Kalanamak Rice is a heritage rice of eastern part of India. This is a published research paper in which we have included all aspects of its present situation and Improvement in its aroma and yield.
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
1) The document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces to improve genetic diversity and introduce beneficial traits for crop improvement.
2) It notes the importance of landrace conservation and utilization in pre-breeding to broaden the genetic base of crops and transfer genes for traits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance from unadapted plant genetic resources.
3) The document outlines strategies for identifying beneficial landraces and wild relatives for use in pre-breeding, including evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic traits of interest.
This document discusses seed multiplication, which is the process of increasing the quantity of seed from limited breeder seed to commercial quantities. It involves several stages: breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Breeder seed is produced by the plant breeder and is genetically pure. Foundation seed is produced directly from breeder seed to be the source of registered and certified seed. Registered seed is produced from foundation or registered seed. Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered, or certified seed and must meet purity and quality requirements to be certified for commercial use. The benefits of new varieties cannot be realized without sufficient seed multiplication to commercial levels.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
The document discusses plant germplasm resources (PGRs) in India. It provides background on the historical collection and conservation of PGRs in India. It notes that Dr. Harbhajan Singh and Dr. R.H. Richharia made significant contributions to collecting rice germplasm in India, with Dr. Richharia documenting over 19,000 rice varieties. It also summarizes the status of PGR collection and conservation in Chhattisgarh state, including over 23,000 rice accessions collected and conserved by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Finally, it outlines the key activities related to PGRs like exploration, collection, conservation,
This document summarizes a village survey conducted by students in Lambi Dhab village in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The summary includes:
- Lambi Dhab village was selected for survey and is located 8 km from Sri Muktsar Sahib with a population of 1324 people. The main occupations are agriculture and dairy farming.
- Cropping is based on the seasons with wheat and paddy as primary crops. Students also visited local farms and educational institutions to learn about agriculture.
- In addition to collecting demographic data, the survey covered natural resources, infrastructure, markets and the local economy of the village.
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
1) The document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces to improve genetic diversity and introduce beneficial traits for crop improvement.
2) It notes the importance of landrace conservation and utilization in pre-breeding to broaden the genetic base of crops and transfer genes for traits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance from unadapted plant genetic resources.
3) The document outlines strategies for identifying beneficial landraces and wild relatives for use in pre-breeding, including evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic traits of interest.
This document discusses seed multiplication, which is the process of increasing the quantity of seed from limited breeder seed to commercial quantities. It involves several stages: breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Breeder seed is produced by the plant breeder and is genetically pure. Foundation seed is produced directly from breeder seed to be the source of registered and certified seed. Registered seed is produced from foundation or registered seed. Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered, or certified seed and must meet purity and quality requirements to be certified for commercial use. The benefits of new varieties cannot be realized without sufficient seed multiplication to commercial levels.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
The document discusses plant germplasm resources (PGRs) in India. It provides background on the historical collection and conservation of PGRs in India. It notes that Dr. Harbhajan Singh and Dr. R.H. Richharia made significant contributions to collecting rice germplasm in India, with Dr. Richharia documenting over 19,000 rice varieties. It also summarizes the status of PGR collection and conservation in Chhattisgarh state, including over 23,000 rice accessions collected and conserved by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Finally, it outlines the key activities related to PGRs like exploration, collection, conservation,
This document summarizes a village survey conducted by students in Lambi Dhab village in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The summary includes:
- Lambi Dhab village was selected for survey and is located 8 km from Sri Muktsar Sahib with a population of 1324 people. The main occupations are agriculture and dairy farming.
- Cropping is based on the seasons with wheat and paddy as primary crops. Students also visited local farms and educational institutions to learn about agriculture.
- In addition to collecting demographic data, the survey covered natural resources, infrastructure, markets and the local economy of the village.
This document provides information on seed technology and seed production of various crops. It begins with definitions of seed and seed technology. It then discusses causes of variety deterioration and methods to control deterioration. Principles of foundation and certified seed production are outlined. Detailed information is provided on seed production methods for various crops including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, potato, tomato, chilies, berseem and lucerne. Key steps discussed include source of seed, field selection, isolation distances, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, plant protection, rouging, and harvesting.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
In India, the conventional potato cultivation methods are not merely enough to solve the issues like high cost of cultivation, disease management and storage of seed tubers. Also, the novel technologies of potato production such as High tech seed production, Microplant based seed production system, Aeroponic based seed production system, Microtuber based seed production system etc. cannot be easily adopted by small & marginal farmers .
Thus, this void of cheap & cost effective , quality efficient method of potato cultivation can be successfully fulfilled by True Potato seed production technique, which comes with some excellent pros of high net profit, high quality produce, transport & storability.
Seed certification is a system for quality control of seed production that identifies superior varieties, provides high quality seeds, and ensures genetic and physical purity. It involves establishing certification standards, inspecting seed fields, testing seed samples, and issuing certificates. The key goals are to identify new varieties, supply quality seeds, and ensure freedom from diseases, weeds, and good germination. Certification is overseen by state Seed Certification Agencies or the National Seed Corporation and involves inspection, testing, labeling, and record-keeping at multiple stages of seed production and processing.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to the course titled "Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management". It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course including the introduction and history of rainfed agriculture, problems of dryland farming, soil and climatic conditions of rainfed areas, soil and water conservation techniques, drought classification and impacts, crop adaptation to drought, water harvesting methods, and watershed management concepts. The document outlines the course credits, topics, teaching schedule, and suggested readings to provide an overview of the content that will be covered.
This document summarizes information about Bt cotton cultivation in India. It states that over 10 million hectares of Bt cotton were cultivated in India in 2012, accounting for 93% of total cotton cultivation. Bt cotton farmers have seen yield increases of 34-42% and cost savings of 31-52% compared to traditional cotton farmers. However, total production costs of Bt cotton are 15% higher. It also notes that India has become the second largest cotton producer globally partly due to Bt cotton.
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN MAIZE\
Seed Science & Technology
K Vanangamudi
ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions exams
ICAR NET, ARS & STO (T-6) exams
IBPS – AFO exams
Detasseling
Single cross hybrid, Double cross hybrid, Single cross hybrid, Single cross hybrid, Three way hybrid, Double top cross hybrid
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
This document provides information on chilli breeding in India. It discusses the botanical details of chilli and its importance as a crop rich in nutrients and used widely in curries. It presents data on the area and production of chilli in India from 2010-2015. It then outlines some common chilli breeding methods and objectives such as developing early maturity, high yield, and stress resistance. The document concludes by describing several popular chilli varieties developed in India, including Arka Lohit, Arka Sweta, Arka Harita, and Arka Suphal, as well as some chilli hybrids like TNAU Hybrid Chilli CO 1, Arka Meghana, Pusa Jwala, and
Climate resilient agriculture adaptation and mitigation strategiesDevegowda S R
This document discusses climate resilient agriculture and its importance in India. It provides definitions of key terms like climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. It outlines various strategies for climate resilient practices in agriculture, including developing drought/heat tolerant crop varieties, improved water management, and diversifying crops and farm practices. The National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is described as the major government project focused on building resilience through strategic research, technology demonstrations, and capacity building. Several case studies on awareness, adoption and impact of climate resilient practices by farmers in India are summarized.
