1. Delhi implemented its second phase of the Odd-Even traffic restriction plan from April 15-30, 2016 without changing any rules from the first phase. 2. Air pollution levels did not improve during this period, with various monitoring sites recording elevated PM2.5 levels above the national standard on the first day of implementation. 3. The failure to reduce pollution suggests that climatic conditions, non-compliance, and other pollution sources outweighed any benefits from restricting vehicular traffic. Choosing spring for the trial ignored that particulate levels are naturally high in Delhi due to dust at that time.

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9. 1. New Delhi 'Odd–Even II': A Hasty Repeat
Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha 1
2. Numerical Simulation of Entrained-flow Coal Gasification: A Study on Particles History
M.S. Alam, A.T. Wijayanta, K. Nakaso, J. Fukai 9
3. Optimal Operation of Self Sustainable Green Microgrid in Deregulated Power Sector
Jasmine Kaur, Yog Raj Sood, Rajnish Shrivastava 19
4. Analysis of Efficiency Loss in AlGaAs/GaAs Hetero-junction Solar Cell
Sadi M. Jawad Ahsan, Adnan Siraj Rakin 26
5. Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical Patterns, Management
J. Vijay Rao 34
Erratum
6. Critical Assessment of Odd and Even in Delhi
Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha 43
ContentsJournal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits

10. JoEECC (2016) 1-8 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
ISSN: 2249-8621(online)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
New Delhi ‘Odd–Even II’: A Hasty Repeat
Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha*
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Abstract
Three months after Odd–Even I, Delhi government again came forward with Odd–Even phase
II experiment during April 15–30, 2016 without making any change in the rules of ‘Odd–
Even’ phase I. This time too, the pollution level was not improved. Results indicated that the
levels of PM2.5 and ozone were showing poor air quality at various sites in the city. At Institute
of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, on April 14, 2016 one day before
implementation of rule the PM2.5 level was recorded as 71µg/m3
which corresponded with
value of Air Quality Index (AQI) 137. While on April 15, 2016 the first day 110µg/m3
which
corresponded with value of AQI 267. Similarly, increasing levels of PM2.5 were obtained at
various sites, i.e., Shadipur, Mandir Marg, ISBT Anand Vihar, R.K. Puram and Punjabi Bagh.
These elevated values suggested that there was no improvement in air quality during
implementation of the toughest calls for public well fare. Instead of decreasing, the pollution
level went up because of several reasons such as climatic conditions, violation of rules by
public and interference of other sources, etc. One important fact that Delhi is situated in the
region where particulate matter levels are naturally high due to suspended atmospheric dust
was ignored for choosing the timings of this trial. In order to differentiate the impact of
vehicular traffic versus industrial emissions and road dust vs automobile exhaust, such kind of
trials should have been conducted during monsoon season when dust is scavenged by the rain.
In the months of July and August soil is generally wet and suspension of road dust and
construction dust is also very least.
Keywords: Odd–Even II, assessment, traffic air pollution, particulate matter, urban area
INTRODUCTION
Almost every country in the world is facing air
pollution problem due to rapid growth of
industrial emissions and vehicular exhausts.
According to the reports more than 2 million
vehicles are added in Delhi during past six
years between 2009 and 2015. Total road
cover of Delhi is increased having
approximately 1/5th of the total city area [1].
However, according to very recent reports,
Delhi is no more the top polluted city but still
ranks 11th in term of air pollution among
world cities [2]. The city of New Delhi faces
problem of traffic jams and poor air quality
every day. People living in metro and mega
cities around the world are facing similar
problem along with daily traffic jams and road
accidents. Main reason behind the bad faces of
beautiful cities is the increasing population
due to both in home and migrated people. Job
opportunities, developmental work and
common facilities of metro cities attract
people from far places to come and settle for
the betterment of life. Overcrowded
population becomes a challenging issue of
state management further affecting resources
and their distribution. Encroachment of roads
and footpaths results in various problem such
as road congestion and air pollution.
Approximately nine million vehicles are
registered in Delhi; therefore, vehicular
pollution has become a major source of air
pollution in the city [3]. Due to this reason,
Delhi government has taken several steps to
overcome this problem. For example, phasing
out old commercial vehicles, introduction of
unleaded petrol and low sulphur diesel,
extensive use of compressed natural gas
(CNG) based vehicles and forest cover
increase during last four years have provided
improved air quality. Other such efforts
include implementation of Bharat Stage IV
(BS-IV), phasing out 15 year old vehicles,
ambient air fund, prohibiting burning of leaves
and plastics in open, promotion of gas based

