This was a presentation I did on PLONS "Physical Layer Optical Network Security" for the Central New York ISSA Chapter which was derived from my Masters Thesis
Most Viewed Article for an year in Academia - International Journal of Distri...ijdpsjournal
The growth of Internet and other web technologies requires the development of new algorithms and architectures for parallel and distributed computing. International journal of Distributed and parallel systems is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal aims to publish high quality scientific papers arising from original research and development from the international community in the areas of parallel and distributed systems. IJDPS serves as a platform for engineers and researchers to present new ideas and system technology, with an interactive and friendly, but strongly professional atmosphere.
This study investigated the effects of WiFi radiation and vitamin C on the growth of Dugesia tigrina planarians and Rana pipiens frogs. The researchers hypothesized that organisms exposed to high doses of WiFi radiation but treated with vitamin C would grow faster than those exposed without treatment. However, the results showed insignificant differences between experimental and control groups, indicating that WiFi radiation does not pose a threat to these organisms. While some studies suggest links between radiofrequency exposure and health issues, the researchers concluded these effects are specific to the organisms studied.
This document announces a call for papers for the IEEE PIMRC 2015 conference in Hong Kong from August 30 to September 2, 2015. It will include technical sessions, tutorials, workshops, and panels on wireless communications, networks, services, and applications. The deadline for paper submissions is April 30, 2015. It also provides details on one of the tutorials that will be presented on advanced air interface techniques for 5G networks. The tutorial will discuss key 5G technologies including distributed antenna systems, massive MIMO, millimeter wave communications, and small cell networks. It will analyze the technical aspects and challenges of 5G and present emerging research opportunities in this area. The tutorial presenters and their brief biographies are also included.
Cybersecurity in a Transparent World, Cyber Security Technology Symposium, Li...G. S. McNamara
Discussed privacy and security issues present in a connected world from a variety of perspectives. Moderator: Dr. Anup K. Ghosh, Chief Scientist, Center for Secure Information Systems (CSIS). Additional panelists: Gary McGraw, chief technology officer at Cigital, Michael Lefebvre, cybersecurity strategist at Northrop Grumman Corporation, and Elizabeth A. Hight, Rear Admiral (USN, ret.) vice president, U.S. Defense Command and Control Infrastructure Practice at Hewlett-Packard Company
This document outlines the course details for a Wireless Networks course. The course is for 4 credit hours and covers the fundamentals of wireless technologies and wireless network design. The course objectives are to understand wireless network concepts, analyze wireless technologies, evaluate emerging standards, and address wireless network security. Key topics covered include wireless communication fundamentals, evolution of technologies like GSM and CDMA, ad-hoc and sensor networks, emerging standards such as Wi-Fi and WiMax, and design considerations for secure wireless infrastructure. Assessment includes internal tests and an end of term exam weighing different modules based on class hours.
The Interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing Information and communication technologies (ICT), defines a new networking paradigm called “Internet of Nano-Things"
The OptIPlanet Collaboratory Supporting Researchers WorldwideLarry Smarr
The document discusses the OptIPlanet Collaboratory, which supports researchers worldwide through integration of high definition video streams, large scale image display walls, and collaborative analysis of large scale images. It enables e-science collaborations without walls through uncompressed HD telepresence. OptIPortals using embedded iHDTV allow collaboration between multiple locations and are being adopted globally at various research institutions.
Most Viewed Article for an year in Academia - International Journal of Distri...ijdpsjournal
The growth of Internet and other web technologies requires the development of new algorithms and architectures for parallel and distributed computing. International journal of Distributed and parallel systems is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal aims to publish high quality scientific papers arising from original research and development from the international community in the areas of parallel and distributed systems. IJDPS serves as a platform for engineers and researchers to present new ideas and system technology, with an interactive and friendly, but strongly professional atmosphere.
This study investigated the effects of WiFi radiation and vitamin C on the growth of Dugesia tigrina planarians and Rana pipiens frogs. The researchers hypothesized that organisms exposed to high doses of WiFi radiation but treated with vitamin C would grow faster than those exposed without treatment. However, the results showed insignificant differences between experimental and control groups, indicating that WiFi radiation does not pose a threat to these organisms. While some studies suggest links between radiofrequency exposure and health issues, the researchers concluded these effects are specific to the organisms studied.
This document announces a call for papers for the IEEE PIMRC 2015 conference in Hong Kong from August 30 to September 2, 2015. It will include technical sessions, tutorials, workshops, and panels on wireless communications, networks, services, and applications. The deadline for paper submissions is April 30, 2015. It also provides details on one of the tutorials that will be presented on advanced air interface techniques for 5G networks. The tutorial will discuss key 5G technologies including distributed antenna systems, massive MIMO, millimeter wave communications, and small cell networks. It will analyze the technical aspects and challenges of 5G and present emerging research opportunities in this area. The tutorial presenters and their brief biographies are also included.
Cybersecurity in a Transparent World, Cyber Security Technology Symposium, Li...G. S. McNamara
Discussed privacy and security issues present in a connected world from a variety of perspectives. Moderator: Dr. Anup K. Ghosh, Chief Scientist, Center for Secure Information Systems (CSIS). Additional panelists: Gary McGraw, chief technology officer at Cigital, Michael Lefebvre, cybersecurity strategist at Northrop Grumman Corporation, and Elizabeth A. Hight, Rear Admiral (USN, ret.) vice president, U.S. Defense Command and Control Infrastructure Practice at Hewlett-Packard Company
This document outlines the course details for a Wireless Networks course. The course is for 4 credit hours and covers the fundamentals of wireless technologies and wireless network design. The course objectives are to understand wireless network concepts, analyze wireless technologies, evaluate emerging standards, and address wireless network security. Key topics covered include wireless communication fundamentals, evolution of technologies like GSM and CDMA, ad-hoc and sensor networks, emerging standards such as Wi-Fi and WiMax, and design considerations for secure wireless infrastructure. Assessment includes internal tests and an end of term exam weighing different modules based on class hours.
The Interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing Information and communication technologies (ICT), defines a new networking paradigm called “Internet of Nano-Things"
The OptIPlanet Collaboratory Supporting Researchers WorldwideLarry Smarr
The document discusses the OptIPlanet Collaboratory, which supports researchers worldwide through integration of high definition video streams, large scale image display walls, and collaborative analysis of large scale images. It enables e-science collaborations without walls through uncompressed HD telepresence. OptIPortals using embedded iHDTV allow collaboration between multiple locations and are being adopted globally at various research institutions.
The document outlines the history and types of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how the earliest MANET, called PRNET, was developed in the 1970s by DARPA. It grew out of early packet radio networks. MANET research increased in the 1990s with the rise of wireless networking. The document also covers MANET applications in military, emergency response, education, and home/entertainment settings and challenges like hidden and exposed terminal problems.
The document discusses future applications of nanotechnology and biological nanomachines. It describes how cells can be viewed as biological nanomachines that communicate through molecular signals. The document outlines how genetic engineering can be used to program biological cells like bacteria to perform specific functions, and how this could enable applications in health monitoring, sensing, computing and more. Long term, biological nanomachines could be used to create intracellular and interbody networks for advanced health applications and environmental monitoring.
This document presents a presentation on molecular communication and its applications. It discusses how molecular communication works by emitting information molecules from a transmitter to a receiver. It describes the basic components involved in each phase of molecular communication including encoding, sending, propagation, receiving, and decoding. It also discusses potential applications of molecular communication in areas like nano-medicine, diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and environmental monitoring.
This technical presentation provides an overview of nanotechnology, including definitions, history, approaches, applications, and health impacts. It defines nanotechnology as engineering at the molecular level from 1 to 100 nm. The presentation describes the top-down and bottom-up approaches, and discusses nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and artificial atoms. Applications outlined include medicine, energy, electronics, agriculture, and consumer goods. Stages of nanotechnology development and potential health risks are also summarized.
Poster for Snickers Conference(Afghah Version)Jabari Stegall
This document summarizes Jabari Stegall's implementation of a smart home using a wireless sensor network. The study was supported by grants from NCSU and the NSF. The wireless sensor network consisted of ZigBee nodes connected to sensors to monitor events. The nodes sent sensor data to a gateway node connected to a laptop. Tests showed the sensors could successfully detect events and the network had minimal battery consumption. Potential applications of wireless sensor networks discussed include smart homes, health monitoring, industrial facilities, supply chain management, and smart grids.
WiTricity is a trademark referring to wireless energy transfer through near-field inductive coupling of electromagnetic resonant objects without wires. Researchers at MIT successfully demonstrated transferring 60 watts of power to light a bulb from coils 2 meters apart at 45% efficiency. This emerging technology could potentially reduce battery dependence for consumer, industrial, and military applications and enable wireless information transfer without radio interference.
The document summarizes research on female use of entertainment technology compared to males. It finds that while females are more likely to use communication technologies like email, males engage with social media and online communities more. A study was conducted using an anonymous online survey of Facebook users and forum members, and found that males scored higher in most areas of social technology use. However, females engaged more with Neopets, while males preferred PC games. Overall the research suggests technology is still perceived as a masculine domain and female mastery is limited by a lack of relatable entertainment venues exemplifying femininity.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on limited evidence that heavy use of wireless phones can increase the risk of glioma, a type of brain cancer. A recent review by a working group of 31 scientists found limited evidence of increased cancer risk among long-term heavy users of mobile phones. They recommended further research on long-term, heavy use of mobile phones and measures to reduce exposure such as hands-free devices or texting.
This document discusses the safety of cellphone radiation based on photon energy levels. It makes three key points:
1) Cellphones operate in the classical wave limit of high photon densities, not the single photon limit, so the energy of individual photons is irrelevant to safety.
2) The photon flux from cellphones is many orders of magnitude greater than levels that have produced biological effects in studies. Effects could result from coherent photon energies combining to do work inside cells.
3) Estimates suggest exposure levels above 30pW/m^2 could produce biological damage, whereas cellphones typically emit hundreds of V/m, exceeding considered "safe" levels for large neurons. Many studies have found health effects from
2021 Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Netwo...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research article that compares the performance of three routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. The article uses a network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate the protocols based on metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. The results show that reactive protocols (AODV and DSR) generally outperform the proactive protocol (DSDV) due to lower control overhead and better adaptation to high mobility. DSR achieves the best performance overall by minimizing the number of required floods.
This presentation file is used for SNOW case study briefing at Asian Regional OER & OCW Conference at Taipei, Taiwan 2010, 1-2, Nov. Stella HaYoung Shin, researcher of SNOW team's external relations was a speaker for this presentation.
March 2021: Top Ten Cited Article for International Journal of Wireless & Mob...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
This document discusses realizing an Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) by connecting physical objects at the nano scale. It outlines challenges like developing nano communication methods. Two approaches are electromagnetic nano communications between devices 2-6 micrometers in size using nano antennas and processors. Molecular communications transmit information using biomolecules between nano machines. Potential applications include new healthcare monitoring with nano sensors embedded on clothing communicating via nano networks and electromagnetic or molecular means. Realizing an IoNT could help address problems in fields like healthcare and building smart cities.