Male sterility applications in Hybrid seed production.Roshan Parihar
This document provides information about male sterility and its applications in plant breeding. It defines male sterility as the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Male sterility can be phenotypic, genotypic, or chemically induced. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic male sterility (GMS), which can be environmentally sensitive or insensitive. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is determined by the cytoplasm and is useful for hybrid seed production but limits the hybrids to being male sterile. Maintaining male sterile lines requires A, B, and R lines. Male sterility reduces the cost and effort of hybrid seed production.
Agroforestry for livelihood support in rural areaSaumya Mohapatra
The document discusses various agroforestry practices and their benefits. It provides information on different agroforestry systems commonly practiced in Asia and Africa like improved fallow, alley cropping, silvopasture, homegardens, windbreaks, and agrisilviculture. It also summarizes case studies on agroforestry projects implemented in India that have increased farmers' incomes and tree cover. Additionally, it outlines the income sources and contributions of trees from agroforestry systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
The document summarizes cotton production in Pakistan in 2018 and challenges and strategies for the 2019-2020 cotton crop. It provides statistics showing that Pakistan fell short of its cotton production targets for 2018 due to issues like climate change, pest problems, and lack of irrigation water. It outlines the Pakistan Central Cotton Committee's role in addressing cotton crop problems by improving seed availability, providing farmer training, monitoring pests and diseases, and collaborating with industry groups. The overall goal is to enhance cotton production and alleviate challenges facing cotton growers.
This document discusses hybrid seed production in cotton. It begins by providing background on India's role in developing hybrid cotton varieties. It then discusses the types of hybrids produced, including conventional and male sterility-based hybrids. The document outlines important considerations for the agronomy of hybrid seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, fertilizer use, and sowing of parental lines. It then describes the key steps in the hybrid seed production process, including emasculation of the female parent, crossing of the parents, and picking of bolls. Maintaining proper isolation, trained personnel, and favorable growing conditions are emphasized for successful hybrid seed production.
Hybrid seed production is important for vegetables to harness heterosis and ensure food security. The document discusses various techniques for hybrid seed production in different vegetable crops. It describes the principles of hybrid seed production including production of inbred lines, hybridization techniques like hand emasculation and pollination, and use of male sterility. Specific techniques for tomato, eggplant, pepper, cucurbits like watermelon and pumpkin are provided detailing crop management practices and hybridization steps to produce hybrid seeds commercially.
This document provides an overview of agroforestry based on observations from a tour of western India. It discusses the definition and principles of agroforestry, noting that it integrates trees and shrubs with agriculture to enhance productivity and sustainability. Examples of agroforestry models are provided. The document also summarizes the environmental, economic and social benefits of agroforestry, including increased food production, higher incomes, better nutrition, and improved ecosystem services. Specific observations from visiting an agroforestry plot in Anand, Gujarat are also presented.
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Dr. Arshad Hussain Mughal, including his personal details, educational background, employment history, research projects, publications, and ongoing studies. Some of his roles include Professor and Chief Scientist at SK University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology. He has a Ph.D. in Forestry from Forest Research Institute and has led several projects on agroforestry, wild apricot improvement, and oilseed development in Jammu and Kashmir. Currently he is involved in agroforestry trials, tree improvement studies, and the maintenance of a tree germplasm collection.
Rice is the staple crop of India, grown on 45.54 million hectares and producing 99.18 million tonnes in 2008. To meet the growing demand, annual production must reach 130 million tonnes by 2025. Hybrid rice technology can play a key role in increasing production, having already contributed an additional 3 million tonnes in 2010 from 2 million hectares. Over 46 public and private hybrids have been released for commercial cultivation in India. Further development and adoption of hybrids offers potential to boost yields and meet future production targets.
This document provides information on seed technology and seed production of various crops. It begins with definitions of seed and seed technology. It then discusses causes of variety deterioration and methods to control deterioration. Principles of foundation and certified seed production are outlined. Detailed information is provided on seed production methods for various crops including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, potato, tomato, chilies, berseem and lucerne. Key steps discussed include source of seed, field selection, isolation distances, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, plant protection, rouging, and harvesting.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
In India, the conventional potato cultivation methods are not merely enough to solve the issues like high cost of cultivation, disease management and storage of seed tubers. Also, the novel technologies of potato production such as High tech seed production, Microplant based seed production system, Aeroponic based seed production system, Microtuber based seed production system etc. cannot be easily adopted by small & marginal farmers .
Thus, this void of cheap & cost effective , quality efficient method of potato cultivation can be successfully fulfilled by True Potato seed production technique, which comes with some excellent pros of high net profit, high quality produce, transport & storability.
Seed certification is a system for quality control of seed production that identifies superior varieties, provides high quality seeds, and ensures genetic and physical purity. It involves establishing certification standards, inspecting seed fields, testing seed samples, and issuing certificates. The key goals are to identify new varieties, supply quality seeds, and ensure freedom from diseases, weeds, and good germination. Certification is overseen by state Seed Certification Agencies or the National Seed Corporation and involves inspection, testing, labeling, and record-keeping at multiple stages of seed production and processing.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to the course titled "Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management". It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course including the introduction and history of rainfed agriculture, problems of dryland farming, soil and climatic conditions of rainfed areas, soil and water conservation techniques, drought classification and impacts, crop adaptation to drought, water harvesting methods, and watershed management concepts. The document outlines the course credits, topics, teaching schedule, and suggested readings to provide an overview of the content that will be covered.
This document summarizes information about Bt cotton cultivation in India. It states that over 10 million hectares of Bt cotton were cultivated in India in 2012, accounting for 93% of total cotton cultivation. Bt cotton farmers have seen yield increases of 34-42% and cost savings of 31-52% compared to traditional cotton farmers. However, total production costs of Bt cotton are 15% higher. It also notes that India has become the second largest cotton producer globally partly due to Bt cotton.
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN MAIZE\
Seed Science & Technology
K Vanangamudi
ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions exams
ICAR NET, ARS & STO (T-6) exams
IBPS – AFO exams
Detasseling
Single cross hybrid, Double cross hybrid, Single cross hybrid, Single cross hybrid, Three way hybrid, Double top cross hybrid
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
This document provides information on chilli breeding in India. It discusses the botanical details of chilli and its importance as a crop rich in nutrients and used widely in curries. It presents data on the area and production of chilli in India from 2010-2015. It then outlines some common chilli breeding methods and objectives such as developing early maturity, high yield, and stress resistance. The document concludes by describing several popular chilli varieties developed in India, including Arka Lohit, Arka Sweta, Arka Harita, and Arka Suphal, as well as some chilli hybrids like TNAU Hybrid Chilli CO 1, Arka Meghana, Pusa Jwala, and
Climate resilient agriculture adaptation and mitigation strategiesDevegowda S R
This document discusses climate resilient agriculture and its importance in India. It provides definitions of key terms like climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. It outlines various strategies for climate resilient practices in agriculture, including developing drought/heat tolerant crop varieties, improved water management, and diversifying crops and farm practices. The National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is described as the major government project focused on building resilience through strategic research, technology demonstrations, and capacity building. Several case studies on awareness, adoption and impact of climate resilient practices by farmers in India are summarized.