11. JoEECC (2016) 9-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits
ISSN: 2249-8621(online)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Numerical Simulation of Entrained-flow Coal
Gasification: A Study on Particles History
M.S. Alam1,2
, A.T. Wijayanta3
, K. Nakaso2
, J. Fukai2,
*
1
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, School of Applied Sciences and Technology,
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University,
Surakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
Studies of coal particle history during coal gasification inside the gasifier are very limited. A
comprehensive 3D numerical simulation of entrained-flow coal gasification is conducted. The
Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and the
particle dynamics. The finite rate/eddy dissipation model is used to calculate the rate of gas-
gas phase reactions, whereas only finite rates are used for solid-gas phase reactions.
Turbulence is calculated using the standard k–ɛ model; the radiation energy is calculated
using the discrete ordinates model. The changes in coal particle history such as travelling
path, conversion, and position are explained in detail. The calculated outlet species
concentrations and centerline gas temperature are compared with those of experimental
results. CO and H2 (syngas) were found produced mainly in the reductor during coal
gasification, whereas a high-temperature gas with more CO2 and H2O is produced in the
combustor. The behavior of combustor coal particles in coal gasification was found to differ
significantly from that of reductor coal particles. The average path length for 70 µm particles
in the combustor is very large (15.5 m) compared to the 10 µm particles (2.5 m).
Keywords: Particles history, numerical simulation, coal gasification, coal conversion
INTRODUCTION
In view of the need for global sustainable
energy, coal is an important resource because
of its relative abundance. Presently about 75%
of electric power generation in China, over
50% in the US, about 22% in Japan, and
nearly 40% in the world depend on coal [1]. It
is expected that coal will continue to play a
significant role in meeting future energy
demand. A number of research programs are
now under way around the world to test and
develop efficient and economical production
of high heating value gas from coal
gasification. Gasification is the process of
converting various carbon-based feedstocks to
clean synthetic gas (syngas), which is
primarily a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and
carbon monoxide (CO) as fuels, through an
incomplete combustion. The feedstock is
partially combusted with oxygen and steam at
high temperature and pressure with only less
than 30% of the stoichiometric oxygen being
provided [2]. There are many research projects
on coal gasification found described on the
web. Among these, only a few focus on coal
particle behavior in coal gasification.
Chen et al. [3] predicted the gas flow field, gas
temperature distributions, extent of burnout,
and particle trajectories as well as particle
concentration within an air-blown two-stage
gasifier. The particle concentration was found
to be sensitive to swirl ratios for both
combustor and reductor burners. For strong
swirling ratio, particles were centrifuged to the
wall of the combustor. In contrast, lower
swirling ratios resulted in more distributed
particles in the combustor where these mostly
burn out. However, in the reductor, particles
were distributed over the entire volume except
for a region of extremely high concentration in
the center of the diffuser, caused by the
collision of four centrally aimed jets.