This document discusses user privacy and data trustworthiness in mobile crowd sensing. It begins with an introduction to mobile wearable devices and mobile crowd sensing. It then describes the differences between wireless sensor networks and mobile sensor networks. The architecture of mobile crowd sensing is explained as having three stages: sensing, learning and mining, and disseminating. Several attack models are presented that threaten user privacy and data trustworthiness. Applications of mobile crowd sensing like pollution monitoring and traffic reporting are provided. The document concludes that mobile crowd sensing has great potential once data reliability issues are addressed.
Wi fi technology - an uncontrolled global experiment on the health of mankind...Marc Manthey
- Wi-Fi technology and other wireless communications have led to unprecedented global exposure of electromagnetic fields (EMFs), but there are no standards or regulations regarding potential health risks.
- 7 billion people worldwide are exposed to an unknown spectrum of EMFs from sources like mobile phones, base stations, satellites, and Wi-Fi with no criteria established for hazards, no monitoring, and no research on health effects.
- Children are of particular concern since their brains are still developing and they are using more electronic/wireless devices, but the impacts of EMF exposure on health are complex and long-term effects are unknown.
August 2021: Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobi...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The document summarizes a study that measured Wi-Fi radiation levels in a school compared to levels near a mobile phone mast. Researchers found that radiation levels from a laptop connected to the school's Wi-Fi network were about three times higher than levels measured 100 meters from a mobile phone mast, the approximate distance a student may be from the nearest mast. Although well below government safety limits, the authors believe Wi-Fi radiation levels are still significant for children due to their developing skulls absorbing more radiation than adults.
Review adverse effects on environment due to cell tower radiation (microwa...Nripesh Gupta
This paper tells u about the adverse effects on enviornment and human being due to cell tower radiation and what are different ways i.e governmental and basic ways to minimize the radiation.
This document outlines a proposed system to monitor environmental conditions in an underground mine using Internet of Things technology. It describes the hardware requirements including a Raspberry Pi module, sensors for gas, light, humidity, temperature, and a camera. The software requirements include the Raspbian operating system and Python. The expected results involve interfacing sensors to the Raspberry Pi, capturing video and images with the camera, and monitoring sensor values on a website.
The document discusses mega-events, which are large international events like the Olympics or World Cup that increase tourism, media coverage, and economic impact. It then outlines the many teams involved in planning a successful event, from venue managers and stage managers to security, catering, and ticketing operations. The presentation emphasizes developing the event concept based on its theme, venue, audience, resources, timing, and team skills before analyzing the finalized concept and any competition.
The document lists details of several security camera projects won by MEGA, including the number of branches, cameras, and recorders installed, as well as the USD value of the contracts. The largest projects included installing over 40,000 cameras and 2,300 recorders for Bank Mellat valued at $25 million, and over 18,000 cameras and 771 recorders for the Ministry of Education at $7 million. MEGA also won security contracts for hotels, malls, and transportation organizations in Iran and the United Arab Emirates.
The document outlines the history and types of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how the earliest MANET, called PRNET, was developed in the 1970s by DARPA. It grew out of early packet radio networks. MANET research increased in the 1990s with the rise of wireless networking. The document also covers MANET applications in military, emergency response, education, and home/entertainment settings and challenges like hidden and exposed terminal problems.
The document discusses future applications of nanotechnology and biological nanomachines. It describes how cells can be viewed as biological nanomachines that communicate through molecular signals. The document outlines how genetic engineering can be used to program biological cells like bacteria to perform specific functions, and how this could enable applications in health monitoring, sensing, computing and more. Long term, biological nanomachines could be used to create intracellular and interbody networks for advanced health applications and environmental monitoring.
This document presents a presentation on molecular communication and its applications. It discusses how molecular communication works by emitting information molecules from a transmitter to a receiver. It describes the basic components involved in each phase of molecular communication including encoding, sending, propagation, receiving, and decoding. It also discusses potential applications of molecular communication in areas like nano-medicine, diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and environmental monitoring.
This technical presentation provides an overview of nanotechnology, including definitions, history, approaches, applications, and health impacts. It defines nanotechnology as engineering at the molecular level from 1 to 100 nm. The presentation describes the top-down and bottom-up approaches, and discusses nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and artificial atoms. Applications outlined include medicine, energy, electronics, agriculture, and consumer goods. Stages of nanotechnology development and potential health risks are also summarized.
Poster for Snickers Conference(Afghah Version)Jabari Stegall
This document summarizes Jabari Stegall's implementation of a smart home using a wireless sensor network. The study was supported by grants from NCSU and the NSF. The wireless sensor network consisted of ZigBee nodes connected to sensors to monitor events. The nodes sent sensor data to a gateway node connected to a laptop. Tests showed the sensors could successfully detect events and the network had minimal battery consumption. Potential applications of wireless sensor networks discussed include smart homes, health monitoring, industrial facilities, supply chain management, and smart grids.
WiTricity is a trademark referring to wireless energy transfer through near-field inductive coupling of electromagnetic resonant objects without wires. Researchers at MIT successfully demonstrated transferring 60 watts of power to light a bulb from coils 2 meters apart at 45% efficiency. This emerging technology could potentially reduce battery dependence for consumer, industrial, and military applications and enable wireless information transfer without radio interference.