Male sterility applications in Hybrid seed production.Roshan Parihar
This document provides information about male sterility and its applications in plant breeding. It defines male sterility as the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Male sterility can be phenotypic, genotypic, or chemically induced. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic male sterility (GMS), which can be environmentally sensitive or insensitive. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is determined by the cytoplasm and is useful for hybrid seed production but limits the hybrids to being male sterile. Maintaining male sterile lines requires A, B, and R lines. Male sterility reduces the cost and effort of hybrid seed production.
Agroforestry for livelihood support in rural areaSaumya Mohapatra
The document discusses various agroforestry practices and their benefits. It provides information on different agroforestry systems commonly practiced in Asia and Africa like improved fallow, alley cropping, silvopasture, homegardens, windbreaks, and agrisilviculture. It also summarizes case studies on agroforestry projects implemented in India that have increased farmers' incomes and tree cover. Additionally, it outlines the income sources and contributions of trees from agroforestry systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
The document summarizes cotton production in Pakistan in 2018 and challenges and strategies for the 2019-2020 cotton crop. It provides statistics showing that Pakistan fell short of its cotton production targets for 2018 due to issues like climate change, pest problems, and lack of irrigation water. It outlines the Pakistan Central Cotton Committee's role in addressing cotton crop problems by improving seed availability, providing farmer training, monitoring pests and diseases, and collaborating with industry groups. The overall goal is to enhance cotton production and alleviate challenges facing cotton growers.
This document discusses hybrid seed production in cotton. It begins by providing background on India's role in developing hybrid cotton varieties. It then discusses the types of hybrids produced, including conventional and male sterility-based hybrids. The document outlines important considerations for the agronomy of hybrid seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, fertilizer use, and sowing of parental lines. It then describes the key steps in the hybrid seed production process, including emasculation of the female parent, crossing of the parents, and picking of bolls. Maintaining proper isolation, trained personnel, and favorable growing conditions are emphasized for successful hybrid seed production.
Hybrid seed production is important for vegetables to harness heterosis and ensure food security. The document discusses various techniques for hybrid seed production in different vegetable crops. It describes the principles of hybrid seed production including production of inbred lines, hybridization techniques like hand emasculation and pollination, and use of male sterility. Specific techniques for tomato, eggplant, pepper, cucurbits like watermelon and pumpkin are provided detailing crop management practices and hybridization steps to produce hybrid seeds commercially.
This document provides an overview of agroforestry based on observations from a tour of western India. It discusses the definition and principles of agroforestry, noting that it integrates trees and shrubs with agriculture to enhance productivity and sustainability. Examples of agroforestry models are provided. The document also summarizes the environmental, economic and social benefits of agroforestry, including increased food production, higher incomes, better nutrition, and improved ecosystem services. Specific observations from visiting an agroforestry plot in Anand, Gujarat are also presented.
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Dr. Arshad Hussain Mughal, including his personal details, educational background, employment history, research projects, publications, and ongoing studies. Some of his roles include Professor and Chief Scientist at SK University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology. He has a Ph.D. in Forestry from Forest Research Institute and has led several projects on agroforestry, wild apricot improvement, and oilseed development in Jammu and Kashmir. Currently he is involved in agroforestry trials, tree improvement studies, and the maintenance of a tree germplasm collection.
Rice is the staple crop of India, grown on 45.54 million hectares and producing 99.18 million tonnes in 2008. To meet the growing demand, annual production must reach 130 million tonnes by 2025. Hybrid rice technology can play a key role in increasing production, having already contributed an additional 3 million tonnes in 2010 from 2 million hectares. Over 46 public and private hybrids have been released for commercial cultivation in India. Further development and adoption of hybrids offers potential to boost yields and meet future production targets.
This document outlines the 2015-16 country workplan for chickpea breeding and variety improvement in India. The workplan involves trait discovery, breeding, testing, and seed systems development activities. Key outputs include identifying markers for heat tolerance, developing 30 early maturing drought tolerant lines, evaluating candidate varieties in multi-location trials, producing foundation seed of improved varieties, and establishing demonstrations and seed producer groups to promote new varieties. The overall goal is to develop sustainable chickpea seed systems and improve availability of improved varieties for smallholder farmers in target districts in India.
Agronomic performance and farmers perception on zinc enriched rice brri dhan62Md. Julfiker Rahman
Newly developed zinc enriched rice variety BRRI dhan62 was evaluated along with three other short maturing Transplanted Aman (wet season) rice varieties namely BINA dhan7, BRRI dhan33 and BRRI dhan56 at six different locations of Bangladesh during 2014. The study was laid out in randomized complete block design where each of the six dispersedly located locations act as replications. Agronomic performance, yield and yield components were determined at maturity. Economic performance and farmer’s perceptions on the newly developed zinc enriched rice BRRI dhan62 were measured after harvest. Maximum genotypic difference was 12% in plant height, ranging from 122 to 109 cm among the tested varieties where BRRI dhan62 was the shortest and BRRI dhan56 was the tallest plant. The maximum grain yield was obtained from BINA dhan7 (5.70 ton h-1) which was similar with BRRI dhan33 and minimum grain yield was obtained from BRRI dhan62 (4.78 ton h-1) that was statistically similar with BRRI dhan56. BINA dhan7 gave maximum yield compared to other because of its maximum panicle number m-2. The highest yielding variety BINA dhan7 produced highest productivity day-1 (55 kg) which was statistically similar with BRRI dhan62 (51 kg) and lowest productivity day-1 was found BRRI dhan56 (48 kg). BRRI dhan33 produced highest benefit cost ratio (2.33) compared to other variety and BRRI dhan62 and BRRI dhan56 produced lowest benefit cost ratio (2.16). The short maturing characteristic of BRRI dhan62 was most preferred attribute by the farmers rather than higher yield or higher zinc content.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
ICRISAT Governing Board 2019 PC meeting : Innovations in chickpea breeding fo...ICRISAT
India is the major chickpea producing country (2/3rd of global production) where 53% of the indent of breeder seed in 2018-19 is for ICAR-CRISAT collaborative varieties. In southern states, it was 93% for Karnataka and 100% for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. During 2001 to 2018, 60 improved chickpea varieties were released in 8 countries from the breeding materials supplied by ICRISAT.
