. Kashmir has a geo-strategic, economic and
military significance for Pakistan. As for military importance is concerned, there are thirteen routes to Siachen
Glacier, the highest military base of India and Pakistan. There is only one route for India.23
Without Kashmir,
Silk route to China will be greatly endangered and there will be no link with China-a time tested ally and friend
of Pakistan. In 1963 Pakistan ceded illegal the Kashmir territory of 5,180 sq. km. in Gilgit to China to seek
nuclear know-how from that country. The Chinese have turned the ancient Silk-Route which passes through this
area into modern road that connects Gilgit with China which is already linked with Abbatabad and Muree in
Pakistan. There will be no ground defence of Pakistan if the rivers and canals of Pakistan are dried up. The
Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1951, described the strategic value of Kashmir to Pakistan as, Kashmir is very
important . . . it is a vital necessity for our survival. Kashmir as you will see from this map is like a cap on the
head of Pakistan. If I allow India to have this cap on our head then I am always at the mercy of India the
strategic position of Kashmir is such that without it Pakistan cannot defend itself against an unscrupulous
government that might come in India.24
The importance of Kashmir to Pakistan as the lifeline can be well -understood by having a look at the
map of Pakistan. Three out of six rivers, which run through Pakistan, originates from Kashmir namely Rivers
Indus, Jhelum and Chenab where as remaining three namely Rivers Ravi, Sutlej and Bias originate from India.
Pakistan‟s agricultural life to a great extent depends on Kashmir. Economically, the waters of the Indus, Jhelum
and Chenab, which originate through Kashmir, are vital to the agricultural life of Pakistan. Kashmir and Canal
water are Pakistan‟s life line as Military ruler Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan was of the opinion that
both the Kashmir and Canal water Disputes are matters of life and death to Pakistan.25
In 1979, Pakistani Prime
Minister Z.A. Bhutto pledged to fight for a thousand years for the cause of oppressed Kashmiri Muslims. Gilgit-
Baltistan is strategically very important region because the Karakoram Highway, the highest paved international
road in the world, links Pakistan with china. In 2009, Islamabad signed an agreement with Beijing for mega
energy project in Gilgit-Baltistan, a Neighbour of China‟s Xianging province. Burzila pass which links Kashmir
valley-gilgit retained with Pakistan. This is a strategic advantage for Pakistan if her army could descend into
Kashmir Valley from Gilgit side in case of resumption of hostilities. Kashmir is an important strategic location
from where it is easy for both the countries to attack on each other that is why both the countries have deployed
heavy forces at Kashmir‟s border.
Geopolitics of Resources: The Secret of Pakistan Policy
Perhaps the most vital interest of Pakistan in Kashmir is for water resources. From economic point of
view, Kashmir, as mentioned earlier, is the lifeline of Pakistan. Pakistan has continuously focussed upon the
importance of water. The fact is understood by the speech of Hafiz Saeed, the chief of Jamat-ud-Dawa, in
September 16, 2003 said, “All the deposits of water are in Indian Kashmir. The only way by which the
economic prosperity of Pakistan can be granted and its farms can be prevented from getting barren is to increase
its efforts in wresting control of Indian occupied Kashmir, only if Kashmir is freed form Indian control, can
Pakistan‟s interest be safeguarded”.26
President of POK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) Sardar Mohammad
Anwar Khan a decade earlier said that Pakistan‟s economy is dependent upon Kashmir he further said in a
public forum, Kashmiris are fighting for security, strength and prosperity of Kashmir . . . Kashmir is important
as Pakistan‟s water resources originate in Kashmir. Sardar Sikander Hayat, Prime Minister of POK said in a
seminar on March 6, 2003, “without the rivers of Kashmir Pakistan will become desert. The freedom fighters of
Kashmir are in reality fighting for Pakistan‟s water security”.27
The Rivers of Sind, Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi
provide the main drainage system for Pakistan. All these rivers originate in Kashmir and run into Pakistan
because that is the natural lay of the land. All major valleys also open towards Pakistan as well. Agriculture in
Pakistan is dependent on waters of these rivers and, therefore, Kashmir provides the life-line to Pakistan.