The document summarizes research on female use of entertainment technology compared to males. It finds that while females are more likely to use communication technologies like email, males engage with social media and online communities more. A study was conducted using an anonymous online survey of Facebook users and forum members, and found that males scored higher in most areas of social technology use. However, females engaged more with Neopets, while males preferred PC games. Overall the research suggests technology is still perceived as a masculine domain and female mastery is limited by a lack of relatable entertainment venues exemplifying femininity.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on limited evidence that heavy use of wireless phones can increase the risk of glioma, a type of brain cancer. A recent review by a working group of 31 scientists found limited evidence of increased cancer risk among long-term heavy users of mobile phones. They recommended further research on long-term, heavy use of mobile phones and measures to reduce exposure such as hands-free devices or texting.
This document discusses the safety of cellphone radiation based on photon energy levels. It makes three key points:
1) Cellphones operate in the classical wave limit of high photon densities, not the single photon limit, so the energy of individual photons is irrelevant to safety.
2) The photon flux from cellphones is many orders of magnitude greater than levels that have produced biological effects in studies. Effects could result from coherent photon energies combining to do work inside cells.
3) Estimates suggest exposure levels above 30pW/m^2 could produce biological damage, whereas cellphones typically emit hundreds of V/m, exceeding considered "safe" levels for large neurons. Many studies have found health effects from
2021 Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Netwo...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research article that compares the performance of three routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. The article uses a network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate the protocols based on metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. The results show that reactive protocols (AODV and DSR) generally outperform the proactive protocol (DSDV) due to lower control overhead and better adaptation to high mobility. DSR achieves the best performance overall by minimizing the number of required floods.
This presentation file is used for SNOW case study briefing at Asian Regional OER & OCW Conference at Taipei, Taiwan 2010, 1-2, Nov. Stella HaYoung Shin, researcher of SNOW team's external relations was a speaker for this presentation.
March 2021: Top Ten Cited Article for International Journal of Wireless & Mob...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
This document discusses realizing an Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) by connecting physical objects at the nano scale. It outlines challenges like developing nano communication methods. Two approaches are electromagnetic nano communications between devices 2-6 micrometers in size using nano antennas and processors. Molecular communications transmit information using biomolecules between nano machines. Potential applications include new healthcare monitoring with nano sensors embedded on clothing communicating via nano networks and electromagnetic or molecular means. Realizing an IoNT could help address problems in fields like healthcare and building smart cities.
This document discusses user privacy and data trustworthiness in mobile crowd sensing. It begins with an introduction to mobile wearable devices and mobile crowd sensing. It then describes the differences between wireless sensor networks and mobile sensor networks. The architecture of mobile crowd sensing is explained as having three stages: sensing, learning and mining, and disseminating. Several attack models are presented that threaten user privacy and data trustworthiness. Applications of mobile crowd sensing like pollution monitoring and traffic reporting are provided. The document concludes that mobile crowd sensing has great potential once data reliability issues are addressed.
Wi fi technology - an uncontrolled global experiment on the health of mankind...Marc Manthey
- Wi-Fi technology and other wireless communications have led to unprecedented global exposure of electromagnetic fields (EMFs), but there are no standards or regulations regarding potential health risks.
- 7 billion people worldwide are exposed to an unknown spectrum of EMFs from sources like mobile phones, base stations, satellites, and Wi-Fi with no criteria established for hazards, no monitoring, and no research on health effects.
- Children are of particular concern since their brains are still developing and they are using more electronic/wireless devices, but the impacts of EMF exposure on health are complex and long-term effects are unknown.
August 2021: Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobi...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The document summarizes a study that measured Wi-Fi radiation levels in a school compared to levels near a mobile phone mast. Researchers found that radiation levels from a laptop connected to the school's Wi-Fi network were about three times higher than levels measured 100 meters from a mobile phone mast, the approximate distance a student may be from the nearest mast. Although well below government safety limits, the authors believe Wi-Fi radiation levels are still significant for children due to their developing skulls absorbing more radiation than adults.
Review adverse effects on environment due to cell tower radiation (microwa...Nripesh Gupta
This paper tells u about the adverse effects on enviornment and human being due to cell tower radiation and what are different ways i.e governmental and basic ways to minimize the radiation.
This document outlines a proposed system to monitor environmental conditions in an underground mine using Internet of Things technology. It describes the hardware requirements including a Raspberry Pi module, sensors for gas, light, humidity, temperature, and a camera. The software requirements include the Raspbian operating system and Python. The expected results involve interfacing sensors to the Raspberry Pi, capturing video and images with the camera, and monitoring sensor values on a website.
The document discusses mega-events, which are large international events like the Olympics or World Cup that increase tourism, media coverage, and economic impact. It then outlines the many teams involved in planning a successful event, from venue managers and stage managers to security, catering, and ticketing operations. The presentation emphasizes developing the event concept based on its theme, venue, audience, resources, timing, and team skills before analyzing the finalized concept and any competition.
The document lists details of several security camera projects won by MEGA, including the number of branches, cameras, and recorders installed, as well as the USD value of the contracts. The largest projects included installing over 40,000 cameras and 2,300 recorders for Bank Mellat valued at $25 million, and over 18,000 cameras and 771 recorders for the Ministry of Education at $7 million. MEGA also won security contracts for hotels, malls, and transportation organizations in Iran and the United Arab Emirates.
The document promotes Israeli products and technologies for securing mega events like the Olympics and World Cup. It encourages reviewing an attached catalog that highlights Israeli strengths in homeland security, ICT, water technologies, and clean tech for superior event control and operation. The CEO invites exploring first-hand innovative solutions from Israeli companies seeking international collaborations.
