When it comes to measuring biomass and carbon, bamboos are different from trees, mainly because bamboos
are hollow inside, and the correlation between the diameter or the diameter and height of the bamboo culm with bamboo biomass ornet bamboo volume largely depends on culm age, bamboo species and site condition.
This book serves as a guide to provide very specific details for measuring bamboos.
The document discusses various indicators and methodologies for assessing the efficiency of crops and cropping systems. It provides formulas to calculate productivity, production efficiency, land use efficiency, energy use, water use productivity, profitability, employment generation, and other metrics. Key indicators include crop yield, system productivity, total factor productivity, relative production efficiency, energy efficiency, water use productivity, and economic measures like net returns and benefit-cost ratios. The methodology allows for identifying the most efficient crops, systems, and zones based on productivity and resource use.
Watershed management Programs and Policies in IndiaGeeva Chandana
The document discusses watershed management programmes and policies in India. It provides details of several key watershed development programmes implemented since the 1970s, including the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). It also describes the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) and the role of the National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). Current and future policies discussed include the Neeranchal Watershed Program and the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna. A case study on the Integrated Watershed Management
Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulner...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how agroforestry can help smallholder farmers adapt to and mitigate climate change effects. It finds that agroforestry systems can buffer farmers against increasing temperatures, variable precipitation, and extreme weather by regulating microclimates and conserving water and soil resources. Agroforestry also sequesters carbon in trees and soil, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Implementing agroforestry can thus increase farmers' resilience to climate change while also providing livelihood and mitigation co-benefits.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Future prospects and problems in dryland agricultureAbhimanyu Tomar
This document discusses dryland agriculture and provides solutions to problems in dryland farming. It begins with defining dryland farming as agriculture dependent on rainfall and outlines some key challenges like low and uncertain yields. The document then discusses 3 categories of dryland farming based on rainfall amounts and lists techniques to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. It also summarizes major problems in dryland agriculture like soil issues, uneven rainfall distribution, dry spells, and lists some solutions like improved varieties, intercropping, and water harvesting. Overall, the document provides an overview of dryland agriculture and strategies to address problems and improve productivity.
Effect of climate change crop production in the worldkwanigasuriya
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture. It notes that climate change is causing higher temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, more extreme weather events, and increased carbon dioxide and ozone levels. These changes threaten global food production by reducing crop yields. Higher CO2 increases plant growth but lowers nutrient levels. More heat waves, droughts and floods from climate change negatively impact crops and livestock. The document recommends investments in agricultural adaptation and mitigation efforts like renewable energy to address food security challenges from climate change.
- Tima Miniyaka is a farmer from Kutinga village in Koraput district of Odisha, India who practices agroforestry.
- He initially grew only eucalyptus trees but now has diversified his farm to include teak, Gmelina arborea, and other trees intercropped with turmeric, banana, pineapple and vegetables.
- In 2015, his annual income from agroforestry sources like eucalyptus wood and leaves, lemon grass, and various intercrops was Rs. 122,500. Adding income from other crops like paddy, ragi, and suam, his total annual income was around Rs. 186,500
When it comes to measuring biomass and carbon, bamboos are different from trees, mainly because bamboos
are hollow inside, and the correlation between the diameter or the diameter and height of the bamboo culm with bamboo biomass ornet bamboo volume largely depends on culm age, bamboo species and site condition.
This book serves as a guide to provide very specific details for measuring bamboos.
The document discusses various indicators and methodologies for assessing the efficiency of crops and cropping systems. It provides formulas to calculate productivity, production efficiency, land use efficiency, energy use, water use productivity, profitability, employment generation, and other metrics. Key indicators include crop yield, system productivity, total factor productivity, relative production efficiency, energy efficiency, water use productivity, and economic measures like net returns and benefit-cost ratios. The methodology allows for identifying the most efficient crops, systems, and zones based on productivity and resource use.
Watershed management Programs and Policies in IndiaGeeva Chandana
The document discusses watershed management programmes and policies in India. It provides details of several key watershed development programmes implemented since the 1970s, including the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). It also describes the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) and the role of the National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). Current and future policies discussed include the Neeranchal Watershed Program and the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna. A case study on the Integrated Watershed Management
Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulner...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how agroforestry can help smallholder farmers adapt to and mitigate climate change effects. It finds that agroforestry systems can buffer farmers against increasing temperatures, variable precipitation, and extreme weather by regulating microclimates and conserving water and soil resources. Agroforestry also sequesters carbon in trees and soil, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Implementing agroforestry can thus increase farmers' resilience to climate change while also providing livelihood and mitigation co-benefits.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Future prospects and problems in dryland agricultureAbhimanyu Tomar
This document discusses dryland agriculture and provides solutions to problems in dryland farming. It begins with defining dryland farming as agriculture dependent on rainfall and outlines some key challenges like low and uncertain yields. The document then discusses 3 categories of dryland farming based on rainfall amounts and lists techniques to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. It also summarizes major problems in dryland agriculture like soil issues, uneven rainfall distribution, dry spells, and lists some solutions like improved varieties, intercropping, and water harvesting. Overall, the document provides an overview of dryland agriculture and strategies to address problems and improve productivity.
Effect of climate change crop production in the worldkwanigasuriya
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture. It notes that climate change is causing higher temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, more extreme weather events, and increased carbon dioxide and ozone levels. These changes threaten global food production by reducing crop yields. Higher CO2 increases plant growth but lowers nutrient levels. More heat waves, droughts and floods from climate change negatively impact crops and livestock. The document recommends investments in agricultural adaptation and mitigation efforts like renewable energy to address food security challenges from climate change.
