Downloaded 193 times
Uploaded byApparao Chodisetti
Biodrainage
The document discusses biodrainage, a method of using deep-rooted vegetation to remove excess soil water through transpiration. It highlights the advantages of biodrainage over conventional systems, including cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits, while presenting case studies in northwest India that showcase its effectiveness in lowering water tables and improving agricultural productivity. The conclusions emphasize the superior biodrainage potential of eucalyptus species in managing waterlogged lands.
More Related Content
Biodrainage
- 1.
- 2. Credit Seminar on Biodrainage CourseIncharge Dr. G. Ravi Babu Associate Professor & Head Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering By Ch.AppaRao BEM-12-001
- 3. INTRODUCTION Biodrainage maybe defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.” The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage.
- 4. Merits of biodrainageover conventional drainage systems Relatively less costly to raise biodrainage plantations No maintenance cost from 3rd year onward No operational cost, as the plants use their bio-energy in draining out the excess ground water into atmosphere. Increase in worth with age instead of depreciation No need of any drainage outfall and disposal of drainage effluent No environmental problem, as the plants drain out filtered fresh water into the atmosphere In- situ solution of the problem of water logging and salinity Preventive as well as curative system for waterlogging and salinity
- 5. Combined drainage-cum – disposal system Moderates the temperature of the surrounding by transpiration and a cushion for moderating frost, cold and heat wave impacts Helps in carbon sequestration and carbon credits Mitigates the problem of climate change and contributes to increased forest cover Purifies the atmosphere by absorbing CO2 and releasing O2 Acts as wind break and shelter belts in agroforestry system Provides higher income to the farmer due to the production of food, fodder, fuel wood and small timber
- 6. Where to apply: Thornburn and George (1999) observed that the evaporation from the soil takes place up to a depth of 4 m (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Relationship between evaporation and water table depth in different soil types
- 7.
- 8. Title Biodrainage tocombat waterlogging, increase farm productivity and sequester carbon in canal command areas of northwest India Scientists Jeet ram et al Journal & Year Current science. vol.100 (11):1673-1680. 2011 Location Puthi village, hisar district, Haryana
- 9. Fig.2 land lockedarea of puthi research plot.
- 10. Fig.3 Layout ofputhi research plot.
- 11. Table 1. Freshshoot biomass of 22, 5-year and 4-month-old trees of clonal eucalyptus tereticornis.
- 12. Table 2. Biomassand carbon sequestered by 5-yr and 4 month old clonal E.tereticornis
- 13. Table 3. Transpirationof groundwater by trees of clonal E.tereticornis
- 14. Fig.4 wheat yieldobtained with and without eucalyptus plantation.
- 15. Fig.5 effect ofplantation on soil electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe)(ds /m) and ph of the soil saturation paste (pHs).
- 16. Fig.6 Trend ofgroundwater table levels in (a) transect I and (b) transect II at Puthi research plot during April 2005 and 2008
- 17. Conclusions Four parallelstrip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal- irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi- arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. These plantations generated 46.6 t/ha fresh biomass with benefit-cost ratio of 3.5 and also sequestered 15.5 t carbon/ha. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields.
- 18. Title Biodrainage Potentialof Eucalyptus Tereticornis for Reclamation of Shallow water table areas in North West India Scientists J. ram et al Journal & Year Agroforest Syst. vol.69:147-165. 2007 Location Dhob-bhali research plot , Rohtak district, Haryana
- 19. Fig. 7 Locationof (a) Haryana state in north-west India and (b) Dhob-Bhali research plot in Rohtak district of Haryana state
- 20. Fig. 8 Layoutof Dhob-Bhali research plot. Legend. (•) Observation well,( ) road,( IIIIII ) railway line and ( ) plantation ) road, ( IIIIII ) railway line and () plantation
- 21. Fig. 9 fluctuationsof ground water table during 1974-2004 in rohtak district.legend.(-o-) june and (-^-) October.
- 22. Fig.10 Trend ofground water table levels in the east-west transect of Dhob-Bhali research plot during (a) pre-monsoon season, (b) monsoon season, (c) post-monsoon season and (d) winter season of 2004–2005
- 23. Fig.11 Mean trendof ground water table levels in the east-west transect of Dhob-Bhali research plot during 2004–2005 and 2005–2006.
- 24. Fig.12 Trend ofground water table levels in the north-south transect of Dhob-Bhali research plot during (a) pre-monsoon season, (b) monsoon season, (c) post-monsoon season and (d) winter season of 2004–2005
- 25. Fig.13 Mean trendof ground water table levels in the north- south transect of Dhob-Bhali research plot during 2004–2005 and 2005–2006.
- 26. Fig.14 Trend of(a)ground water table salinity and ground water table levels (b) soil salinity and ground water table levels and (c) soil salinity of the zone of capillary fringe and ground water table levels during may 2004 in east west transect. (.) ground water table and (^) salinity.