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
22. utilization of ssr markers for seed purity testing in popular rice hybridsVishwanath Koti
This document describes a study that used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to identify two popular rice hybrids (KRH-2 and DRRH-2) and their parental lines. Thirty-five SSR markers were tested, and six were found to be polymorphic across the hybrids and parents, allowing unique fingerprints for each hybrid. Five markers (RM 206, RM 276, RM 204, RM 234 and RM 228) differentiated the two hybrids. Analysis of parental lines found residual heterozygosity at two loci, highlighting the importance of SSR markers for maintaining genetic purity. A 20x20 grow-out matrix trial validated that the identified SSR markers effectively detected contaminants in commercial seed lots, comparable to
22. utilization of ssr markers for seed purity testing in popular rice hybridsVishwanath Koti
This document describes a study that used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to identify two popular rice hybrids (KRH-2 and DRRH-2) and their parental lines. Thirty-five SSR markers were tested, and six were found to be polymorphic across the hybrids and parents, allowing unique fingerprints for each. Five markers (RM 206, RM 276, RM 204, RM 234 and RM 228) differentiated the two hybrids. Analysis of parental lines found residual heterozygosity at two loci, highlighting the importance of SSR markers for maintaining genetic purity. A 20x20 grow-out matrix trial validated the SSR markers for detecting contaminants in commercial seed lots of the two hybrids.
Research advances in pulses and benefit to stakeholders dr. c. l. gowdaipga
This document summarizes research on pulses conducted by ICRISAT and the benefits to stakeholders. It provides an overview of ICRISAT's vision, mission, locations, production statistics for major pulse crops in India from 2011-2013 which show increases in area, production and yield. It also summarizes the top producers, importers and exporters of chickpeas and options for increasing chickpea production through reducing yield gaps, improving cultivars, and bringing additional area into production. New chickpea varieties developed through ICRISAT-ICAR partnerships are highlighted. The document concludes with the future scenario for pulses, noting demand will continue to grow and supply gaps will exist which new technologies aim to address.
STATUS OF HYBRID RICE BREEDING IN INDIA & ABROADVishal Pandey
Hybrids have the potential of yielding 15-20% more than the best pureline variety grown under similar conditions in Rice by exploiting the phenomenon of hybrid vigour or heterosis
In view of rapidly increasing population and declining natural resources, Hybrid rice is one of the most important and practically feasible technologies for increasing food-grain production, ensuring food security and boosting farmers income.
To further reduce the cost of hybrid rice seeds, Improvement in hybrid rice seed production technology is needed
Hybrid rice seed production technology is labour and knowledge intensive
There is a need for developing Hybrids suited to rainfed lowland as well as of longer duration to replace longer duration mega inbred varieties
Technical report on two Sorghum varieties (12KNICSV-188 and 12KNICSV-22) deve...ICRISAT
Sorghum is an important staple crop in Nigeria due to its adaptability to different ecologies and affordability. Nigeria is the largest producer of Sorghum in Africa and the third largest in the world after USA and India. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), under the Agricultural Transformation Agenda is focused on strengthening the Nigerian economy through commodity transformation of sorghum as one of its target crops. Improving nourishment and ensuring food security for the low income populace who depend on sorghum as their staple food, and most of whom are situated in the North West and North East Nigeria.
- The document describes national performance trials of potato varieties conducted in mid-altitude regions of Kenya between 2016 and 2017.
- Twenty-six potato genotypes, including four check varieties, were evaluated across six mid-altitude sites over two seasons. Yield and other agronomic data was collected.
- In the first season, genotypes, environments, and their interaction all significantly affected yield. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site, with all genotypes yielding between 10-25 tons/ha. In the second season, only environments significantly impacted yield, with Trans-Nzoia again the highest.
Virtual field trip to icrisat Done By Akhil MadishettiAkhilMadishetti
The virtual field trip to ICRISAT provided an overview of its research programs and achievements. ICRISAT works to improve food security in Asia and Africa through crop research. It has various research programs focused on crop improvement, integrated crop management, and policy impact. Significant research achievements include developing high-yielding and stress-tolerant varieties of crops like pigeonpea, chickpea, groundnut, and sorghum. ICRISAT also works on mechanization, digital agriculture, and scaling innovations through partnerships. The field trip highlighted ICRISAT's work in breeding, natural resource management, and capacity building to benefit farmers in Asia and Africa.
Rising fodder shortage prompts release of two pearl millet varieties with sup...ICRISAT
Two pearl millet varieties with 7.0% and 5.4% higher green forage yields as compared to national check Giant Bajra, were released for cultivation in five south India states. These have significantly higher dry fodder yield and superior/or at par forage quality compared to checks. The release is significant given that India has a shortage of 284 million tons of green fodder and 122 million tons of dry fodder. This demand is likely to grow further and India would require 400 and 117 million tons of green and dry fodder, respectively, by 2025.
Scaling technique and uses of scales in social sciencekrushna94
This document summarizes a presentation on agricultural waste management strategies. It begins by noting that India generates around 500 million tonnes of crop residue annually, with cereal crops like rice and wheat contributing most of this waste. The burning of crop residues releases greenhouse gases and pollutes the air. The document then discusses various impacts of agricultural wastes on the environment, such as fertilizer and pesticide runoff polluting water sources. It presents strategies for sustainable waste management like the 3R approach of reduce, reuse and recycle. ICAR initiatives for converting agricultural waste into useful products like biochar and foliar sprays are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing Pusa Decomposer capsules, which help in decomposing crop residue
SEEDS FOR LIFE - Food Security and Climate Change in Uttar Pradesh
Seeds for Life – Action with Farmers in Uttar Pradesh –
IGP Region to Enhance Food Security in the Context of
Climate Change
Presentation by Humana People to People India
Paddy soon after harvesting, duetoits importance as basic food, the largest area under cultivation and the
prevailing agro economic conditions of farmers, constitutes a wide length and partners in its supply chain.
Once paddy is hulled in mills it gives the main product rice, cut rice and by products husk and rice bran.
This paper attempts to find out through empirical research, the practices, end products and estimates of
value creation, value realization and value loss to the stakeholders across its extended value chainof paddy
in the state of Karnataka.
With the existing estimates for legitimate variables of the analysis, it is found that supply chain of paddy is
a very complex processdominatedbynetwork of intermediaries called “mill owners and stockists” who
make an investment worth not less than Rs.8000 Crores.(where $13.3 bn should be $1.33 bn) every year
during harvesting through stocking, milling and packing and create a value above 45% of their investment
in the value chain. In the process it is observed that farmer is the only stakeholder who is paid least and
supply chain management of paddy suffers from huge losses to the government as more than 65% farmers
sell paddy to the local agents of “mill owners and stockists”. Taking stock of the issues and opportunities,
a conceptual model is suggested using e-governance and Public Private Partnership(PPP) in managing the
supply chain of paddy which ensures fool proof mechanism not only to control prevailing losses but also
arrives at a unique wealth creation opportunity, which can redefine the face of agricultural developments
in the state.