- Tima Miniyaka is a farmer from Kutinga village in Koraput district of Odisha, India who practices agroforestry.
- He initially grew only eucalyptus trees but now has diversified his farm to include teak, Gmelina arborea, and other trees intercropped with turmeric, banana, pineapple and vegetables.
- In 2015, his annual income from agroforestry sources like eucalyptus wood and leaves, lemon grass, and various intercrops was Rs. 122,500. Adding income from other crops like paddy, ragi, and suam, his total annual income was around Rs. 186,500
Components and fittings of sprinkler irrigation systemIRADA Foundation
This document summarizes the key components and fittings of a sprinkler irrigation system. It discusses the general components which include the pumping unit, tubing, couplers, sprinklers, and other accessories. It then provides more detailed information about each of these components, describing the types of materials used, sizing, connections, and functions. Examples of specific sprinkler heads, fittings, and other accessories are shown with photos to illustrate components of the sprinkler irrigation system.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
How does agriculture, especially animal agriculture, impact greenhouse gas emissions? What is adaptation and mitigation and how are these different? For more materials on this topic visit http://www.extension.org/pages/63908/greenhouse-gases-and-animal-agriculture
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the surest ways of reducing our dependence on secondary sources of water like lakes or rivers. As there is a limted supply of water available to man, it is important that he learns to recycle and reuse water as well. This is where rainwater harvesting becomes important. The presentation that follows will allow a teacher to explain in simple terms what rainwater harvesting is, why it should be made popular, and how it is useful. Through this presentation children will also learn about some of the popular rainwater harvesting systems prevelant in the driest region of this country—Rajasthan, and surprisingly even the wettest—the Northeast. Why does a rain rich region like the Northeast need to harvest rainwater? Find out the answer to this and more through this PPT.
This document discusses how climate change affects agriculture in several ways. The two main causes of climate change are increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Climate change can impact crops, soil, pests and diseases, livestock, and water availability. While increased carbon dioxide can boost plant growth, rising temperatures and changing weather patterns pose challenges for farmers. Adaptation strategies include modifying planting times, using different crops, developing resilient varieties, and improving water and land management. Agriculture also contributes to climate change but can help reduce emissions through practices like better crop residue management.
This document discusses various irrigation methods, including uncontrolled surface flooding, controlled flooding using check basins or ring basins, border strip method, deep furrow method, traditional methods like levees and canals, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation using micro sprays or micro jets, and rain guns. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and discusses their suitability based on factors like crop type, soil type, water availability, and farming practices.
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Climate Change and Agriculture by Muhammad Qasim & Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in Pakistan in 3 main ways:
1) Changing temperatures and rainfall patterns are decreasing crop yields, especially for wheat which is estimated to decline by 6-9%.
2) Recent floods have destroyed over 2.6 million acres of agricultural land.
3) Glacial melt from the Himalayas due to rising temperatures threatens water availability, which Pakistan's agriculture sector heavily depends on for irrigation.
Kadwanchi Watershed is an integrated watershed development project covering 1,888 hectares that aims to improve livelihoods through soil and water conservation. The project treated 1,801 hectares using measures like contour cropping, agroforestry, farm bunding, cement plugs, and farm ponds. This led to increased irrigation potential, with two-season irrigation areas rising 177% and perennial irrigation up 354%. Crop patterns changed significantly, with grape cultivation increasing from 3 to 480 hectares. The project generated more employment and increased agricultural production and per capita income. Integrated watershed development regenerates resources, improves production, enables value addition, and builds community skills.
This document discusses greenhouse technology and its uses. It describes passive greenhouses, which use natural heating and cooling, and active greenhouses, which use auxiliary energy systems. Greenhouses can be used for drying crops to extend their shelf life. Different heating systems for greenhouses are also outlined, including unit heaters, boiler systems, heat distribution pipes, infrared heaters, and solar heating.
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylandsGovindBose
1) The document describes a seminar on fruit-based agroforestry systems in dryland areas given by Govind Bose.
2) It discusses the characteristics of drylands and why fruit-based agroforestry is suitable for these areas. Major systems include guava, aonla, ber, pomegranate, and custard apple.
3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.
Tree-based agroforestry systems provide important livelihood benefits for communities in semi-arid regions of India. They contribute fuelwood, fodder, timber and other products. Systems with trees such as Leucaena and alley cropping with crops like groundnuts have been shown to provide stable yields even during drought years. Common traditional systems include scattered trees, silvopasture, and agrisilviculture. Recommended modern systems vary by region but include horticulture crops like mangoes and pomegranates integrated with trees. Large-scale adoption of systems like these and wadi plantations in tribal areas have been seen. There is potential to further increase yields and incomes from these systems through improved
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
Dry farming is cultivation of crops in regions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm that require moisture conservation practices. About 70% of rural populations live in dry farming areas and depend on crop success or failure for their livelihood. Currently, dryland crops produce as much food as irrigated crops but from 3 times the land area. New strategies must be developed to make dryland ecosystems more productive and sustainable. The history of dryland agriculture began with early civilizations in places with reliable water supplies. Systematic dryland cultivation began around 1850 in areas like the USA and India. Over time, research stations were established and packages of practices were developed for different regions to improve dryland agriculture techniques.
1) India formulated its first forest policy in 1894 based on a report by Dr. Voelker. This policy focused on revenue generation and classified forests into different categories. It did not adequately address issues like shifting cultivation, forest fires, or biodiversity conservation.
2) The 1952 policy was India's first after independence. It aimed to balance land use and check issues like soil erosion. It classified forests into protected, national, village, and tree land categories.
3) The 1988 policy aimed to ensure environmental stability and ecological balance. It focused on meeting energy demands, conserving wildlife, and increasing forest productivity and tree cover.