Founder of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah termed Kashmir to be the Jugular vein of Pakistan. First of all, the
issue goes back to the year 1947. But more important than anything else is its strategic location.
Kashmir is located at a place from where out of five rivers that flow into Pakistan four of them
originate from Kashmir. It is true that a treaty has been signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, which
divided the distribution of the waters coming from these rivers. But Pakistanis feel that in a major conflict,
India could shut off the waters from the rivers. It is interesting to note that during the 1965, 1971 wars,
limited wars of 1985 and 1999; India did not shut off water as it very easily could do. The famous Indus
Water Treaty of 1960 between India and Pakistan divide the Indus river basin with Pakistan having effective
control of three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) and India having an effective control on three
eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and Beas). Indus water treaty has favoured Pakistan. This division provided
Pakistan with 56% of the catchment area and only 31% to India. In Pakistan over 80% of the cropland is
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irrigated. The country has the world‟s largest contiguous irrigation network. The river of Indus basin provide
60% of the water utilized for irrigation while ground account for the rest. Indus water treaty has benefited
Pakistan. Keeping in view, Pakistan cannot ignore this region, interesting but sad is that Pakistan is not
dealing this region with soft hand and their strategy shows that they are concerned with the resources and
tries to hijack Kashmir only through the veil of cross border terrorism, guerrilla fighters, if it is not so why
Pakistan‟s Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) is supporting Jihad in Kashmir. Why Pakistan‟s Army violates
cease fire perpetually on border sectors. This shows that Pakistan does not want peace in Indian held
Kashmir. ISI and Army are two sides of the same coin.28
If Pakistan stops breeding terrorism, violating
ceasefire on border sectors, gun culture, cross border terrorism, and joins hand with India for future
prosperity of their state in socio-economic-cultural perspectives, surely the two siblings of South Asia would
be the economic giants of the continent in future.
Militancy: Human and Economic Loss
From the last 24 years, the problem is in Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, there witnessed a
mushrooming growth of terrorism and militancy in the state supported by Pakistan‟s born terrorist organisations
like, HuM, JeM, etc. These organisations have nexus with the Kashmir‟s groups like Jammu and Kashmir
Liberation Front (JKLF), Mahaz-e-Azaadi, Kashmir Liberation Army, Muslim United Front (MUF) Al-Fateh,
etc. These organisations have two divergent approach, some wants Azaadi (independence) while others are pro-
Pakistan. Riggings in 1987 election in Jammu and Kashmir, President Rule from 1990 to 1996 and distrust in
Indian government is highly responsible for alienation and militancy in Kashmir. With the help of Hasim
Qureshi, an Indian airline hijacker, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) began to circulate the
pamphlet with the prospects of Kashmir Independence from India.29
Their publicity emerged from kidnappings
of kith and kin of top leaders with the prospects of securing their arrested counterparts. Rubiya Sayeed and
Nadia Soz, the daughters of Mufti Sayeed and Saif Ud Din Soz respectively are the living examples of their
strategy. One of the devastating turmoil in Kashmir was that insecurity forced the Kashmiri pundits to left their
homes. Panun Kashmir wrote that 350,000 Kashmiri Pandits expelled from the valley when militancy emerged.
Women and Kashmiri Pandits were the frequent victims of such movement.
Since 1989 around 2156 unidentified bodies were buried in unmarked graves, nearly 50,000 people have been
killed. The parents of Displaced Persons have claimed that around 10,000 people have been missing since the
separatist revolt from 1989.30
All Party Hurriyat Conference Azad Jammu and Kashmir disclosed that from
1989 to 15 Oct. 2012, 93,274 Kashmiris died, 6,969 custodial killings, 1,17,345 arrest and destruction of
1,05,861 houses, Indian security forces orphaned over 1,07,351 children, widowed 22,728 women and 9,920
women were gang-raped.31
Many moderates were also the victims of the separatist movement. Separatists are
trying every trick up their sleeve to galvanize the public to create a state of chaos and uncertainty in the valley,
and the tussle between the separatist and the centre is likely to continue for long.32
The JKLF remained very active in the first decade of the movement and their objective was, “freedom is
our birth right, we will all die, but we will never give it up. We refuse to remain in India as subjugated slaves . . .