The document describes an experiment that investigated the effect of salt (NaCl) stress on the germination and growth of seedlings of five wheat cultivars using a hydroponic technique. Seedlings were exposed to two NaCl concentration levels (0 ds/m as the control and 8 ds/m as the salt-stressed treatment). Exposure to 8 ds/m NaCl significantly reduced the radical length, germination percentage, and other growth parameters measured in the seedlings compared to the control. Among the cultivars, BARI Gom-26 performed the best under salt stress conditions based on seedling growth and germination percentage, while Kanchan and BARI Gom-24 were the most sensitive to salt stress.
Tripling farmwers' income with production of Kalanamak ricesujit3773
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document provides an overview of the seed industry in India, including key developments, policies, and the seed production system. It discusses the following in 3 sentences:
The key developments that have shaped the seed industry include the establishment of the National Seeds Corporation in 1963 to promote a healthy seed industry, the implementation of the National Seeds Project in phases from 1975-1988, and the New Seeds Policy of 1988 that liberalized the industry and allowed private sector participation. Major policies that have impacted the industry include the Seeds Act of 1963, National Seeds Policy of 2002, and the Seeds Bill of 2004. The seed production system in India follows a limited generations system of breeder, foundation and certified seeds to maintain
This document discusses several strategies to increase farmer incomes in India through agricultural productivity gains and diversification. It notes that the horticulture sector produces a high value from a small area of land compared to major crops like rice and wheat. There is potential to boost production of high-value crops like fruits, vegetables, milk, fish and edible oils to meet growing demand. Bridging yield gaps through adoption of improved practices from high-yielding states can increase production of crops like lentils, wheat and rice. Diversifying away from staple crops and toward high-value horticulture and animal products in suitable regions can significantly raise farmer incomes. Strengthening research, extension and post-harvest management is needed to realize the productivity
This paper include following
Geographical Indication
Status of Geographical in Uttar Pradesh
Geographical Indications Registered from Uttar Pradesh
Significance of GI tag
Geographical indications in indian agriculture on the anvil rc chaudharysujit3773
This document discusses geographical indications (GIs) in Indian agriculture. It provides background on GIs and how they function to identify agricultural goods as originating from a specific geographical region and possessing qualities due to that origin. India has established legal protections for GIs under the Geographical Indications of Goods Act of 1999. Darjeeling Tea was the first Indian product to receive GI registration in 2004. The document outlines the various ways GIs can be protected under law and international trade agreements, and discusses the differences between GIs and trademarks. It explains how GIs promote agricultural products from specific regions that have developed quality reputations over long periods of time.
Fair dealing under copyright law indian perspectivesujit3773
This document discusses copyright law in India. It provides background on the origins and evolution of copyright law. Some key points:
- Copyright emerged with the invention of printing to protect literary works from unauthorized duplication. Early systems involved royal privileges and statutes like the Statute of Anne in 1709.
- The Copyright Act of 1957 established copyright law in India and has been amended several times, including in 2012 to address digital issues and comply with international agreements.
- Copyright in India protects original literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works as well as films, sound recordings, and more. Protection lasts for the lifetime of the author plus 60 years.
Intellectual Strength and its yield with respect og generation of IPs in Uttar Pradesh as per sata availability in website of concerned Institutes till 2015-16
The document provides an overview of intellectual property rights (IPR) and patents in India. It defines what a patent is, the requirements for patentability, and types of inventions that can and cannot be patented under Indian law. It discusses the history of patent acts in India, the key provisions of the Patents Act of 1970, and requirements for filing a patent application such as specifications, fees, and documents needed. It also summarizes rules around patent renewal, restoration, and filing abroad.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
1. Journal of AgriSearch, 5(4):1-5
1 2* 2 2
SK YADAV , RC CHAUDHARY , SUNIL KUMAR AND SB MISHRA
ISSN : 2348-8808 (Print), 2348-8867 (Online)
https://doi.org/
1 UP Council of Agricultural Research, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
An Open Access International Peer Reviewed Quarterly
Breakthrough in improving farmers' income sustainably by
producing Kalanamak rice
Rice is one of the important cereals crop mainly grown in kharif season and
play very significant role in Indian food security ( ).
Kalanamak rice variety is an epitome of best aromatic rice cultivated and
consumed in Northeastern part of Uttar Pradesh ( ). To
the local palate, it was even classed superior to Indian mystery rice Basmati.
However, over centuries of cultivation and farmers' way of handling seed, neglect
by rice research institutions and double onslaught on economic front by High
Yielding Varieties (HYV), its area went down from 50,000 ha to less than 2,000 ha
during1990and2000 again reboundupto 35000ha during2018 ( ).
Singh et al., 2017
Chaudhary and Tran, 2001
Table 1
ARTICLE INFO
Received on
Accepted on
Published online
06-09-2018
25-02-2019
:
:
:
Kalanamak is heritage rice of eastern Uttar
Pradesh and valued for its aroma, taste and
nutritive quality. Four improved varieties,
KN3, Bauna Kalanamak 101, Bauna
Kalanamak 102 and Kalanamak Kiran were
released in 2010, 2016, 2017and 2018
respectively. Last three varieties yield 50%
more than traditional Kalanamak KN3 and
mature 10 days earlier. Normal selling price
of the Kalanamak paddy ranges between Rs.
2500/- to Rs. 3500/- per quintal. Organic
Kalanamak fetches 20% premium over
normal Kalanamak. Summarily compared
to Rs. 17,500 / ha net profit from common
HYV rice, Kalanamak KN3 will give Rs.
44,375, Bauna Kalanamak Rs. 71,500 and
Organic Kalanamak Rs. 92,500 per hectare
net profit, hence better net profit of the
farmersisassuredsustainably.
Kalanamak rice, tripling farmers'
income, organic production,
market linkage
Keyword : 2
Participatory Rural Development Foundation, 59 Canal Road, Shivpur - Shahbazganj, Gorakhpur (U.P.)
273014
E-mail: ram.chaudhary@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
1
Reported grain "quality" deterioration and loss of aroma was discovered due to a
gamut of reasons starting from spontaneous mutation and out-crossing that
resulted into mixtures of aromatic and non-aromatic types, non-scientific seed
production and altered cultivation and processing practices. However, by
continued researches, funded by U. P. Council of Agricultural Research (UPCAR)
during 2001 to 2008, done at Participatory Rural Development Foundation (PRDF)
technologies was developed to save Kalanamak and hope to bring its old glory
back. Kalanamak variety of rice has been under cultivation since time immemorial.
Exact history of its cultivation is not recorded but it is believed that Kalanamak was
a preferred variety for offerings given to Lord Buddha some three thousand years
ago ( ).