This document discusses the invasive shrub Prosopis juliflora and its impact on spate irrigation systems. It was introduced in many countries for purposes like soil stabilization but has become a major problem. P. juliflora invades farmland and blocks irrigation canals, reducing water flow. Country overviews describe its introduction and spread, negatively impacting agriculture in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and Sudan. Efforts have been made to control it through removal and utilization, but it remains very difficult to eradicate once established.
The document examines the effects of climate variability on the spread of Prosopis juliflora shrublands, vegetation trends, and livestock populations in Magadi Division, Kenya. Rainfall has decreased and become more variable while temperatures have increased over a 20-year period. Satellite imagery shows Prosopis cover expanding during dry seasons as other vegetation declines. Cattle populations have decreased as sheep and goat numbers rise. The study recommends exploring Prosopis utilization and economics to help pastoralists adapt to climate impacts.
Components and fittings of sprinkler irrigation systemIRADA Foundation
This document summarizes the key components and fittings of a sprinkler irrigation system. It discusses the general components which include the pumping unit, tubing, couplers, sprinklers, and other accessories. It then provides more detailed information about each of these components, describing the types of materials used, sizing, connections, and functions. Examples of specific sprinkler heads, fittings, and other accessories are shown with photos to illustrate components of the sprinkler irrigation system.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
How does agriculture, especially animal agriculture, impact greenhouse gas emissions? What is adaptation and mitigation and how are these different? For more materials on this topic visit http://www.extension.org/pages/63908/greenhouse-gases-and-animal-agriculture
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the surest ways of reducing our dependence on secondary sources of water like lakes or rivers. As there is a limted supply of water available to man, it is important that he learns to recycle and reuse water as well. This is where rainwater harvesting becomes important. The presentation that follows will allow a teacher to explain in simple terms what rainwater harvesting is, why it should be made popular, and how it is useful. Through this presentation children will also learn about some of the popular rainwater harvesting systems prevelant in the driest region of this country—Rajasthan, and surprisingly even the wettest—the Northeast. Why does a rain rich region like the Northeast need to harvest rainwater? Find out the answer to this and more through this PPT.
This document discusses how climate change affects agriculture in several ways. The two main causes of climate change are increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Climate change can impact crops, soil, pests and diseases, livestock, and water availability. While increased carbon dioxide can boost plant growth, rising temperatures and changing weather patterns pose challenges for farmers. Adaptation strategies include modifying planting times, using different crops, developing resilient varieties, and improving water and land management. Agriculture also contributes to climate change but can help reduce emissions through practices like better crop residue management.
This document discusses various irrigation methods, including uncontrolled surface flooding, controlled flooding using check basins or ring basins, border strip method, deep furrow method, traditional methods like levees and canals, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation using micro sprays or micro jets, and rain guns. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and discusses their suitability based on factors like crop type, soil type, water availability, and farming practices.
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Climate Change and Agriculture by Muhammad Qasim & Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in Pakistan in 3 main ways:
1) Changing temperatures and rainfall patterns are decreasing crop yields, especially for wheat which is estimated to decline by 6-9%.
2) Recent floods have destroyed over 2.6 million acres of agricultural land.
3) Glacial melt from the Himalayas due to rising temperatures threatens water availability, which Pakistan's agriculture sector heavily depends on for irrigation.
Kadwanchi Watershed is an integrated watershed development project covering 1,888 hectares that aims to improve livelihoods through soil and water conservation. The project treated 1,801 hectares using measures like contour cropping, agroforestry, farm bunding, cement plugs, and farm ponds. This led to increased irrigation potential, with two-season irrigation areas rising 177% and perennial irrigation up 354%. Crop patterns changed significantly, with grape cultivation increasing from 3 to 480 hectares. The project generated more employment and increased agricultural production and per capita income. Integrated watershed development regenerates resources, improves production, enables value addition, and builds community skills.
This document discusses greenhouse technology and its uses. It describes passive greenhouses, which use natural heating and cooling, and active greenhouses, which use auxiliary energy systems. Greenhouses can be used for drying crops to extend their shelf life. Different heating systems for greenhouses are also outlined, including unit heaters, boiler systems, heat distribution pipes, infrared heaters, and solar heating.
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylandsGovindBose
1) The document describes a seminar on fruit-based agroforestry systems in dryland areas given by Govind Bose.
2) It discusses the characteristics of drylands and why fruit-based agroforestry is suitable for these areas. Major systems include guava, aonla, ber, pomegranate, and custard apple.
3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.
Tree-based agroforestry systems provide important livelihood benefits for communities in semi-arid regions of India. They contribute fuelwood, fodder, timber and other products. Systems with trees such as Leucaena and alley cropping with crops like groundnuts have been shown to provide stable yields even during drought years. Common traditional systems include scattered trees, silvopasture, and agrisilviculture. Recommended modern systems vary by region but include horticulture crops like mangoes and pomegranates integrated with trees. Large-scale adoption of systems like these and wadi plantations in tribal areas have been seen. There is potential to further increase yields and incomes from these systems through improved
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
Dry farming is cultivation of crops in regions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm that require moisture conservation practices. About 70% of rural populations live in dry farming areas and depend on crop success or failure for their livelihood. Currently, dryland crops produce as much food as irrigated crops but from 3 times the land area. New strategies must be developed to make dryland ecosystems more productive and sustainable. The history of dryland agriculture began with early civilizations in places with reliable water supplies. Systematic dryland cultivation began around 1850 in areas like the USA and India. Over time, research stations were established and packages of practices were developed for different regions to improve dryland agriculture techniques.