our struggle is for one thing only: Azaadi.33
In such a situation, Pakistan played an overt role and get an
opportunity to make hay while the sun shines. Armed Forces Special Power (Jammu and Kashmir) Act
(AFSPA) of 1990, till date, gave certain special powers to the forces. People of Kashmir are not in favour of
AFSPA as AFSPA gave extraordinary powers to “arrest, without warrant, any persons who has committed a
cognizable offence or against whom a reasonable suspicion exists . . . . the power to break, open the lock of any
door, almirah, safe, box, cupboard, drawer, package or other thing, if the key thereof is withheld”34
The tourism,
the economic source of the valley since the emergence of extremism crippled. The number of tourists visiting
the state per year had gone down from 6, 00,000 - 7, 00,000 in the pre-militancy days to a few thousands in the
following years. It is estimated that the state lost 27 million tourists from 1989-2002 leading to tourism revenue
loss to the tune of US $ 3.6 billion. The state has also felt the direct impact of conflict in terms of huge damage
caused by violent incidents, taking its toll on both public as well as private properties including gutting of
hundreds of government buildings, educational buildings, hospitals, bridges, private houses and shops.
Reportedly from 1989 to 2002, over 1,151 government buildings, 643 educational buildings, 11 hospitals, 337
bridges, 10,729 private houses and 1,953 shops have been gutted in some 5,268 attacks on infrastructure. The
enormity of economic damage due to militancy can be gauged by the fact that the estimates of damage till
December 1996 were approximately INR 4 billion.35
The economic condition of the state told that 21.63% (24.21 lakh) population of Jammu and Kashmir is
Below Poverty line (BPL) out of which 98% (22 lakh) and 2% (2.21 lakh) live in rural and urban areas
respectively.36
India and Pakistan due to their hostile relations are suffering from economic benefits in the South
Asian sub continent. Strategic Foresight group‟s study predicts that India and Pakistan have the potential to
enjoy a trade of about US $1 billion if the past hostile environment continues and US $13.25 billion if peace
prevails on a cumulative basis for the next five years (2004-08). The opportunity cost or loss is thus about US
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$12 billion.37
Jammu and Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the world. In Kashmir there is
presence of the military and Para-military forces approximating 600 000 to 700 000 enforce a coercive regime
on the people.38
The treatment of Indian Forces to the people of Kashmir during extremism was quoted by
Sumantra Bose. Bose in his book, „Kashmir: Roots of Conflict Paths to Peace‟ pp-109-10, quoted the experience
of one Farooq Wani, a Govt. Employee who was wounded in the protest by the security forces as:
“I fell down on the road [after being hit by gunfire]. I saw small boys being shot. I remained lying. Then I
saw a paramilitary officer coming. I saw him pumping bullets into the bodies of injured people lying on
the road. A young boy trying to hide under the bridge (over Jhelum River) was killed . . . As I lifted my
head a CRPF man shouted, “He is still alive” I pleaded: I am a government employee, please do not
shoot.” The officer shouted abuses at me and said Islam mangta hai? (You want Islam), and fired at me.
My back and hands were hit. Another paramilitary moved up to me and shouted- tum saala zinda hai abi
mara nahi [you bastard, you haven’t died yet?]. He left after kicking my back . . .”
The Recent Kashmir Unrest in 2010 started in which Pro-Azaadi slogans were chanted. Health Minister of
Jammu and Kashmir, Sham Lal Sharma while addressing a public gathering at Bani in Kathua District said,
“Kashmir be granted Azaadi, Jammu be made a separate state and Laddakh be given Union territory status”39
The two states due to their covert strategy and mutual distrust are lagging behind from ardent economic and
socio-political communications.