Kalanamak has been in cultivation mainly in Northeastern part of Uttar Pradesh
and western and central part of Nepal Tarai. Over a period of a few thousand years
under cultivation and with no system of scientific seed production, there has been
rapid decline in its grain quality. Many voices were raised for its declining grain
quality and reducing area but nothing concrete was done to improve the situation
by any researchinstitution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material for the study comprised of four released and notified varieties of
Kalanamak namely Kalanamak KN3, Bauna Kalanamak 101 and Bauna
Kalanamak 102. Kalanamak KN3 was developed out of a large germplasm
Chaudhary andTran, 2001
Table 1: Area (estimate of PRDF) during 1960 to 2017 under Kalanamak varieties
in 11 districts covered under Geographical Indicator (GI)
Year Total Area (ha) of Kalanamak
1960 50,000
1970 40,000
1980 10,000
1990 2,000
2000 2,000
2010 3,000
2015 10,000
2016 20,000
2017 25,000
2018 35,000
Remark on technologies
Traditional area under Kalanamak
Traditional area under Kalanamak
Spread of HYV rice
Spread of HYV rice
Spread of HYV rice
Notification of Kalanamak KN3
Demonstration of Kalanamak KN3
Notification of Bauna Kalanamak 101
Notification of Bauna Kalanamak 102
Release of Kalanamak Kiran
2. [Journal of AgriSearch, Vol.6, No.1] Improving farmers income through Kalanamak rice
2
collection of more than 150 accessions of Kalanamak collected
by PRDF. Bauna Kalanamak 101 and Bauna Kalanamak 102
were developed through hybridization of KN3 Swarna Sub1
and Improved Sambha Mahsuri respectively. Kalanamak
Kiran was also developed through hybridization of KN 3 and
Swarna Sub followed by pedigree selection. The Certified1
Seeds of these were provided to the farmers in Basti, Deoria,
Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Mahrajganaj, Sant Kabir Nagar and
Siddharth Nagar districts. Each demo plots or experiments
wereconductedin oneacreplots.
Organic protocol for the production of Organic Kalanamak
rice was developed using various known inputs from organic
Kalanamak. Green Manure, Bhumishakti, Herbozyme, FYM,
Poultry dropping, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Neem-
based pesticides were used for raising the crop. Trial was laid
out in Randomised Complete Block Design at three locations
in Gorakhpur, Mahrajganj and Siddharth Nagar districts.
Grain quality analyses were performed at NDUAT Faizabad,
and Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad.
Cost benefit were calculated taking actual data from a number
offarmersusing survey methods.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Initial researchto improve Kalanamak
Initial research on Kalanamak started with the collection of its
germplasm and mutation breeding ( ). Using
42 morpho-agronomic characters, accession was described
and catalogue was prepared and the entire collection was
deposited in the National Gene Bank at NBPGR New Delhi.
The mutants were mostly of academic nature (
) but few were tested in yield trials but none
were found superior to existing varieties (
).
Purification and releaseof first Kalanamak variety
PRDF in Gorakhpur, under two projects financed by U. P.
Council of Agricultural Research (UPCAR) has made
extensive collection of Kalanamak from all possible sources.
These sources include National Gene Bank of NBPGR, New
Delhi; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology,
Faizabad; Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack, and
farmers of Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Sant Kabir Nagar,
Siddharth Nagar, Kushinagar and Mahrajganj districts.
Extensive testing of hundreds of collections of Kalanamak
was done. It was not surprising to find out that some of the
collections of Kalanamak were non-aromatic although the
grain appearance was identical to Kalanamak. Some
accessions had mixtures of scented and non-scented
Kalanamak in various proportions. The pureline selection by
following panicle-to-row method done from the collection of
Siddharth Nagar district was tested as KN3-27-3-3 and
released by U. P. State Variety Release Sub-Committee and
notified by the Central Variety Release Committee in 2010 as
KN3 ( ).
Development and Releaseof Bauna Kalanamak 101
Bauna Kalanamak 101 was developed out of a cross
Kalanamak KN 3 with Swarna Sub and tested as UPCAR-1
KN-2-19-14-1-1. Regional Agricultural Technology
Nanda et al., 1974
Mishra and
Chaudhary, 2011
Chaudhary et al.,
2012
Chaudhary et al.,2008
Demonstration and Testing Station (RATDS) of Department
of Agriculture conduct varietal trials annually on the new
varieties to be considered for release. PRDF had proposed a
number of semi-dwarf breeding lines of Kalanamak for
testing.
These breeding lines were tested at RATDS during the years
2012 to 2015 in state trial called “Paddy Standard Varietal
Trial: local aromatic, irrigated”. The average yield superiority
of UPCARKN-2-19-14 was 46.41 over its check Kalanamak
KN3. It was released by the State Variety Release Sub-
Committee in 2016. The Central Sub-Committee on Crop
Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties for
Agricultural Crops of Government of India approved in its
th
75 meeting and notified it in its Gazette No. 3-51/2016-SD.IV
rd
dated 23 December 2016 with the name “Bauna Kalanamak
101”.
Development and Release of Bauna Kalanamak 102
Bauna Kalanamak 102 was developed out of a cross
Kalanamak KN 3 with Improved Sambha Mahsuri and tested
as UPCARKN-1-5-1-1-1 at RATDS of Department of
Agriculture U. P. during 2012, 2013 and 2014. It was released
and notified during the year 2016 as Bauna Kalanamak 102. Its
plant height is around 95cm, lodging resistant and suitable for
harvesting by combine harvester. Based on the overall test, the
test entry UPCARKN-1-5-1 (Bauna Kalanamak 102) yielded
32.37quintal / ha.
That way it out-yielded the check variety Kalanamak KN3 by
30.37%. Bauna Kalanamak 102 matures earlier than
Kalanamak KN3 by 10 days. In all India trials (AICRIP)
conducted by Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR)
Hyderabad in Kharif 2014, the mean yield was 3198 kg/ha as
against 2792 of Kalanamak KN3, and flowering duration
earlier by 11 days across India. In the year 2017 it was released
by U. P. State Department of Agriculture, and notified by
Government if India as “Bauna Kalanamak 102” and notified
by GovernmentofIndia.
Development and Release of Kalanamak Kiran
Selected out of cross of Kalanamak KN3 and Swarna Sub , was1
tested at RATDS of Department of Agriculture as PRDF-2-14-
10 (Kalanamak Kiran), was tested at RATDS during 2013 –
2016. It stood at first rank with average yield of 32.95 quintal /
ha. It out-yielded the check variety Kalanamak KN3 by
26.58 %. Its aroma content was confirmed by the Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad as equal
to KN3. It is semi-dwarf (height around 95cm), lodging
resistant and suitable for harvesting by combine harvester.
Bauna Kalanamak 102 has the same level of Iron and Zinc as
its original parent Kalanamak and thus worthy of inclusion in
the NutriFarm schemes and any other biofortification
schemes. It is under Notification by the Government of India
during2018.
Morpho-agronomic Characters
Kalanamak is strongly photoperiod sensitive variety with
short basic vegetative phase and heads during mid October.
Itsmorpho-agronomiccharactersaregivenin Table 2.