1) India formulated its first forest policy in 1894 based on a report by Dr. Voelker. This policy focused on revenue generation and classified forests into different categories. It did not adequately address issues like shifting cultivation, forest fires, or biodiversity conservation.
2) The 1952 policy was India's first after independence. It aimed to balance land use and check issues like soil erosion. It classified forests into protected, national, village, and tree land categories.
3) The 1988 policy aimed to ensure environmental stability and ecological balance. It focused on meeting energy demands, conserving wildlife, and increasing forest productivity and tree cover.
This document discusses the invasive shrub Prosopis juliflora and its impact on spate irrigation systems. It was introduced in many countries for purposes like soil stabilization but has become a major problem. P. juliflora invades farmland and blocks irrigation canals, reducing water flow. Country overviews describe its introduction and spread, negatively impacting agriculture in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and Sudan. Efforts have been made to control it through removal and utilization, but it remains very difficult to eradicate once established.
The document examines the effects of climate variability on the spread of Prosopis juliflora shrublands, vegetation trends, and livestock populations in Magadi Division, Kenya. Rainfall has decreased and become more variable while temperatures have increased over a 20-year period. Satellite imagery shows Prosopis cover expanding during dry seasons as other vegetation declines. Cattle populations have decreased as sheep and goat numbers rise. The study recommends exploring Prosopis utilization and economics to help pastoralists adapt to climate impacts.
This document discusses mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), an evergreen leguminous tree found in arid and semi-arid regions. It grows up to 10-15 meters high and its protein-rich pods are used as fodder, especially during dry periods. The tree fixes nitrogen, provides shade and shelter, and is used for windbreaks. It is well-adapted to harsh conditions like saline soil and drought. The pods are an important source of forage for livestock. Higher inclusion rates of pods in animal feed can cause toxicity issues. The foliage is generally unpalatable but may be eaten during drought.
Biochar: A Low Cost Solution to the Impending Global Food Crisisyurekborowski
Biochar is a plant based charcoal used to prevent drought in plants, increase yields by up to 140% in staple crops, retain fertilizer, decrease water usages, and sequester carbon in the soil for thousands of years. Go to International Biochar Initiative for more info!
The document summarizes strategies for climate change and sustainable development presented at a conference from March 20-22, 2012 in Hyderabad, India. It discusses concepts like vulnerability, adaptation, national climate change plans, impacts on water resources, agriculture, forests and more. Biocharculture is introduced as a process using biochar for carbon sequestration and sustainable cultivation. Adaptation benefits of biocharculture include securing crops from climate impacts, reclaiming degraded soils, water conservation and reducing impacts of chemicals.
The document discusses the design and testing of a pilot plant for fast pyrolysis of sawdust to produce bio-oil using an auger reactor. Various trials were conducted to optimize operating conditions such as temperature and feed rate. Characterization of the sawdust feedstock and products was also performed to analyze the pyrolysis process and properties of the bio-oil produced.
the advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy and green energy showing that the benefits of green energy is more than the conventional one ,,, showing also the disadvantages of the green one and how to cover it
The document discusses Prosopis Juliflora, a tree species that grows in drylands around the world. It provides both benefits and challenges. It can improve soils and is an important source of fuelwood, but it also spreads rapidly and depletes water resources if not properly managed. The document proposes using charcoal produced from Prosopis trees to reclaim degraded alkaline soils, increasing agricultural yields.
This document is the preface to a book titled "A Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs" published in 1897 by Rev. Herman Jensen. The preface provides background on the author's long interest in studying Tamil proverbs. It describes the difficulties in comprehensively understanding and collecting proverbs. The author aimed to improve on previous collections by providing English translations and explanations to help foreigners understand the meaning and context behind each proverb. The preface outlines the sources and methodology used to compile this new collection.
This document classifies natural resources as either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable resources, such as trees, plants, animals, water, sunlight and wind can be replenished naturally or through human efforts. Nonrenewable resources like coal, oil, natural gas, gold, silver and iron exist in finite amounts and get depleted once extracted from the earth. The document provides examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources and asks the reader to classify additional resources into the two categories.
This document discusses various types of green energy, including hydro, wind, solar, nuclear fusion, offshore wind, geothermal, and space-based technologies. It explains that green energy aims to minimize greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. The types of green energy are described in detail, along with emerging technologies like smaller modular nuclear reactors, offshore wind farms, and tapping geothermal energy deep beneath the Earth's crust. The document concludes by noting technologies like space-based solar and hydrogen from the moon remain in development.
PART 1: Alternative building techniques- we use on site materials to keep costs low, sand or subsoil, 50% rice hull for high R walls, which requires a stabiliser. Pneumatic tampers can work also, moist clay and sand become in effect sandstone, no stabiliser needed, but less insulation.
The document discusses various earth-based building materials and techniques. It provides details on analyzing soil composition through various tests. Mud construction materials like cob, rammed earth, adobe, and stabilized mud bricks are explained. Cob involves shaping mud into egg-shaped masses and stacking them without forms. Rammed earth uses a form to compress damp soil mixtures into solid walls. Adobe involves shaping soil-straw mixtures into bricks that are sun-dried. Indigenous stabilizers like straw and plant juices can be used to improve soil properties for construction.
This document discusses various traditional mud construction methods that have been used for thousands of years. It describes techniques like COB (curved mud walls), rammed earth (compacted layers between wooden frames), adobe (sun-dried bricks), wattle and daub (mud plaster over a bamboo frame), and pressed bricks. Advantages of mud construction include using locally available natural materials with minimal energy needed. Examples of historic mud structures from around the world are also provided.
