The document discusses Lebanon's oil and gas resources and history of exploration. It notes that Lebanon has an area of 10,452 square km and a population of over 4 million. Onshore exploration began in the 1930s but licenses were cancelled in 1975 due to civil war. Offshore exploration began in the 1990s and the first offshore licensing round is expected in 2012. The document outlines Lebanon's refining history and details of past onshore and planned offshore exploration. It notes governance and maritime border disputes that could impact Lebanon's ability to fully utilize its oil and gas resources.

1. Image retrieved from http://www.georgessassine.com/oil-gas-resource-curse-and-corruption/
Oil and Gas in Lebanon

2. Republic of Lebanon
Located on the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean Sea
• Located on the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean Sea
Total Area: 10,452 sq. km
•
•
Total Area: 10,452 sq. km
Population: over 4 million inhabitants
• Capital: Beirut
Population: over 4 million
• Shoreline extends 210 kilometers from north
to south
inhabitants
• Bordered
– North and East by Syria
– South by Occupied Territories/
Capital: Beirut
Palestine
– West by the Mediterranean Sea
Shoreline extends 210 kilometers
from north to south
Bordered
North and East by Syria
South by Occupied Territories/
Palestine
West by the Mediterranean Sea
Image retrieved from http://www.lebanon-exploration.com/

3. Petroleum Exploration 1930-2012
Onshore Offshore
1990s: Geological seismic
1930s: Dubertret extensively
surveys were conducted
described the geology of
strongly suggesting the
Lebanon
presence of oil and gas
deposit.
1940s: Onshore Exploration
started
2012: Expected first licensing
round for offshore oil and
1975: exploration Licenses gas exploration
canceled by government

4. Onshore Exploration
1947 – 1963: Seven exploratory wells have been drilled
1947 Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) drilled aawell in Terbol (depth: 3065 m)
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) drilled well in Terbol (depth: 3065 m)
1953 Well in Yuhmor (depth: 2672 m)
Well in Yuhmor (depth: 2672 m)
1960 Well in Al-Qaa (depth: 2557 m), Adloun (depth: 2150 m) & Yuhmor
Well in Al-Qaa (depth: 2557 m), Adloun (depth: 2150 m) & Yuhmor
1963 Well drilled in Tell-Znoub (depth: 1421 m) & Sohmor (Depth:1423 m)
Well drilled in Tell-Znoub (depth: 1421 m) & Sohmor (Depth:1423 m)
1967 Aabrine (depth: 620 m)
Aabrine (depth: 620 m)
1975 Exploration Licenses cancelled by the government
Exploration Licenses cancelled by the government

5. Refineries : Tripoli & Zahrani
Tripoli Refinery
Tripoli Oil Installations (TOI) Refinery operations stopped
Refinery
First refining activity
First refining activity
First pipeline built
First 33 storage tanks destroyed
33 storage
Crude oil transport from Iraq to
Lebanon through the Iraq
{
Petroleum Company (IPC) 1934 1940 1983-1985 1989
Present: storage purposes only
Zahrani Refinery Refinery activities stopped
Refinery
Mediterranean Refining Company
First refining activity
First refining activity The Government took
The Government took
Crude oil transport from Saudi
over the facilities
over the facilities
Arabia to Zahrani through Tapeline
Company
Caltex & Mobile-agreement
Caltex & Mobile-agreement
with Lebanese Government
with Lebanese Government Refinery damaged and closed
Refinery
Present: storage area for petroleum
products
1945 1952 1975 1982 1986 1989

6. Offshore Exploration
1993 GecoPrakla Performs a 2-D seismic survey to gather data Offshore Tripoli
2000 Spectrum performs a 2-D seismic survey to gather data of the Lebanese offshore
2006- PGS performs 2-D and 3-D seismic survey data of the Lebanese offshore
2012- Spectrum performs a 3-D seismic survey to gather data of the Lebanese offshore
2010 Offshore Petroleum Resources Law
Delineation of the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone of Lebanon
2011 sent to the United Nations
2012 Lebanon's Cabinet Approves Petroleum Administration Decrees
2012? Expected first licensing round for offshore gas exploration

7. ‫‪Public Policy‬‬
‫قانون الموارد البترولية في المياه البحرية‬
‫قانون رقم 231 - صادر في 0102/8/42‬
‫تم نشره في الجريدة الرسمية العدد 14 - الصادرة بتاريخ 2 أيلول 0102‬
‫الكحكام العامة للتعاقد مع الشركات من أجل البحث والتنقيب عن النفط والغاز‬
‫مرسوم رقم 9305 - صادر في 4991/4/9‬
‫مرسوم هيئة إدارة قطاع البترول: 46 مادة تحدد المهام والمسؤوليات‬
‫جريدة السفير, 03 آذار 2102‬