3. [Journal of AgriSearch, Vol.6, No.1]
3
Grain quality
Kalanamak is known for its excellent grain and eating quality
( ). Kalanamak should be cultivated only during Kharif
season to maintain its grain quality. Kalanamak and the four
varieties developed so far have short grain and classed as
Medium Slender variety. These have very high (70%) head
rice recovery. These cook soft and have excellent grain
elongation (Table 3). In all India testing under AICRP,
Table 3
coordinated by Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad
it was found to have all favourable grain quality characters
( ). Kalanamak varieties have the highest level of Iron
and Zinc combined. Due to this reason, it was the only variety
from north India that was included in the NutriFarm Project
of the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
Government of U.P. has included Kalanamak in the
NutriFarm projectalso.
Table 3
Table 2: Distinguishing morpho-agronomic characters of Kalanamak KN 3 and Bauna Kalanamak 101 and Bauna Kalanamak 102
ricevarieties
Agronomic traits Kalanamak KN 3 Bauna
Kalanamak 101
Bauna Kalanamak
102
Kalanamak Kiran
Basal leaf sheath colour Green Green Green Green
Seedling vigour Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous
Seedling height (cm) 30.5 cm 25 cm 25 cm 25 cm
Days to 50%
flowering
115 days
(photosensitive)
110 days
(photosensitive)
110 days
(photosensitive)
110 days
(photosensitive)
Tillering ability Medium Medium Medium Medium
Culm angle Slightly O 0
pen (45 ) Slightly Open Slightly Open Slightly Open
Leaf length 59 cm. 59 cm. 59 cm. 55 cm.
Leaf width 1.4 cm. 1.4 cm. 1.4 cm. 1.4 cm.
Culm length 111 cm. (stiff) 65 cm. (stiff) 65 cm. (stiff) 65 cm. (stiff)
Plant height 142 cm. 95 cm. 95 cm. 95 cm.
Panicle length 31 cm. 35 cm. 35 cm. 36 cm.
Maturity 145 days
(Photosensitive)
135 days
(Photosensitive)
135 days
(Photosensitive)
135 days
(Photosensitive)
Aroma (scent code) Highly scented Highly scented Highly scented Highly scented
Panicle type Open Open, large Open , large Open, large
Panicle exertion Well exerted Well exerted Well exerted Well exerted
Apiculus colour Brown (tawny) Brown (tawny) Brown (tawny) Brown (tawny)
Awning Absent Slight Absent Absent
Lemma, Palea
colour
Purplish Black Purplish Black
Brown
Purplish Black
Brown
Purplish Black
Stigma colour Purplish Black Purplish Black Purplish Black Purplish Black
Table 3: Grain quality characters of Kalanamak KN 3 and Bauna Kalanamak 101 and Bauna Kalanamak 102 rice varieties (analysed
at NRRIandNDUAT).
Traits Description of the variety
Kalanamak KN3 Bauna Kalanamak 101 Kalanamak Kiran
Kernel length 5.76 mm 5.76 mm 5.76 mm 5.76 mm
Kernel width 2.18 mm 2.18 mm 2.18 mm 2.18 mm
L/B Ratio 2.64 mm 2.64 mm 2.64 mm 2.64 mm
Grain type Medium slender Medium slender Medium slender Medium slender
Kernel colour White White White White
1,000 grain weight 15 grams 15 grams 15 grams 15 grams
Hulling 80 % 80 % 80 % 80 %
Milling 75 % 75 % 75 % 75 %
Head rice 70 % 70 % 70 % 70 %
Alkali value 6 - 7
Volume
Expansion Ratio
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Gel consistency 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm
Amylose content 21 % 22 % 22 % 21 %
6 - 7 6 - 7 6 - 7
Bauna Kalanamak 102
Yadav et alNAAS Score : 4.41
4. [Journal of AgriSearch, Vol.6, No.1] Improving farmers income through Kalanamak rice
4
Scientific cultivation practice of Kalanamak
Due to small grain size, lower 1,000-grain weight, 30 kg / ha,
seed rate is recommended. Ideal time of its nursery sowing is
last week of June to first week of July. Once the seedlings have
attained the age of about 30 days, these are ready for
transplanting.Atemperature ranges of 25 to 30 degree Celsius
is ideal for aroma retention in the grain. If the temperature is
higher than 30 degrees Celsius, the leaves will synthesise the
aroma but it will not accumulate in the grain. For raising
nursery of Kalanamak, wet seedbed method of raising the
nursery is recommended. In case green manuring is not
possible 6 – 10 tonnes of FYM or compost should be applied
before ploughing. It has also been found by experienced
farmers that application of 2 quintals of Neem cake is useful
not only to supply the Nitrogen but also to reduce the
incidence of pests and diseases. Fertilizer dose of 60: 30: 30
kg/ha for KN3 and 120:60:60 N: P: K kg/ ha for Bauna
Kalanamak is needed. Transplanting is done using 20 cm X 15
cm spacing. Weed management are easier for Kalanamak due
to its vigorous vegetative growth. Harvestings is done by the
end of November. Sheath blight and grain sucking pests need
tobe controlled.
Protocol for Organic Production of Kalanamak
Protocol for producing organic Kalanamak rice was
developed based on the multi-location and multi-year trial
( ). Based on the results a manual prepared for farmers
( ) using Trichoderma and
Pseudomonas in combination showed synergistic effect and
increased the yield ( ). Additional treatments with
green manure, BGA, PSB were added for farmers of different
area.
Plant protection measures using Waste Decomposer, Amrit
Paani etc were also perfected. Gorakhpur district has been
selected under Paramaparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY) for
organic farming. Organic production of Kalanamak rice is
adding fuel to the fire of increasing the area under Kalanamak
andtripling farmers'incomeonmuchlarger scale.
Table 1
Chaudhary and Mishra, 2016
Table 1
* Highest yield andsignificantly higher than all othertreatments.
**Basal at Gorakhpur was Herbozyme @ 40 kg/ ha, at Mahrajganj, FYM
@ 10tons/ ha, andat SiddharthNagar, BhumiShakti @ of1,750 kg / ha.
Table 1: Yield of rice grain (q/ ha) in different treatments at
various locations, Kharif 2012
Treatment Gorakhpur
Mahraj
ganj
Sidharth
Nagar
Control
(No treatment)
2,133 2,292 3,147
Basal only 2,467 2,663 3,353
Basal +
Pseudomonas
2,333 2,488 3,233
Trichoderma
2,417 2,917 3,200
Basal +
Trichoderma
+ Pseudomonas
3,062* 3,597* 3,583*
LSD 0.005 206.00 197.24 115.13
Basal +
Economicsof Kalanamak and Tripling Farmers' Income
Due to poor yield, poor quality and lesser income as
compared to HYV rice, area under Kalanamak had declined.
However, now with the availability of better quality variety
Kalanamak KN3 and high yielding ones like Bauna
Kalanamak 101 and Bauna Kalanamak 102 those negatives
have been annulled. Government announces Minimum
Support Price (MSP) for fine rice around Rs. 1650/ qtl.