Bamboo is a strong, flexible, sustainable building material that has been used for construction purposes for centuries, however its use has been limited due to a lack of structural design data and exclusion from building codes; the document discusses bamboo's mechanical properties and provides examples of how it can be used for building foundations, walls, roofs, and as reinforcement in concrete as well as methods for protecting bamboo through borax treatment.
Mud has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It provides a sustainable construction option that requires minimal energy and resources. Various mud construction techniques are described, including stacked earth (COB), rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, formed earth, earth filled in, compressed earth blocks, extruded earth, and cut earth. Mud construction provides benefits like natural temperature regulation, low costs, and environmental friendliness compared to other materials. However, mud buildings require regular maintenance and can be susceptible to damage from water or pests.
Nonrenewable resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas cannot be replenished in a short period of time and will eventually run out. They were formed from ancient organisms millions of years ago. Renewable resources such as solar, wind, water and biomass can be naturally replenished in a short period of time through natural processes and are less finite than nonrenewable resources. The key difference between the two is whether the resource can be naturally replenished within human timescales.
The document discusses commercial farming of jatropha curcas, a plant whose seeds can be used for biodiesel production. It proposes leasing 100 acres of land to cultivate 135,000 jatropha saplings and employ staff to manage irrigation and operations. The project aims to produce and sell jatropha seeds to oil marketing companies, contributing to Pakistan's renewable energy production while creating jobs and economic growth. Jatropha is well-suited as it is drought-resistant and can grow in marginal lands, with oil content of 37% that can be processed into biodiesel.
This document discusses integrated food-energy systems in sub-Saharan Africa using bioenergy from trees. It notes that worldwide bioenergy only contributes 10% of fuel sources while 60% of African energy comes from fuelwood and charcoal. Electrification rates are also very low across Africa. The document then discusses how the Gliricidia sepium tree can be used as a biomass source for small-scale power generation through gasification, providing energy for households and opportunities for rural employment. It provides Sri Lanka as a model where large and small Gliricidia plants provide cheaper fuel than fossil fuels. It argues for developing tree-based bioenergy projects across sub-Saharan Africa as an urgently needed energy
This document discusses the potential role of bioenergy in improving livelihoods, health, and food security. It notes that energy consumption is expected to increase significantly by 2030 and that bioenergy could provide half of global energy needs by 2050. However, current biomass utilization often degrades land and soil. The document advocates developing sustainable bioenergy production that benefits smallholder farmers through diversified income sources and improved access to water, mechanization, and fertilizers. Case studies show biofuels providing irrigation power and fuel for farm equipment in India. Moving forward, the document calls for policies promoting bioenergy's role in food security and livelihoods over solely transport, and developing models that avoid negative environmental impacts.
The document proposes installing solar dryers and metal silos in Indian villages to reduce agricultural waste by 30%. Solar dryers and silos could be provided to farmer cooperatives rather than individuals to make better use of the infrastructure. A new organization would need to coordinate funding and production to subsidize costs for farmers and ensure proper training, with costs of $500-1000 for silos and $3000-5000 for dryers capable of lasting 15-20 years. Constraints could include farmers' unwillingness to invest and dryers only working on sunny days.
This document is a project report submitted by Raghav Raman for their Entrepreneurship Development course. It discusses intercropping (growing multiple crops in proximity) and proposes establishing a sole proprietorship farm business called Double R Farm. The business would practice intercropping and sustainable agriculture. Intercropping improves resource utilization and reduces risks from pests and diseases. It also enhances soil fertility by including nitrogen-fixing crops. The report analyzes the feasibility and provides details about the business organization, mission, policies supporting agriculture startups, financial plan, and marketing strategy.
Jatropa: An alternative source of energy.Suraj Poudel
An article about Jatropa. Jatropha is also considered as “green gold in shrub” a plant that “seems to offer all the benefits of biofuels without the pit falls”
Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. (JISL) is an Indian agribusiness that manufactures and sells micro-irrigation systems (MIS) to smallholder farmers. It also processes and exports fruits and vegetables. JISL reaches farmers through its MIS business, serving them as consumers, and through contract farming, serving them as producers for JISL's processing business. Key aspects of JISL's inclusive business model include providing MIS, inputs, financing, and training to farmers to increase yields and incomes, and procuring crops from contract farmers to ensure supply for JISL's processing operations. As a result of JISL's model, farmers have seen annual yield increases of 60-130% and income
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
Contract farming is an agreement where farmers grow crops for agribusinesses in exchange for inputs and guaranteed prices. The document discusses contract farming models in India historically and currently, focusing on a model for jatropha cultivation. Small farmers can set up nurseries and plant jatropha as an intercrop that provides fuel, biofertilizer, and potential carbon credit income without much ongoing care. Jatropha oil demand is high for biodiesel in Europe and the US, and it can substitute for castor oil.
Viable opportunities in the fight against pollutionKasturika R
With the increasing focus on the poor air quality level in National Capital Region of India, this concept paper explores opportunities for businesses to invest their CSR budgets into projects that can help reduce pollution from one specific source of pollution - field burning - while also tapping into the revenue and employment generation potential of these opportunities. A win-win scenario for all stakeholders through sustainable development.
Development of solar dryer for post harvest treatment of cereals by sumit dha...Sumit Dharmarao
This document discusses the development of a solar dryer for post-harvest treatment of cereals. It begins with an introduction to food waste and losses in India. It then discusses sources of grain losses at different stages and the need for proper drying. Existing solar dryer designs have limitations. The proposed dryer uses mixed-mode solar drying and space heating principles to allow drying during cloudy weather and at night. Key features of the dryer include the solar collector, drying cabinet, and trays. The dryer was found to dry cereals faster than open sun drying and maintain product quality.