12. JoEECC (2016) 19-25 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
ISSN: 2249-8621(online)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Optimal Operation of Self-Sustainable Green
Microgrid in Deregulated Power Sector
Jasmine Kaur1,
*, Yog Raj Sood2
, Rajnish Shrivastava2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper presents the concept of self-sustainable green microgrid consisting of renewable
energy sources like wind, solar etc. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources has
been taken into account by using pump storage unit, which stores the surplus green energy.
The novelty of the work lies in the fact that green energy has been utilized as, when available,
to the maximum of its capacity, and given priority over thermal generation to serve local
loads within the microgrid; thus making it self-sustainable. The optimization aimed at
maximization of social benefit has been carried out using double auction model considering
all loads as dispatchable. The work has been analyzed on 7 bus test system simulated as green
microgrid.
Keywords: Dispatchable load, green microgrid, pump storage system, renewable energy
sources, self-sustainable, social benefit
INTRODUCTION
The microgrid (μg) concept refers to a cluster
of loads with micro/small generating sources
operating together, providing power and
sometimes both, power and heat to the local
area. To the main grid, μg is a controlled
entity, which is operated as an aggregated load
or a small source of power supporting the
main grid [1]. Utilizing renewable energy
sources (RES) as micro-generating sources in
μg is a befitting long-term solution for
growing energy needs. The versatility of μg
operation lies in its ability to run in either grid-
connected or grid-isolated mode. Microgrids
have the potential to improve overall system
efficiency and power quality to a large extent,
thus providing opportunities for economic
development in clean energy industry [2].
The optimal operation of a µg necessitates a
well-coordinated controlled μg operation.
Chun-Xia et al. focused primarily on a multi-
agent control scheme in the μg [3]. A reliable
grid-connected operation of μg is discussed by
Guodong et al., where a market bidding
strategy based on robust optimization is
implemented [4]. The strategies followed by
Chun-Xia et al. and Guodong et al. support
optimal µg operation but with interdependence
on the main grid [3, 4]. Significant research
has been done in integrating RES in the μg to
promote clean sources of power generation.
Hafez et al. presents a renewable energy based
μg that aims to minimize lifecycle cost [5],
whereas Baziar and Kavousi-Fard discuss the
uncertainties involved in the energy
management storage devices in µg [6]. An
energy management and control system in
order to control a microgrid is presented by
Álvarez-Bel et al. [7].
Energy storage is a vital requirement to manage
continuous power supply in renewable powered
μgs. Storage devices facilitate a robust energy
balance within the μg [8]. Energy storage with
newer battery technologies are discussed by
Qiang, et al. with a detailed description of
several types of storage technologies [9]. The
idea of energy and operation management of a
microgrid has been implemented using a variety
of algorithms by many researchers.
Radosavljević et al. present an efficient
algorithm based on particle swarm optimization
(PSO) for energy management of a microgrid

13. JoEECC (2016) 26-33 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
ISSN: 2249-8621(online)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Analysis of Efficiency Loss in AlGaAs/GaAs
Hetero-junction Solar Cell
Sadi M. Jawad Ahsan1
, Adnan Siraj Rakin2,
*
1
Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
Energy conversion efficiency is a major issue for photovoltaic cells. One of the main
challenges of modern day research is to improve the efficiency level of photovoltaic devices by
introducing new materials and advanced concepts. The target is to reach a high efficiency
level within affordable cost, which will lead to a mass generation of electricity using
photovoltaic devices. III-V hetero-junction solar cell has been introduced and characterized
here, which uses an AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs hetero-junction as the working p-n junction. Energy
conversion efficiency for each design was calculated from its corresponding light J-V
characteristics curve. Fill factor and efficiency loss was calculated for each mole fraction of 0
to 1 with a gap of 0.01. Here, exclusively an idea of which particular composition of AlGaAs
minimizes the effect of defects in GaAs/AlGa AS solar cell has been presented. It also presents
a picture of trade-off between efficiency and lifetime, as lifetime is directly related with the
amount of defects and thus will open new doors for analyzing different material compositions
for efficient solar cells.
Keywords: Solar cells, hetero junctions, PV cells
INTRODUCTION
Solar cells are semiconductor devices which
convert incident light into electricity by the
absorption of photons and subsequent
generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect
of electricity generation from light absorption,
which is known as the photovoltaic effect, was
first observed by the French physicist A.E.
Becquerel in 1839 [1]. In 1883, the first solid-
state photovoltaic cell was built many years
later, by Charles Fritts. He coated selenium
(Se) with an extremely thin layer of gold to
form the junction.
The photovoltaic device was less than 1%
efficient [2]. Then in 1954, the first practical
photovoltaic cell was developed in at Bell
laboratories by the three scientists; Daryl
Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald
Pearson [3]. They used a diffused silicon p-n
junction that achieved 6% efficiency. At
present, solar cells are built with many
different technologies, and the efficiency level
that these devices can achieve is pretty good.
In today’s world, we have bulk Si solar cells,
like we have thin film solar cells fabricated
from Si or CdTe, dye-sensitized solar cells,
and so on. There are even more advanced
concept solar cells like quantum dot (QD)
solar cells, hot carrier solar cells etc. Today,
solar cells are used for mass generation of
electricity. The added advantage of solar
power plants is that they require minimum
maintenance, and the input energy is clean and
free.
Figure 1 presents a simplified diagram of a
solar cell that utilizes a single p-n junction [4].
With no voltage applied to this junction, an
electric field exists in the depletion region of
the p-n junction. For simplicity, we consider
that a resistive load is connected with the
device. Now, photons incident on the device
can create electron-hole pairs in the space-
charge region, which are forcibly swept out of
the depletion region by the built-in electric
field, as the depletion region must be depleted
of free charges. This swept out carriers
produce a photocurrent IL, in the reverse-bias
direction for the p-n junction.