2009 Security Mega Trends & Emerging ThreatsLumension
To help define what the biggest security threats will be to an organization’s sensitive and confidential data over the next 12 to 24 months, Lumension has teamed up with the Ponemon Institute, a leading research firm, to charter our first annual 2009 Security Mega Trends Survey. The survey also outlines key alignments and gaps between two traditionally disparate groups - IT Security and IT Operations when it comes to these new and emerging threats.
The document discusses physical security and outlines various aspects of ensuring security for an organization's physical environment and assets. It describes threats to physical security like natural disasters, man-made threats, and issues within supply systems. It also details different security tools and technologies used for physical security like walls, guards, ID cards, locks, CCTV, and access control systems. The document outlines the responsibilities of security guards and discusses organizing the security department hierarchy. It emphasizes fire safety and suppression methods. The overall document provides guidance on designing and implementing comprehensive physical security measures.
The document describes an invitation from the Israel Export & International Cooperation Institute to review their catalog of Israeli products and technologies suitable for smart cities. It highlights Israel's strengths in areas like homeland security, ICT, water technologies, and clean tech that enable superior management of cities. The letter invites the recipient to visit Israel to see innovative solutions and potential business partnerships between Israeli companies and their organization.
This document outlines the key considerations for planning a large religious event called Simhastha-2016. It discusses understanding the needs of various stakeholders, including religious groups, the general public, local residents, politicians, and more. It also covers important areas like event purpose and objectives, venue selection, crowd management, health and safety, risk assessment, contingency planning, the role of media and technology, legal provisions, and capacity building. The overall aim is to effectively plan and manage all aspects of the major event to ensure it runs smoothly and meets the needs of participants and local communities.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
The document discusses plans for a proposed "Safe City" project in Guntur, India. The project aims to reduce crime and improve safety through community partnerships and technology solutions. It will involve installing surveillance cameras, improving traffic lighting systems, and establishing emergency response systems. The initial phase will pilot these solutions across 25 locations and 6 police stations to evaluate effectiveness before full city-wide deployment. The goal is to create a system that deters crime and helps law enforcement while respecting privacy.
The document discusses the OSI physical layer. It describes the physical layer's purpose of creating electrical, optical, or microwave signals to represent bits in frames. It discusses different physical layer protocols and services, signaling and encoding methods used on different network media like copper, fiber, and wireless. It also covers physical layer standards bodies, functions of transmitting data, encoding it onto media, and signaling methods. Physical characteristics of different media types are explained as well as common physical layer protocols for wireless networking.
Physical security involves preventing unauthorized access to computer systems and protecting data. It includes securing the company surroundings with fences, gates, and guards. Within premises, CCTV cameras, intruder alarms, and window/door bars provide security. Servers should be locked in enclosed rooms, and workstations in open areas need locks and CCTV monitoring. Access controls like smart cards, biometrics, and entry logs restrict access to sensitive areas. Wireless networks and other equipment also require security measures like encryption and locked storage to protect physical integrity of systems and data.
The document discusses various topics related to transmission media and the physical layer of the OSI model. It describes guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses unguided transmission using radio waves and microwaves. It explains how signals are transmitted over different media and modulation techniques. It provides details on telephone systems, multiplexing, and how fiber optic networks have replaced older copper networks.
The key points of the document are:
1) Physical security assessments are important to identify security risks, vulnerabilities, and opportunities to improve protection of assets, employees, and business reputation.
2) Assessments should evaluate physical, cyber, and human aspects of security using a risk management framework.
3) Effective security requires identifying assets, threats, and vulnerabilities; prioritizing risks; and implementing programs to deter threats and mitigate vulnerabilities.
This document discusses the importance of physical security to protect against attackers. It notes that while many companies focus on network security, physical theft or access can also compromise data. There are two types of attackers - those outside and inside an organization. Guidelines are provided to restrict physical access for outsiders through barriers, checkpoints, and patrols. For insiders, access controls like badge programs, guest monitoring, and equipment locking are recommended. Server rooms should have heightened security like cameras and limited authorized personnel to protect highly sensitive systems and data.
This document discusses hotel security. It begins by defining security and its importance for protecting people and property. It then discusses the responsibilities of a hotel's security department to ensure guest, employee, and building safety. Various security risks are outlined like terrorism, robbery, and privacy invasions. Effective security programs require well-trained staff, established procedures, and appropriate equipment. Hotels must choose between in-house or contract security providers based on factors like costs, control, and consistency. Job descriptions are provided for security manager and guard positions.
This document discusses the Physical (Environmental) Security domain of the CISSP Common Body of Knowledge. It covers topics such as defining physical security, types of threats to the physical environment like natural/environmental and man-made/political events. It also discusses security countermeasures and technologies to protect physical assets, including administrative, technical, and physical controls. Specific controls covered include perimeter security, building access controls, data center security, and the strategic application of crime prevention through environmental design principles.
The document discusses the process of planning event infrastructure which includes identifying requirements, obtaining approvals, establishing contractors, and overseeing setup and breakdown. Key steps involve coordinating with authorities, analyzing facility needs, developing infrastructure lists, discussing with venues, issuing tenders, and monitoring construction. Policies, procedures, and performance standards help ensure safety, quality, and on-time completion.
This document provides lecture notes for a course on data communications. It outlines the course objectives of providing an overview of data and computer communications and emphasizing basic principles and topics of fundamental importance. It describes the five layers of the OSI model for network architecture, including the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. It also discusses standards organizations that develop standards for data communications, including ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, ANSI, EIA, TIA, IAB, and IETF.