This document outlines a proposed cooperative society model for agricultural growth. Key points include:
1) A cooperative society would be formed with members from landowners, tillers, and local government representatives to make decisions and issue identity cards to farmers.
2) Agricultural land would be surveyed and illegally acquired land retrieved to ensure a cap of 15 acres per family is maintained, with collected land distributed to tillers and villagers.
3) The cooperative would provide seeds, fertilizers, equipment, insurance, and storage for members. Prices would be set cooperatively but stabilized across climatic zones.
4) The model aims to improve food security and reduce costs/subsidies while maintaining agricultural production even during cal
1. Major agricultural problems of india and various government initiatives1. MAJOR AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND VARIOUS GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
2. 2. Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade.
3. 3. 1.Small and fragmented land-holdings The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and eastern part of Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in certain parts it is less than even 0.5 hectare.
4. 4. 2.Seeds Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained growth in agricultural production. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of exorbitant prices of better seeds.
5. 5. • To solve this problem, the Government of India established the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State Farmers Corporation of India (SFCI) in 1969. • High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major thrust plan to increase the production of food grains in the country. • Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds distribution have gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 per cent and 9.5 per cent respectively, between 2004-05 and 2010-11).
This document discusses techniques to enhance agricultural productivity in India. It begins by outlining some distressing facts about Indian agriculture, such as declining food grain availability and increasing indebtedness of farmer households. It then proposes several solutions in key areas needing intervention:
1) Proper utilization of small land holdings through cooperative farming and division of profit laws.
2) Improving irrigation through techniques like open hydroponics, trace irrigation, and improving water storage.
3) Using alternative pest control methods like sterile insect technique to reduce pesticide use.
4) Improving storage to address significant post-harvest losses through private storage models.
This document discusses issues related to food security and the environment in India. It provides background on India's agricultural development since independence, including the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food grains. However, it also notes agriculture's negative impacts on the environment such as greenhouse gas emissions and loss of biodiversity. The document then focuses on specific issues like monocropping, genetically modified crops, and the problems faced by Indian farmers. Overall, it examines the need to balance food security with environmental sustainability in India's agricultural system.
Agriculture sustainability and food security is important to ensure future development and meet the needs of a growing global population expected to reach 11 billion by 2050. Sustainable agriculture aims to increase production without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs by considering factors like water and soil management, energy and wildlife conservation, and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. Achieving sustainable agriculture requires efforts across the entire food system from producers to consumers and changes to policies, institutions, and social values.
Agriculture sustainability and food security is our insurance policy for futu...Howard Barmil
This is an academic lecture and discussion which was done at the University of Jordan in college of agriculture; this lecture was made for the PHD candidates.
Sustainable agriculture is the system of farming (cultivating land, harvesting and selling farm products), while enhancing wise rural land development in concert with community interests and environmental protection. We must meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Understanding sustainability.
We must envision the broadest sense; it starts at the individual farm, and ends at the consumer’s table going through the full cycle of the ecosystem (farmers, farmworkers, consumers, policymakers and others). An emphasis on this ecosystem circle allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. A systematic approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between all agents in this ecosystem cycle.
ZEUS CORP is an organic farming company in India that works with small farmers. It aims to promote sustainable and ecologically friendly agriculture. It produces various organic products and provides training to farmers in organic practices and biodynamic farming. It also engages in renewable energy projects like biogas production, vermicomposting, and solar energy systems to improve farmers' livelihoods and the environment.
This document provides an overview of integrated farming systems. It discusses that integrated farming systems aim to sustainably produce high quality food, feed, fiber and renewable energy using soil, water, air and natural resources with minimal pollution. It notes that integrating crops, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and other enterprises can supplement farmer income and employment while better recycling farm wastes. The document outlines objectives and advantages of integrated farming systems, including improved land productivity and income stability. It also lists potential system components and provides details on dairy farming and common cattle breeds in India.
Similar to Juli Flora as Biomass for Green Energy (20)
The Eternal Source for Values in EducationAnurag Jain
The Vedic system of education in ancient India had several key features:
1. Its ultimate aim was illumination and liberation through imparting both worldly knowledge (vidya) and spiritual knowledge (para-vidya).
2. It developed the student holistically - physically, intellectually, morally, and spiritually. Students studied subjects like the Vedas as well as arts, sciences, skills and spiritual practices like yoga and meditation.
3. Education was seen as a means to preserve and transmit the best cultural traditions while also promoting social efficiency and happiness. Students were trained for their vocations and expected to become useful members of society.
KP, the former head of the LTTE's arms procurement wing, believes that education is key to developing critical thinking skills, non-violence, and hope for the future. He regrets not taking education more seriously, saying it would have allowed him to think independently rather than be influenced by mass propaganda. Education, he argues, gives children the ability to discriminate between right and wrong, think critically about their lives, and fight against adversity with courage and determination rather than resorting to violence. It develops a more nuanced intellect powered by reason rather than emotions alone. KP is now focused on providing education to help children in Sri Lanka heal from trauma and transform their future prospects.
On 17th of September, I was invited by Hill Top School to their Career Seminar to make a presentation on Social Entrepreneurship as a career option. The seminar was attended by over hundred school children from classes 10 onwards and their parents.
Social Entrepreneurship, by many well meaning leaders across the world is being hailed as the next big global movement. Puny though I am, I wish to state that I resonate with this conviction. So, I deeply admire the initiative taken by Mrs. Puneeta Chauhan, The Principal of Hill Top School for taking a courageous step forward and introducing children and parents to vocations that matter to society. We all know that in Jamshedpur and perhaps in most parts of India, the only careers garnering respect are medical, engineering or MBA. As a refreshing departure from this ubiquitous trend, the other career options that were included in the seminar were Human Resources, Environment and Social Work.