Restoration of peace
The above analysis does not means that peace and reconciliation methods do not adopted. Right from
partition various agreements, mediations and talks have been articulated between the two nations. Tashkent
Agreement, Shimla Agreement, Lahore Declaration, Agra Summit, Peace Process and Confidence Building
Measures are the glaring examples. One of the important steps was taken by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003 when
he visited Pakistan. Vajpayee‟s extension of a “hand of friendship” with Pakistan was not only appreciated by
the two states but International community also. During Musharraf visit to Agra in summer 2001 he assured
reassured his counterpart that he had come to meet with open mind and proposed reciprocal action plan to
defuse tensions and promote peace. Called upon India to stop atrocities in Indian held Kashmir, he stated that
Pakistan might recommend the freedom fighter to moderate their struggle.40
In October 2003, India proposed ten
confidence-building measures for improving people-to-people contact and communication with Pakistan. The
peace process whose major objective was people to people contract has embraced the disconnected
communities. Srinagar-Muzzafarabad, Amritsar-Lahore, Poonch-Rawlakote are the glaring achievements for the
two nations. Jammu-Sialkot is the recent proposal. Both the states should open further routes and economic
linkages in order to boost their relations. It is possible when Pakistan pledge to stop terrorism, cease fire
violation. Since 2008, when Indian metropolitan city was targeted in which 173 innocent including 35 foreigners
were killed, the peace process got a jolt. Both the nation should revive their socio-economic and cultural
relations and should come forward for such a solution of Kashmir which is peacefully acceptable to India,
Pakistan and Kashmir as a whole.
II. Conclusion
Kashmir due to its physical contiguity with India and Pakistan, water resources, physical access with the
Great Silk Route (Ancient Economic trade route, Starts from China, runs to Europe via Central Asia) has a great
geo-political, economic, strategic and military importance for both countries. The present situation in Kashmir
since 1989 has dual dimension for India; i.e. internal which exist between India and Jammu and Kashmir and
external between India and Pakistan. Kashmir is preyed by the merchants of death who continuously breaking
its bones. It is neither death nor suicide. The enemy tries to sink it into the sea, make it desert, the blood.
India and Pakistan should project it in such a way that future generation should not took arms rather
work for Kushaal Kashmir (prosperous Kashmir). The two should learn a lesson from Germany and France who
was once bitter neighbour, fought against each other in the two global wars now are the part of strong European
Union, sharing a free border, both using the same Euro. Their previous conflicts have forgotten and their
citizens enjoy better quality of life than their predecessors. The people of Indo-pak before partition fought
against British Colonialism but after partition are fighting with each other. India and Pakistan can live like
France and Germany but the problem is that both are in race in military and arms which made the buffer as
highest militarised zone in the world.
India and Pakistan should repair the damage they have done from past 65 years and pledge to cooperate
in economic, technological and social areas. This can be achieved by soft hand, making Line of Control
irrelevant or Line of cooperation to diminish and eliminate their mistrust and stubbornness. Pakistan needs
generally a democratic state and stop breeding terrorism. India on the other should demilitarise, chide into
respecting human rights of Kashmir and should give the pre 1953 status to J&K. Kashmiris should give up
supporting Independence and pro-Pakistan sentiments and keep in mind that if they get independence, their
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future will connected with three triangular nuclear weapons states and any future conflict between the nuclear
states will have direct and intimate impact on Kashmir. If they whole heartedly lend their support to merger with
India, they too will find that all doors of progress will open for them and one day India will have a democratic
elected Kashmiri Prime Minister.
Notes
[1]. Shaheen Showkat Dar, “Shadow of Unresolved conflicts on the security of States: A Conceptual Analysis of Kashmir conflict,”
South Asian journal of Socio-Political Studies Vol.12, (2) (Jan-June 2012), 40.
[2]. Sumantra Bose, Kashmir. Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, (New Delhi: Vistaar, 2003), 9.
[3]. S. N. Prasad, Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947-48, (Dehradun: Natraj, 2005), 1
[4]. Shaheen Showkat, “Shadow of Unresolved conflicts on the security of States: A Conceptual Analysis of Kashmir conflict,” 44.
[5]. Sumantra Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, 15.
[6]. Shaheen Showkat, “Shadow of Unresolved conflicts on the security of States: A Conceptual Analysis of Kashmir conflict,” 44.
[7]. Prem Nath Bazaz, Inside Kashmir, (Srinagar: 1941, Mirpur: Verinagh, 1987) pp. 252-53.