Investigating Wireless and Internet of Things Technologies Security Threats a...ijwmn
Wireless and mobile devices are part of our lives. Wireless technology encompasses Internet of Things (IoT). Some key features of these devices are sensors, connectivity, and artificial intelligence and they can be found in health clinics, homes, buildings, vehicles, cities, wearables, etc. However, wireless and IoT technologies are sources of a variety of security threats to privacy and data and are becoming targets for attackers or hackers. In this paper, the authors strive to answer to the following research questions: 1) What types of threats can wireless and IoT technologies pose? 2) What type of threats can be exploited for attack and how? 3) What techniques are used to mitigate the threats and attacks?
4) What can wireless and IoT users do to protect their privacy and data? As a result, we investigate different types of security threats and attacks, and common security
countermeasures used in wireless and IoT.
INVESTIGATING WIRELESS AND INTERNET OF THINGSTECHNOLOGIES SECURITY THREATS AN...ijwmn
Wireless and mobile devices are part of our lives. Wireless technology encompasses Internet of Things
(IoT). Some key features of these devices are sensors, connectivity, and artificial intelligence and they can
be found in health clinics, homes, buildings, vehicles, cities, wearables, etc. However, wireless and IoT
technologies are sources of a variety of security threats to privacy and data and are becoming targets for
attackers or hackers. In this paper, the authors strive to answer to the following research questions: 1)
What types of threats can wireless and IoT technologies pose? 2) What type of threats can be exploited for
attack and how? 3) What techniques are used to mitigate the threats and attacks? 4) What can wireless and
IoT users do to protect their privacy and data? As a result, we investigate different types of security threats
and attacks, and common security countermeasures used in wireless and IoT.
International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics ( IJCI) is an open access peer- reviewed journal that focuses on the areas related to cybernetics which is information, control and system theory, understands the design and function of any system and the relationship among these applications. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
PHYSICAL LAYER SECURITY OF OPTICAL NETWORKS.pdfadeel paracha
Abstract
The physical layer of an optical network may be attacked in numerous ways, such as by jamming, assaults on the physical infrastructure, eavesdropping, and interception. As the requirement for network capacity develops, the physical layer of the optical network must be kept secure. In this overview article, specialists look at security problems in optical networks and discuss a variety of novel approaches to defending optical networks. In the first section of this study, researchers discuss a variety of security issues that might harm the optical layer of an optical network. These weaknesses include jamming, physical infrastructure assaults, eavesdropping, and interception. Enhanced optical network security has gained a lot of interest in the sectors described above. Real-time signal processing is essential in order to apply security measures at the physical layer without slowing down the pace of optical communications. The key advantages of optical processing for optical layer security include rapid reaction, wide-band operation, resilience to electromagnetic fields, compact size, and low latency. In the second part of this research, we look into optical steganography, optical encryption, optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) secrecy, self-healing, survivable optical rings, anti-jamming, and optical CDMA confidentiality.
I. Introduction
Introduction Optical communication systems are employed in many different fields, including business, the military, and personal communication. Optical networks are unusual in that their data speeds are greater than 40 GB/s, and this figure will only increase as time goes on. Physical layer security measures have to function in real time, which is not achievable with standard electronic computing. Side-channel assaults are less likely to emerge in optical communication networks because optical components don’t leave electromagnetic traces. With optical encryption, communications may be encrypted fast and with minimum latency (at speeds not attainable with standard electrical implementations) (at rates not possible with conventional electrical implementations). In addition to data encryption, optical steganography may be used to obscure the flow of data over an open transmission channel.
II. Threats and defenses in optical networks at the optical layer
There are many different forms of optical networks, from local area networks to the backbone networks of the Internet. Each network may tackle a particular threat type in a different manner. Researchers investigate the optical layer to examine whether there are any threats to privacy, availability, authentication, and secrecy (Skorin-Kapov, 2016).
A. Confidentiality
Even though optical networks don’t have an electromagnetic signature, an attacker may nonetheless listen in on them by physically tapping into the optical fiber or by pretending as a lawful subscriber and listening to residual crosstalk from an adjacent channel. It is not hard to tap an
A survey on security threats and detection2013Amina RIYAHI
This document provides an overview of security threats facing cognitive radio networks (CRNs). It discusses how CRNs aim to address spectrum scarcity by opportunistically using licensed spectrum bands when they are not in use. However, CRNs introduce new security vulnerabilities beyond those of traditional wireless networks. Specifically, adversaries can exploit the cognitive and reconfigurable aspects of CRNs to launch attacks like emulating primary users or falsifying spectrum sensing data. The document surveys current research on detecting such attacks and securing CRNs.
This paper presents a brief study of recent advances in wireless network security issues. The paper makes a number of contributions to the wireless networking field. First, it studies the 4G mail threats and risk and their design decisions. Second, the security of 4G architecture with next generation network security and 8-security dimensions of 4G network. Third, security issues and possible threats on 4G are discussed. Finally, we proposed four layer security model which manages to ensure more secure packets transmission by taking all the necessary security measures.
Design And Analysis for Millimeter Wave Networks using Antenna Arrayssanthoshkumarecegnit
The document discusses design and analysis for millimeter wave networks using antenna arrays. It proposes two sophisticated antenna patterns to approximate actual antenna patterns for analyzing millimeter wave (mmWave) communications between 28-300GHz, which is a promising technology for 5G networks. The document also presents models for mmWave networks and channels, analog beamforming, and antenna patterns to derive new tractable expressions for coverage probabilities in mmWave ad hoc and cellular networks.