While making the presentation I was inspired by a statement made by Lisa, our previous intern, in one of her blogs, “It’s time to make Social Entrepreneurship Sexy” In fact I wanted to give this as the title of my post but then I dropped the idea thinking that this would be too blasphemous. The plight of Amit Trivedi scares me
If Coke advertises it’s wares and so does Nike and Apple, I do not understand why Social Entrepreneurs must be media shy or not be media savvy and trendy. Especially so, when what we advertise is concerned with most basic amenities of life like drinking water, food and education. So in the presentation I tried to make social entrepreneurship look trendy and sexy, an enticing option for young minds and not a staid and serious affair. Which does not mean that we are flippant in any sense because we grapple with some of humanity’s most pressing problems.
The presentation, being one for school kids is especially designed for people who are listening to this topic for the first time. So it is a simplistic version, which naturally sacrifices the intricacies, subtleties and subversions of this field. Please treat this as a disclaimer, in case you don’t find any profound stuff, which I reserve for practitioners of the field.
Ultimately, show this to your children
The document summarizes the events that occurred on Teacher's Day at the NEEV Public School which included the principal lighting the inaugural lamp, performances by students from various grades including a skit by students from grades 3 and 4 and dance performances. It also mentions a quiz being conducted for teachers by an 8th grade student and gifts being given to a teacher couple for their voluntary contributions. It ends with a message on Facebook from a former student and quotes about the importance of education and teachers in keeping the spirit of inquiry alive.
Lisa and Kishan spent a day at NEEV Soaps where photos were taken by Puja. Kishan had mood swings and had to be kept away from his laptop at times. Puja's mother Jasomati and brother Kishan were there, while Puja served as the photographer for the day, though mobile phones were a distraction from work at times.
Neev Public School held Independence Day celebrations which included performances by students such as songs, dances, speeches and a skit. Younger students sang songs while older students gave speeches in English and Hindi. There was also a tribal dance performance. The principal gave a speech and awards were given to students with perfect attendance from the previous year. The celebrations concluded with thanks to sponsors and supporters for helping the school.
This year three projects on behalf of NEEV Herbal Handmade Soaps were launched by MBA students of FMS, Delhi (Faculty of Management Studies). The three projects were on
1. NEEV Soaps Retail Strategy in NCR Region
2. NEEV Soaps Branding Strategy
3. NEEV Soaps Social Media Strategy
The NEEV Soaps Branding Strategy has come out with their project report and I am sharing it with all of you with a great sense of happiness. I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to Saurabh Khatri, a dear friend and my junior from REC Kurukshetra who spearheaded the entire project out of his personal initiative despite pursuing his corporate job. I would like to thank our friend Ishita from FMS who helped us anchor the projects with FMS students. Ultimately, I would like to thank Indushree and Karan, the students of FMS, members of the NEEV Soaps Branding Strategy Team who came up with some wonderful ideas.
Reflecting the true spirit of Social Entrepreneurship wherein talented people come together to share their skills and talent for a noble and common cause, the NEEV-FMS partnership is another example of how work can be carried out with social capital instead of money capital. We hope to have a long and fruitful association with FMS.
I also hope that we can carry this movement to other colleges and increase our fraternity of brothers who would love to commit themselves to an ideal that goes beyond mere self-interest and become change agents, providing an ethical and spiritual leadership to the movement of Social Entrepreneurship.
NEEEV School celebrated Republic Day with various student performances and speeches. Students from kindergarten through 10th standard participated in flag hoisting, marching, and singing songs in English and Hindi. Two sponsored tribal students, Ratan and Pushpanjali, delivered speeches in English and Hindi, respectively. Younger students performed group songs and dances while older students presented a Hindi skit. The Chairman gave a concluding speech to end the celebrations.
The document outlines the vision, values, philosophy and context of the NEEV organization. NEEV aims to empower individuals and transform society through education, environmental initiatives and social entrepreneurship. It follows a holistic education philosophy that educates the whole person. The educational context is Jharkhand, which has low literacy. Despite challenges like high costs, teacher retention and limited infrastructure, NEEV school has achieved success like high pass rates and a digital classroom. The summary provides an overview of NEEV's mission and approach to education in a challenging region.
Report of Kisan Mela organized by NEEV to mark the conclusion of SRI Kharif , 2011 program with 600 farmers in 3 blocks of Potka, Bodam and Jamshedpur in East Singhbhum District
NEEV Trust launched several initiatives in 2010-2011 including expanding their System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program to 200 farmers, launching a rural school kids sponsorship scheme providing partial scholarships to 60 children, and training rural women's self-help groups in herbal products. They encountered challenges with drought affecting their SRI program in some areas but were still able to work with farmers in Jamshedpur block. Their work focused on empowering individuals through education, livelihood and entrepreneurship programs, and environmental initiatives.
NEEV has started a Handicraft Unit in ChhotaGovindpur to empower women and rural youth through entrepreneurship. The unit brings local artisans together to create unique, usable products using their skills and creativity. It aims to incubate value-added businesses for economic sustainability while transforming society. Current products include embroidered clothing, paintings illustrating Jamini Roy art, and traditionally designed items. The unit works towards NEEV's mission of creating organizations that foster entrepreneurship and equitable wealth creation through technical and creative skills.
Kiddy is a girl from China who loves her home country but wants to experience other cultures. She has a serious face but is passionate and likes exploring the world. Her dream is to become a lawyer but it is difficult in China, so she wants to work as a government officer first. She has many hobbies like playing the violin, dancing, and chess. She feels lonely as an only child. She came to India for an internship to experience something new and be exposed to cultural shocks, though her preparations meant few surprises. She attends Xiamen University, one of the top schools in China located in Fujian province.