[8]. Sumantra Bose. Kashmir Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, 19.
[9]. Christophe Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without nation, (New Delhi: Manohar, 2002), 12.
[10]. Ajay Dershan Behera and Mathew Joseph C, Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, (New Delhi: Knowledge world, 2004), 228.
[11]. M. J Akbar, India, the Siege Within: Challenges to a nation’s Unity, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), 227-228.
[12]. Alastair Lamb, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute 1947-1948, (United Kingdom: Oxford, 1997), p. 121
[13]. Shaheen Showkat, “Shadow of Unresolved conflicts on the security of States: A Conceptual Analysis of Kashmir conflict,” 43
[14]. C.P. Gupta, “Mirpur Carnage,” The Daily Excelsior Sunday Magazine, November 25, 2012, 4
[15]. C. Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 1947-48 (New Delhi: Sage, 2002), 41.
[16]. Arif Jamal, Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir ( New Delhi: Vij Books, 2009), 41.
[17]. P. Sahadevan, Conflict and Peace Making in South Asia, (New Delhi: Lancer, 2001), 221.
[18]. Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 1947-48 71.
[19]. Sekhar, August 29,2008, ( 1:30 p.m. ), Bleeding Wound Kashmir is Seeping Again, accessed from
http://blogcritics.org/politics/article/the-bleeding-wound-kashmir-is-sleeping/page-2/ State Times, December 5, 2012. 5, 2012.
[20]. Shabir Choudhary, Gilgit-Baltistan: A Battleground for Future War. Accessed from www.countercurrents.org
[21]. Shaheen Showkat, “Shadow of Unresolved conflicts on the security of States: A Conceptual Analysis of Kashmir conflict,” 46.
[22]. Behera (ed.), Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, 212
[23]. Importance of Kashmir for Pakistan , http://pakistan33.blogspot.in/2012/02/importance- of-kashmir-for-pakistan.html.
[24]. Admin, Novembwer 16, 2010, Importance of Kashmir for India and Pakistan and Latest
Developments,http://viewstonews.com/index.php/importance-of-kashmir-for-pakistan-and-india-and-latest-developments/pakistan
[25]. Ibid.
[26]. Sandeep Waslekar, The Final Settlement Reconstructing India-Pakistan Relation, Strategic Foresight Group, Mumbai, 2005, 48.
[27]. Ibid.
[28]. Kashmir: The View from Islamabad. International Crisis Group, December 4, 2003, 6, assessed from www.crisisgroup.org.
[29]. Yog Raj Sharma, Political Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir, (Jammu: Radha Krishnan Anand & Co, 2002), 482.
[30]. News.Oneindia. All Kashmir Killings since 1989 to be probed: Omar, June 23, 2011,
Acessed from http://news.oneindia.in/2011/08/23/all-kashmir-killings-since-1989-to-be-probed-omar.html.
[31]. Sajad Shoukat, Massacre and Harassment in Kashmir, November 16, 2012, accessed from www.readersupportednews.org.
[32]. Zainab Akhter, “Kashmir: why Peace is Fragile” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, July 12, 2012 accessed,
http://www.ipcs.org/article/jammu-kashmir/kashmir-why-is-the-peace-fragile-3675.html.
[33]. Sumantra Bose, Challenge in Kashmir: Democracy, Self-Determination and a Just Peace, (New Delhi: New Delhi. 1997), 17.
[34]. For detail see Armed Forces Special Power (Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1990. No, 21, 1990.
[35]. Seema Shekhawat, “Fragile Kashmir, Costs and Hopes for Peace”, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Science, Vol.
1, (3), 2009, 978.
[36]. The Greater Kashmir, March 6, 2011.
[37]. Strategic Foresight Group (SFG), Costs of Conflict between India and Pakistan, (April 2004). Accessed
http://strategicforesight.com/sfgnews75.htm.
[38]. Talat Mahmood, “Pakistan‟s Kashmir Policy,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, (4), 2006, p. 48.
[39]. The Greater Kashmir, December 8, 2010.
[40]. Sayed Raffat Hussain, “Pakistan‟s Changing Outlook on Kashmir” South Asian Survey. Vol. 14, (2), (2007), 196.