Tariq Alamri ITU-T SG5 GRUPA i ELKTROMAGNETSKA POLJA - ZRAČENJAAssociation BIOGEN
ITU-T Study Group 5 Vice-Chairman Tariq H Alamri presented on ITU-T Study Group 5, which focuses on electromagnetic phenomena and climate change issues. SG5 addresses human exposure to electromagnetic fields from radio systems and mobile equipment. Key recommendations provide guidance on compliance with safety limits, measurement techniques, and numerical modeling to evaluate exposure levels. Future work includes developing additional guidance documents and recommendations on assessing and monitoring human exposure to radio frequencies.
COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF POSSIBLE SECURITY ISSUES ON 4G NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
This paper presents a brief study of recent advances in wireless network security issues. The paper makes a number of contributions to the wireless networking field. First, it studies the 4G mail threats and risk and their design decisions. Second, the security of 4G architecture with next generation network security and 8-security dimensions of 4G network. Third, security issues and possible threats on 4G are discussed. Finally, we proposed four layer security model which manages to ensure more secure packets transmission by taking all the necessary security measures.
The document discusses security issues with 4G networks. It first provides an overview of 4G network architecture, including the IP Multimedia Subsystem security architecture and next generation network security architecture. It then discusses eight security dimensions for 4G networks: access control, authentication, non-repudiation, data confidentiality, communication security, data integrity, availability, and privacy. Finally, it outlines some specific security issues with 4G, including physical layer issues, WiMAX MAC layer issues, denial of service attacks, and Wi-Fi security issues.
IJCNC Top 10 Trending Articles in Academia !!!IJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The document discusses techniques for dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radar systems. It introduces cognitive radar and describes its key capabilities of sensing the environment, perceiving it, and adapting transmissions intelligently. Various techniques for spectrum allocation are then reviewed, including machine learning approaches, deep learning, and evolutionary computing algorithms. The techniques aim to improve spectrum utilization by detecting spectrum holes, managing spectrum sharing between radar and other systems, and selecting optimal frequency bands. Classification frameworks of the different techniques are presented, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and complexity. The document concludes that cognitive radar and dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radio networks can help overcome spectrum scarcity and interference challenges.
Propagation Path Loss Modeling and Outdoor Coverage Measurements Review in Mi...IJECEIAES
The global bandwidth inadequacy facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, and mmWave band is one of the promising candidates due to wide spectrum. This paper presents propagation path loss and outdoor coverage and link budget measurements for frequencies above 6 GHz (mm-wave bands) using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and omnidirectional antennas at the receiver. This work presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance for different frequencies and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can utilize many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is more path loss and smaller delay spreads. Power delay profiles PDPs were measured at every individual pointing angle for each TX and RX location, and integrating each of the PDPs to obtain received power as a function of pointing angle. The result shows that the mean RMS delay spread varies between 7.2 ns and 74.4 ns for 60 GHz and 28 GHz respectively in NLOS scenario.
This document discusses the history, challenges, and applications of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes how MANETs evolved from early packet radio networks developed in the 1970s. Key challenges for MANETs include dynamic topology changes, asymmetric wireless links, and lack of a centralized administration. However, MANETs also enable applications for military communications, disaster recovery, device networking, internet sharing, and wireless sensor networks by allowing devices to self-configure into a network without any infrastructure. While progress has been made, many technical challenges remain in fully realizing the vision of seamlessly integrating MANETs with other networks.
A Brief Review on: Evolution of Communication Technologies Radha Mahalle
The document summarizes the evolution of communication technologies from wired to wireless and the development of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses wired and wireless communication technologies and compares their characteristics. It then explains M2M technology and how it enables direct device connections. Next, it describes how IoT expanded upon M2M by connecting physical devices and sensors over the internet. It provides an overview of IoT architecture, protocols, applications and algorithms. Finally, it discusses future trends in IoT including low power sensing, efficient connectivity and reliable communication.
The document discusses human area networking using a transceiver called a Red Tacton. The Red Tacton can measure electric fields from devices without contact and uses ultra wide band communication. It has applications in healthcare like bottle selection, advertising, and secure data exchange. Advantages include low power consumption and high sustained data rates. Limitations are short operating range and communication speed. The technology has potential if introduced but is still under development.
This research proposal summarizes work done on developing EMI/RFI shielding materials and proposes further research on storing and safely transmitting information data. The proposal discusses how advances in information technology require better data security, including electromagnetic security measures. The researcher's past work involved developing EMI shielding materials. Their interest is in semiconductors, optoelectronics, and microwave devices and technology. The proposed research aims to study data storage, protection, and transmission while meeting security and privacy needs.
This research proposal summarizes a study on improving the storage, protection, and safe transmission of information data. The researcher proposes to develop materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding to protect electronic devices and secure data transmission. In previous work, the researcher optimized material parameters for EMI shielding through simulation and experiments. The proposal aims to specify material and device design parameters precisely to develop an effective EMI shield for transmission cables and communication devices.
Similar to Physical Layer Optical Network Security Thesis Presentation To The CNY ISSA Chapter (20)
This document summarizes research analyzing sentiment shifts on online social networks. It examines how opinions change over time due to experts with high confidence, undecided individuals, and clusters of like-minded people with low confidence. Language and demographic characteristics were analyzed from a dataset of over 9 million tweets. Gender detection was performed on tweets, and geographic analysis looked at US time zones. Future work involves more accurate group affiliation detection and longitudinal analysis of social networks around the 2016 US election.