8. Governance Issues
Lebanese policy makers should examine lessons from the success and
failure of other countries
Policy threats Corruption prevention
• Corruption • Public Extraction contracts
• Poor implementation • Monitor and disclose
• Unequal distribution of oil extraction figures
revenues • Ratify international standards
• Volatility of oil prices or treaties
• Non-diversification of the • Implement anti-bribery codes
economy (implementation of the regulations in
the home countries of oil company
• Environmental risk operating in Lebanon)

9. Maritime Border Disputes
Levant Basin located in the East
Mediterranean region involve
different countries including
Lega
•Gaza, lFr a m
• D ewor
•Occupied Territories/Israel, emar k
bord cate ma
e
•Lebanon, Syria r with Cy ritime
•Egypt, prus
• R and
•Cyprus, esolv
•Syria, and dispu e maritim
tes w
ith Isr e border
•Turkey ael
Maritime boundary disputes will
prevent Lebanon from exploring
part of its oil and gas resources

10. Lebanese Israeli Disputes
Both countries are at war
• No Direct negotiation
• No joint development agreement
Israel has not signed the UN Law of
the Sea
• Lebanon can not force Israel to
resolve maritime dispute through
Image retrieved from
http://www6.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?eid=21366&frid=23&seccatid=14&cid=23&fromval=1
an international tribunal
Remaining Option: Third Party mediation e.g. The United Nations
Lebanon developed it own
‘Delineation of the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone of Lebanon’
and sent it to The United Nations on October 2011

11. Maritime Legal Frameworks
Cyprus
Feb. 2011 - Ratified the delimitation of the EEZ with Israel by Law
Dec. 2010 - Delimitation agreement of the EEZ with Israel
Jan. 2007 - Delimitation agreement of the EEZ with Lebanon
Mar. 2003 - Ratified the delimitation of the EEZ with Arab Republic of Egypt by Law
Feb. 2003 - Delimitation agreement of the EEZ with Arab Republic of Egypt
Lebanon
Oct. 2011
Delineation of the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone of Lebanon

12. Exploration and Licensing
Lebanon Exploration: Lebanon International Petroleum Ex
Ministry of Energy and Water - Lebanon (LIPE)
Lebanon 1st License Round
•LIPE 2012 (3/4/5 July 2012)
•Legal and Fiscal Documents:
For details, check
– Offshore Petroleum Law
brochure and flyer
•Data: Data Room
•LIPE 2011 (29/30 July 2011)
– Technical data – Companies attending the Forum
– Post show summary for a briefing
– Booklet for details
•Flyer: Description and Letter of invitation – Presentations available for
for exploration companies download

13. Events 2011-2012
• Lebanon Oil, Gas & Energy Conference 2012: Organized by Arabcom Group. An
annual meeting place for International and regional oil, gas, and energy industry
• Role of natural gas in Lebanon’s future energy mix: The Third International
Workshop organized by Munib and Angela Masri Institute of Energy and Natural Resources
at the American University of Beirut. (April 2012)
• Geopolitics of oil and gas in Lebanon in the Near East a conference held at the Holy
Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). (March 2011)
• Lebanon International Petroleum Exploration Forum (LIPE)
• LIPE 2012 (3/4/5 July 2012)
For details, check brochure and flyer
• LIPE 2011 (29/30 July 2011)
Read the Post show summary for a briefing, check the booklet for details, and click on
presentations to download documents
– ‫مؤتمر في الجامعة المريكية للعلوم و التكنولوجيا حول الطاقة النفطية في لبنان 1102 طاقة لبنان النفطية‬

14. “Oil and Gas in Lebanon” Guide
• This PPT is just a brief presentation on Lebanese petroleum exploration
and related issues.
• Check the “Oil and Gas in Lebanon” guide* for more on exploration
history, prospective offshore exploration, geo-petroleum issues, petroleum
law, licensing, maritime laws and disputes, and other issues.
* Use the tabs at the top of the guide to navigate through the different pages of this guide.

15. References
“Lebanon 1st Licensing Round.” Lebanon International Petroleum Exploration Forum. Ministry of
Water and Energy. 2012.
Lebanon Exploration. Lebanon International Petroleum Exploration Forum. Ministry of Water and
Energy. 2011.
Sassine, Georges P. “Resolving Lebanon’s Maritime Border Disputes.” A New Vision for Lebanon.
George Sassine. 12 Dec. 2011.
Sulayman, Walid F. “Demand and Supply Prospects for Major Petroleum Products in Lebanon.” Master
Thesis. American University of Beirut. 1972.
Wählisch, Martin. “Israel-Lebanon Offshore Oil & Gas Dispute – Rules of International Maritime Law.”
ASIL Insights 15.31 2011: n. pages
‫نيسان 2102 12 خليفة, عصام. الصراع على النفط والغاز.هل يكسب لبنان حقوله؟ السفير‬

16. Thank You