- 27. Fig. 15 Fluctuationsin g.w.t and g.w.t salinity during May of 2004, 2005 and 2006. Legend. ( ) May 2004, ( ) May 2005 and ( ) May 2006
- 28. Conclusions The averageg.w.t. in the plantations was 4.95 m and the average g.w.t. in the control located in the adjacent fields was 4.04 m and hence, the drawdown of g.w.t. was 0.91 m. Throughout the study of 2 years, the g.w.t. underneath the plantations remained lower than the g.w.t. in the adjacent fields without plantation. The g.w.t. in the plantations was lowered up to a maximum depth of 5.63 m below the ground level. The spatial extent of lowering of g.w.t. in the adjacent fields was up to a distance of more than 730 m from the edge of a plantation. The sinker roots reached the zone of capillary fringe up to a depth of 4.40 m clearly indicating that the Eucalyptus trees were absorbing capillary water of the g.w.t.
- 29. Title Biodrainage forpreventing waterlogging and concomitant wood yields in arid agro- ecosystems in north-western india Scientists O P toky et al Journal & Year Journal of scientific and industrial research. vol.70 :639-644. 2011 Location Haryana Agricultural University, hisar district, Haryana
- 30. Experimental sitecomprised of 30 acres (12 ha) of waterlogged land at CCS HAU farm square number 1799-1800 along with Balsamand canal which flows nearly in the east west transact. With a long term view of reclaiming this abandoned waterlogged site, biodrainage plantations have been raised as strip plantations on field bunds which are about 60 m apart from each other. Field bunds were 2.9 m broad at base, 2.6 m broad at top, 0.45 m in height and extend to a length of 150 m from north to south. Two rows of trees were planted on each bund with a row to row distance of 1.3 m. Plant to plant distance was 1.5 m in Eucalyptus and 3 m in other species.
- 31. Fig. 16—Tree heightand diameter at breast height (DBH) of different tree species in September 2009 (CD 5%: Ht 73, DBH 1.7)
- 32. Fig. 17—Strip plantationof some representative tree species on ridges at the field in university campus: a) Eucalyptus tereticornis C-10; b) Eucalyptus tereticornis C-3; c) Tamarix aphylla; and d) Prosopis juliflora (marked leaf area is difference between C-10 and C-3 of E. tereticornis)
- 33. Fig.18 —Leaf areaindex of different tree species in September 2009 (CD at 5%: 0.17)
- 34. Fig. 19—Water tableimmediately beneath each strip plantation with respect to fallow control bund
- 35. Table 5. watertable fluctuations measured as mean of monthly values from a well located 20m east of each bund during experiments
- 36. Conclusions: Tree speciesvary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
- 37.
Editor's Notes
- #7 We must plan to keep this 4m soil depth free from water logging to minimize the process of secondary salinization of soils.
- #10 The area is land-locked as it is surrounded by two parallel canals (Mitathal canal feeder and Jui canal feeder) in the east (1 km), Sunder canal branch in the north (3 km) and west (2 km) and Bass-Puthi road (0 km) in the south
- #11 22 observation wells were installed in two transects (Figure 3). Out of these, aset of 11 observation wells (no’s 1–11) was installed at equal spacing of 33 m in a straight line over a distance of 330 m in transect I. Similarly, another set of the remaining 11 observation wells was installed in transect II.
- #12 The surviving 240 trees ha–1 were divided into four girth classes (30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and above 60 cm), finding 65, 55, 87 and 33 trees in the respective classes. The proportionate 22 representative trees (6, 5, 8 and 3 trees from girth classes 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and above 60 cm class respectively) were felled during May 2008 and their height measured. Above-ground fresh biomass (shoot) was converted into timber, fuel wood and twigs/leaves and weighed.
- #13 Oven dry timber, fuel wood, twigs leaves and roots samples are oven dried and their carbon contents are determined by dichromate oxidation method.
- #14 Transpiration rate was measured using thermal dissipation probes. The newest method of transpiration measurement is now available from Dynamax for large trees and plants. The Thermal Dissipation Probe (TDP) transpiration sensor measures sap velocity which is converted to volumetric flow rate. TDP is a simple and affordable device originally proposed by Granier. The basic TDP probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. 28.5*365 10393*65
- #21 Plantation-I was raised over an area of 2.56 ha (320 m · 80 m) in July–August 1986 at Dhob-Bhali railway station yard located along Rohtak- Bhiwani railway line .spacing 3*3@1100 seedlings per ha. Plantation-2 80 trees with 323 trees per ha.observaton wells 1, 31,32 were taken as control. I is surrounded by waste land and 31 and 32 are surrounded by agricultural fields.
- #22 Water logged areas having having ground water table with in 3m b.g.l g.w.t is raising at an average rate of 7cm per anum.
- #23 except some minor deviations in observation wells Nos. 21–23, the g.w.t. underneath the plantation-I remained lower than the g.w.t. underneath the adjacent fields.
- #24 clearly indicated that, during each of the years, the g.w.t. underneath the plantation-I remained lower than the g.w.t. underneath the adjacent fields. Second, there was a rise in g.w.t. during 2005–2006 and this was mainly due to running of canals for more than the specified period to meet the water requirement of drought prone southern districts of Haryana state.
- #27 1. indicated that there was no correlation between g.w.t. salinity and g.w.t. levels, soil salinity and g.w.t. levels and soil salinity of the zone of capillary fringe and g.w.t. levels. Further, the g.w.t. salinity, soil salinity and soil salinity of the zone of capillary fringe decreased from western to eastern side. 2.Soil salinity decreased from west to east side in east west transect.