1. Juli Flora as Fuel for Green Power Transtech Green Power Pvt. Ltd. Sanchore, Rajasthan
2. About the Company Transtech Green Power Pvt Ltd is a Special Purpose Vehicle dedicated for the development of Renewable Energy projects. This company has ambitious plans of becoming a leading Green Power company in the country and the present power plant planned is among the many more green power plants to come. The company has set up a 12 mw biomass based Power plant at Sanchore, from where commercial production has already commenced. Apart from the existing 12 MW biomass based power plant at Sanchore, there are various Renewable Energy projects in the pipeline which are at different stages of development.
3. The Need for Power Infrastructure India has reached a point in its process of development where the focus has shifted back to building the basic infrastructure. By 2030 India will sustain a population of 1.5 billion people on an infrastructure that will almost entirely be built between now and the next two decades. Human development will require nothing less than 5000 units of annual per capita electricity consumption by year 2030 - A clear 15 fold increase in electricity consumption between now and 2030.
4. The Need for Green Power Electric Power is clearly the single largest source of Green House Gases. Its contribution is expected to increase over the years. Fossil fuel such as Coal and Oil are storehouses of carbon millions of years ago. Post renaissance industrial growth has forced us to burn them for our energy need and release the carbon that is no longer part of the present eco-system. It is clear that for India to grow, alternative sources of power must be explored and focus should shift towards greener fuel.
5. Bio Mass as Energy Generator Biomass, unlike wind or solar, is a firm and dispatchable source of renewable power. It is Renewable and Green because the biomass it consumes as fuel is regenerated periodically. More importantly the carbon that is released by its burning is absorbed by the plants as they grow again. Overall ecological balance is maintained as only the green house gasses that they accumulate during their life is released when they burn.
6. Juli Flora as Biomass for Power Juliflora is a very hardy plant and requires very less water to grow. It can grow very fast and is ready for harvest in 2 to 3 years time. A grown up plant once harvested grows back to its original size in the next 16 to 18 months. Hence a safe harvest cycle of every two years can be followed with the existing Juliflora plantation. This area has rich source of Juliflora which is having a caloric value close to 3400 to 3600 kcal/kg and is the most suitable biomass fuel.
7. Availability of Juli Flora The history of Juliflora plantation goes back long time when, in order to green the environment and stop the spread of desert, extensive plantation was done by the Rajasthan Government. Jodhpur Region was one of the district where this plantation has been extensively carried out on government land, private land, along-side the roads and area under the Forest Department. There is Juliflora plantation on 1. Forest land 2. Village Panchayat land 3. Government Revenue land. 4. Road side plantation 5. Private land
9. Tie-Up with Forest Department According to the bio-mass policy of the state, the company has undertaken tie-ups with JFMs (Joint Forest Management Communities) of Galifa, Hatimtai and Jhujhani for harvesting, plantation and cultivation of Juliflora. These tie-ups would ensure livelihood and earning for the village/village folk
10. Our Requirement of Juli Flora The total biomass requirement for a 12 MW plant is in the range of 1 Lac tons per annum. This assessment is based on the caloric value of 3800 kCal/kg for Juli Flora.
12. Scheme for Planting Juli Flora through Channel Partners We are planting ProsopisJuliflora on barren land by encouraging a concept of Channel Partners. Planting material to be raised and given to local partners for planting. Motivating & encouraging land owners & local people having land resources within a radius of 50 km & lying barren; to plant Juliflora under buy back agreement with us. Agriculture team within the company who looks after this development & organizes farmer camps and presentations. Extension team to provide cultivation assistance. Objective is to do commercial plantation of Juliflora (Different from exiting plantation, which is planted without any commercial intention) Adequate use of fertilizers on the treated area for reclaiming the area. We would be providing the seeds and saplings to farmers as incentive.
13. Advantages of Juli Flora Plantation Biomass can play a significant role in rural development and economy of the state. Investments in biomass based generation will lead to employment in rural economy as well as higher income levels for the farmer community who would be directly associated with the biomass generation in the long run. Farmers don’t farming round the year. Farmers have the opportunity to plow their field twice a year only and that too depending on seasonal conditions, water conditions and market conditions. They spend roughly 5-7 months in farming if they own good fertile land and even then there is no guarantee of return. Remainder of the year they have relatively free time. If they use a part of their land for Juliflora Plantation, they will have guaranteed income. The power plant has such a huge requirement of Juliflora that the farmers can bring their harvest any time of the year and increase their income. They can grow the plant on any kind of land whether it be saline land or water draught land.
14. Advantages of Juli Flora Plantation After an initial growth time of 3 years, the plant will grow in larger volume and at a quicker pace every time it is harvested. Also, the bud of the plant can be used to make coffee, jams, honey, pickles and used for other misc. purposes. That can act as another source of income for the farmers. Juliflora plantation is a risk free investment. The plant has a life of 50-60 years, it is immune to any kind of disease, animals don’t use it as a fodder and it grows in larger volume every time it is harvested.
15. Conclusion Green power is imperative for a sustainable way to meet the energy demands of the country. In the green power segment, bio-mass plants have a very vital role to play not only in generation of environmentally clean and sustainable power but also in regenerating the rural economy. Juli Flora seems to be a promising potential as a bio-mass fuel. We need to encourage energy plantations of Juli Flora on arid lands which ensures the sustainability of bio-mass based power plants and also regenerates rural economy. New forms of thornlessJuli Flora plantation need to be propagated so that the handling of Juli Flora becomes easy. The government must play an active role in propagation of Juli Flora through policies, research and awareness generation of the befits of this plant.