However, most farmers cannot get that rate due to various
reasons and are compelled to sell their paddy around Rs. 1000
to Rs. 1300/- qtl. Compared to that, Kalanamak rice sells
between Rs. 2,500 to Rs. 3500 /- quintal. Thus, now
Kalanamak farmers are receiving triple income. Another
feather the project has added is production of Organic
Kalanamak that fetches 20 percent higher price. Taking an
average yield of common rice 40 qtl/ha can give a gross profit
Rs. 52,000/-. After deducting the cost of cultivation of Rs.
34,500/-, the net profit would be Rs. 17,500. Kalanamak KN3
and Bauna Kalanamak can give an average yield 25 and 35
quintal per ha respectively. This amounts to a gross profit
between Rs. 75,000/- and Rs. 1,05,000/- per ha respectively to
the farmers. Deducting a production cost of Rs. 30,625/- and
Rs. 33,750/- per ha respectively, the net profit would be Rs.
44,375/- and Rs. 71,250/- per ha. The net profit would be as
high as double to triple of the current common rice ( ).
This should bring prosperity to the farmers of eastern U. P.
Incremental income from the will be Rs. 39,375/- and Rs.
53,750/- respectively for KN 3 and Bauna Kalanamak.
Production of Organic Kalanamak further benefits organic
farmers by as much as Rs. 75,000/- per ha, which amounts to
tripling the income.
Table 5
(BPT -5204)
Item Common
rice
Kalana
mak
KN3
Bauna
Kalana
mak
Organic
Kalana
mak
Rice area (ha) 924976 5,000 25,000 100
Average
Yield (qtl/ha)
40 25 35 35
Selling price of
paddy (Rs./qtl)
1,300 3,000 3,000 3,500
Gross Profit 52,000 75,000 1,05,000 1,22,500
Cost of Cultiva-
tion (Rs./ha)
34,500 30,625 33,750 30,000
Net profit
(Rs./ha)
17,500 44,375 71,250 92,500
Incremental in-
come in (Rs/ha)
0 39,375 53,750 75,000
Table 5: Comparative profitability of Kalanamak KN3,
Bauna Kalanamak and Common rice, (2017)
Marketing Linkage to Assure Income
In the past, marketing and consumption of Kalanamak has
been limited to eastern part of UP. and by those who migrated
to other parts of India from this region. Now consumers and
marketers are looking for diversification of Basmati market
and promote local specialty rice varieties. Common slogan
that “Basmati for your eyes and Kalanamak for your palate” is
popular. Under this changed thinking, processers, marketers
and consumers are coming up from far-and-wide. PRDF is
5. [Journal of AgriSearch, Vol.6, No.1]Yadav et al
5
facilitating this expansion by generating awareness through
publicity and exhibitions. Growing interest of consumers in
Organic Food is also creating market for Kalanamak
( ). Under PGS certification, PRDF is
producing “PGS INDIAOrganic” certified rice. Recent policy
of U. P. State Government of “One District One Product”
Kalanamak rice has been assigned to district Siddharth Nagar
for marketing which helps to increase the income at triples
rate. Kalanamak has also received Geographical Indication
(GI) mark for 11 districts of U. P., which will benefit farmers
further ( and ).
CONCLUSION
Improved varieties of Kalanamak rice namely KN3, Bauna
Kalanamak 101, Bauna Kalanamak 102 and Kalanamak Kiran
have been developed. Package of practices to produce
common and organic Kalanamak rice and its certification
have been developed. Hundreds of farmers are linked with
the local and export markets on attractive terms for sales on
Chaudhary, 2002
Vandanaet al., 2010 Chaudhary et al., 2017
long-term basis. Summarily compared to Rs. 17,500 / ha net
profit from common HYV rice, Kalanamak KN3 will give Rs.
44,375, Bauna Kalanamak Rs. 71,500 and Organic Bauna
Kalanamak Rs. 92,500 net profit per hectare. With the PRDF
arranged contract growing, by involving farmers and
marketing companies from Kharif 2018 onwards, tripling the
net profit of the farmers will get assured sustainably. Thus, the
proverb “PaddyandPoverty gotogether”isamyth now.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Organizations viz., GB Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, UP Council of Agricultural Research
(UPCAR) Lucknow, Tata Trusts Mumbai, Sujalam Sufalam
Project Lucknow and Department ofAgriculture UP under its
PKVY project, have supported the researches on Kalanamak
rice. Due acknowledgement is made for them as without their
financial support the technologies for Kalanamak rice would
have notbeen developed.
REFERENCES
Chaudhary RC and Mishra SB. 2016. Development and use of organic
protocol to promote Kalanamak rice (Oryza sativa L) and its
certification under PGS mode. Current Adv. Agric. Sci. 8 (1): 28-
31.
Chaudhary RC and Tran DV. 2001. Speciality Rices of the
World: Breeding, Production and Marketing; Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy;
358 pp.
Chaudhary RC, Mishra S B, and Dubey D N. 2008. Scented rice variety
Kalanamak and its cultivation for better quality and high
yield. RiceIndia18(8): 23-25.
Chaudhary RC, Mishra S B, Yadava S K and Ali J. 2012. Extinction to
distinction: Current status of Kalanamak, the heritage rice of
eastern Uttar Pradesh and its likely role in farmers' prosperity.
Lucknow Management Association Convention Journal 8 (1): 7 –
14.
Chaudhary RC, Yadava SK and Kumar, Sunil. 2017. (Geographical
Indications in Indian agriculture on the anvil. Journal of Bio
Innovation6(5): 790 –816.
Chaudhary RC. 2002. Consequences of WTO and Geographic
Indicators on economics, production, trend and marketing of
speciality rices. Proc. World Rice Commerce 2002 Conference;
Beijing,China,16-18September2002;20pp.
Chaudhary RC. 2016. Story of heritage rice Kalanamak: Extinction to
distinction in eastern Uttar Pradesh. In: International
Conference on Extension – Research Interface: promoting
Exportable Rice Varieties and Evolving a Sustainable
DevelopmentModel.VARDAN,NewDelhipages:49 – 67.
Mishra SB and Chaudhary RC. 2011. Chlorophyll mutation in M2 as
an indicator for recovering useful mutants in rice. Oryza 48 (4):
378 – 379.
Nanda JS, Chaudhary RC, Singh JP, Singh HP and Gupta MD. 1974.
Breeding for quality rice through induced mutation. Proc.
Symp. Use of Radiations and Radioisotopes in Studies of Plant
Productivity. Pantnagar,April12 - 14, 1974.pp.24-32.
Singh AK, Singh AK, Kumar R, Prakash V Sundaram PK and Yadav
SK. 2017. Indian Cereals Saga: Standpoint and Way Forward.
JournalofAgriSearch4(1): 1-10
Tyagi Vandana, Brahmi Pratibha and Singh AK. 2010. International
Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
(TPGRFA) and its implications on access to Plant Genetic
Resources for Food andAgriculture (PGRFA). Int. J. Trop. Agr.
28:62- 67.
Citation:
Yadav SK, Chaudhary RC, Kumar S and Mishra SB.2019. Breakthrough in improving farmers' income sustainably by producing Kalanamak rice.
JournalofAgriSearch6(1) :1-5
NAAS Score : 4.41