This document summarizes research on modeling information diffusion through social networks. It introduces Coarse-Grained User Diffusion (CGUD) modeling and limitations in representing relationships between individuals. The researchers propose Fine-Grained User Diffusion (FGUD) modeling to address CGUD limitations by introducing additional semantic relationships and representing inferred properties as static communication links between actors. Future work aims to measure influence by applying PageRank to inferred actor relationships.
This document summarizes research on developing a method to detect potential bullies in online social networks. It outlines analyzing a dataset of over 9 million tweets to identify bullying messages and traits of individuals who send negative or cruel messages to others. Preliminary results found over 1,000 accounts that sent 4 or more negative messages to a specific user. Future work involves training machine learning classifiers to better identify bullying in a real-time manner.
This document describes research conducted on detecting fake Twitter accounts by analyzing profile characteristics rather than tweet content. Over 62 million Twitter profiles were collected and grouped using attributes like name, description, location, and patterns in screen names. An entropy-based approach was used to identify profiles with similar screen name patterns that may belong to the same group or person, in order to detect automatically generated or synthetic accounts at scale. The goal is to help identify fake or inauthentic accounts that could bias analyses of Twitter data.
The document describes a method for analyzing online social networks using actor-based network analysis and tenses predicate logic. It discusses classifying users into different actor types like connectors, mavens, and salesmen based on their behaviors and roles in spreading information. The method is demonstrated on a large Twitter dataset to analyze how the #KONY2012 topic spread. Future work is discussed to expand the approach with semantic analysis and develop an ontology to integrate actor and event analysis.
Joshua White presents the findings of his PhD research applying social network analysis to online datasets. He developed tools to collect Twitter data and detect botnet command networks, phishing websites, and malware infection vectors. His work also identified influential actors during events and classified users based on their social roles. Future areas of research include building an ontology for semantic social network analysis.
This document summarizes a study that quantitatively analyzed the performance of the Snort and Suricata intrusion detection systems. The authors developed a testing framework involving over 8000 tests of the two systems using different rulesets, configurations, workloads and core counts. Initial results showed Suricata's performance dropping at 4 cores, while Snort maintained consistent single-threaded performance. Feedback from the Open Information Security Foundation and Snort.org led to configuration changes that improved Suricata's threading and implemented parallelization for Snort. Further results sections provide additional details on the comparative performance of Snort and Suricata under different testing conditions.
This document summarizes research analyzing Twitter accounts infected with the Blackhole Exploit Kit (BEK) malware. The researchers collected over 165 TB of Twitter data from 2012 to analyze indicators of BEK-infected accounts. They identified accounts exhibiting automated, low-entropy messages containing BEK URL variations. Graph analysis revealed dense clusters of connected infected accounts spreading the malware. The researchers proposed metrics like entropy and correlation to identify compromised accounts, finding around 0.275% of accounts showed signs of BEK infection.
This document discusses social media analysis and privacy. It provides an overview of social media networks and the privacy issues related to them. Specifically, it examines who might want access to social media data and why, including government, businesses, and academia for purposes like tracking individuals, advertising, and research. It also outlines the privacy rights that should be protected when collecting and analyzing social media data, noting relevant US laws and regulations for government, businesses, and academics handling personal information from social networks.
This document provides an outline for a thesis proposal on analyzing the spread of information in social networks. The proposal discusses previous work analyzing social media data and developing analysis tools. It also outlines current and planned research projects applying these tools to study specific events and actor types. The overall goal is to better understand how information spreads in social networks and identify influential users.
This document outlines the development of a system called Coalmine for analyzing social media data to detect potential threats. It describes collecting over 1 billion tweets per week from Twitter's API and storing the data. The analysis method involves both manual querying of the data as well as automated detection algorithms. Example case studies where Coalmine detected botnet command and control channels and spam are provided. Future work to improve Coalmine's scalability is also discussed.
This document outlines a method for automated detection of phishing websites through analysis of both site characteristics and images. The method collects page characteristics like links, images, forms and meta tags using PHP. Images are collected using a headless browser, hashed using pHash which reduces the image to 8x8 pixels, and compared using Hamming distance. The method was verified and then used to analyze the top 5 most spoofed sites, finding some false characteristic matches. Future work includes integrating this detection technique into a social media analytics toolkit.
More from Joshua S. White, PhD josh@securemind.org (12)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Physical Layer Optical Network Security Thesis Presentation To The CNY ISSA Chapter
1. Joshua S. White Academic & Technical Advisor: Dr. John Marsh Presented To: Information Systems Security Association Central New York Chapter Presentation Derived From: SUNYIT M.S. Telecommunications Thesis The Missing Pieces: Physical Layer Optical Network Security
- PLONS, Physical Layer Optical Network Security is what I've found to be an Under Researched Area of Information Security... and as we know, we “ Must ” Better Understand security at every level of the OSI reference Model if we are to Ensure Trusted Path. - So Lets stop for a second and define exactly what we mean by “Trusted Path”... We're talking about the tenets that make up Assured Communications; these are of course Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. - For those of you who are unfamiliar with the CIA Triad: As it applies to networking, Confidentiality is the assurance that only the intended recipient can view a communication. Integrity is the concept that the received information has not been tampered with, and finally Availability is the notion that the information will be there when you need/want it without interruption. - So lets define what we're talking about when we say the physical layer as it applies to optical networks... “load pictures” Communications on a typical long haul optical network takes place between larger OEO Nodes as shown here, but what really happens between those nodes... it's not just fiber connecting them, it's in fact a number of components including the fiber. These are needed to counteract the effects of Dispersion and power loss.