14. JoEECC (2016) 34-42 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
ISSN: 2249-8621(online)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical
Patterns, Management
J. Vijay Rao*
Occupational Health Centre, Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Abstract
Thyroid disorders are one of the important and common endocrine problems encountered in
clinical and occupational practice in all age groups more frequently in women and in adult
population. Amongst all the functional thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is far more common
than hyperthyroidism. Recognition of this condition at an early stage can delay the
progression to overt disease. Appropriate use of biochemical test, i.e., thyroid function test
can delineate practically all thyroid disorders. In this respect, a comprehensive study in
patients with thyroid disorders has been carried out at Medical Services, Nuclear Fuel
Complex (NFC), Hyderabad during Jan’12 to Dec’12. A total no of 136 cases were studied
and evaluated with regard to their aetiology, clinical presentation, biochemical parameters
and associated other chronic diseases. This study has attempted to explore the prevalence of
various thyroid disorders, (i.e., 1.1%) and the profile of affected population. In our study
among the surveyed (registered) population, 57 (41%) cases predominantly were found to be
having goitre, rest were suffering from nongoitruous thyroid disorder. It was also noticed that
a good no of patients (12) with subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with Diabetes
mellitus and 12 had Dyslipidaemia. Patients with thyroid nodule needs to be subjected to
sensitive TSH assays, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and high resolution
ultrasonography (HRUSG) to rule out malignant conditions. It is necessary to have high index
of suspicion in diagnosing and managing the patients with various thyroid disorders. Early
and effective therapy reduces symptoms, improves the quality of life and thus reduces the
morbidity as well as mortality.
Keywords: Asymptomatic, Thyroid disorders, Symptoms, Function, Dyslipidaemia
INTRODUCTION
Thyroid disorder is a general term representing
several different diseases involving thyroid
hormones and the thyroid gland. Thyroid
disorders are commonly separated into two
major categories, hyperthyroidism and
hypothyroidism, depending on whether serum
thyroid hormone levels (T4 and T3) are
increased or decreased, respectively. Thyroid
disease generally may be subclassified based
on etiologic factors, physiologic abnormalities,
etc.
 Thyroid disorders are one of the important
and common endocrine problems
encountered in clinical practice.
 Almost all forms of thyroid diseases are
more frequent in women than in men and
many thyroid ailments increase in
frequency with age.
 Amongst all the functional thyroid
disorders, hypothyroidism is far more
common than hyperthyroidism.
 The presentation of thyroid conditions can
range from clinically obvious to clinically
silent.
 Recognition of this condition at an early
stage can delay the progression to overt
disease.
 Early and effective therapy reduces
symptoms, improves the quality of life and
thus reduces the morbidity as well as the
mortality.
 More than 13 million Americans are
affected by thyroid disease, and more than
half of these remain undiagnosed.
 The diagnosis of thyroid disease can be
particularly challenging. Patients often
present with vague, general clinical
manifestations; in particular, the elderly
may not associate the signs and symptoms
with a disease process and thus may not
bring them to the attention of their primary

15. JoEECC (2016) 43 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 43
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
ISSN: 2249-8621(online)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Erratum
Critical Assessment of Odd and Even in Delhi
Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha*
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Original citation: Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credit. 2016;6(2):1–6p.
Citation for this erratum: Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credit. 2016;6(3):43p.
The concentrations reported for all the parameters are in fact their Air Quality Indices (AQI).
These should be treated without units.

16. Journal of
Energy, Environment
& Carbon Credits
(JoEECC)
ISSN 2249-8621 (Online)
September–December 2016
SJIF: 4.312
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