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This document defines and describes several terms related to thermal processes and HVAC systems: thermal load, condenser, cold condenser, dehumidifier, and heating. Thermal load refers to internal stresses from temperature changes or thermal energy transfer. A condenser is a capacitor that stores electrical energy. A cold condenser uses air or water to condense steam after work is done. A dehumidifier reduces humidity using a heat pump with cold and hot zones. Heating systems input heat to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures and reduce heat loss to the environment, especially in winter.
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The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
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The document discusses a seminar on studying the behavior of hyperbolic cooling tower shells with pipe openings using a 1:50 scale model subjected to seismic loads. Hyperbolic cooling towers are large reinforced concrete structures that extract heat from water to cool it. The seminar focuses on analyzing a scaled down model of a cooling tower subjected to earthquake loads. Sensors are placed on the model to measure strains and deflections under simulated seismic conditions to understand how the structure responds.
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well this was the presentation on cooling towers that i created for my own presentation. i thought to post it here if it could help any one. just let me know once if it helps any one
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1) The revised report analyzes the performance of a cooling tower under varying operating conditions, focusing on efficiencies and characteristics at different water flow rates.
2) Improvements were made to the report, including formatting, removing unnecessary explanations, focusing on theory over derivation, explaining the significance of cooling towers, and providing more detailed conclusions.
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The document describes the design and construction of a small-scale cooling tower for a laboratory. It operates by pouring hot water (around 80 degrees C) into the top inlet, where a rotating plastic rotor creates wind force and distributes the water across multiple layers of wood wool inside the tower. As the hot water comes into contact with the wood wool, it soaks up the heat energy and lowers the water's temperature to 20-30 degrees C by the time it exits at the bottom. Key materials used include stainless steel, plastic, wood wool, and PVC piping. The total estimated cost is between $50-70.
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This document presents a rule-of-thumb design procedure for wet cooling towers that can be used for power plant cycle optimization. It begins with defining the design problem and specifying inlet/outlet water temperatures and ambient wet-bulb temperature. It then provides methods to calculate the outlet air temperature, tower characteristic, loading factor, and other key parameters. These include using the average of inlet/outlet water temperatures to approximate outlet air temperature, graphically integrating the Merkel equation to determine tower characteristic, and using graphs to determine the optimum loading factor based on design conditions. The goal is to provide simplified methods for estimating cooling tower dimensions, performance, costs and other details needed for power plant analysis without requiring detailed iterative design calculations.
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This document describes a student project to build a device that cools water through convection. It discusses the basic principles of heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation. It focuses on convection, describing natural and forced convection. The device would use a heat exchanger design with tubes that allow hot water to lose heat to cold air flowing over the tubes. Calculations are provided to determine the heat lost and temperature change of the water. The device aims to provide both cooled drinking water and air, making it a low-cost alternative to a refrigerator.
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1. The document discusses the optimal design of a hyperboloidal cooling tower, which is a type of evaporative cooling tower that uses the evaporation of water to lower the temperature of a water stream.
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This document provides an introduction to cooling towers, including their basic principles and components. It discusses the different types of cooling towers, including natural draft towers, forced draft towers, and induced draft towers. Key terms used in the cooling tower industry are also defined, such as drift, blow-out, plume, and blow-down. The main components of a cooling tower are described as the frame and casing, fill, cold-water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, louvers, nozzles, and fans. Different types of mechanical draft towers like forced draft, induced draft counter flow, and induced draft cross flow are illustrated.
Natural Draft Cooling Towers
A natural draft cooling tower uses convection to remove waste heat from water and release it into the atmosphere. It has no mechanical components and relies on the natural draft or stack effect to circulate air through the tower. Hot water is distributed through fill material inside the reinforced concrete shell where it comes into contact with rising ambient air, causing heat to transfer from the water to the air through evaporation and cooling the water.
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This experiment studied the effects of cooling load and inlet water temperature on a cooling tower's performance. In experiment 1, cooling load was varied at 0.5 kW, 1 kW, and 1.5 kW while water flow rate and air flow were held constant. Higher cooling loads resulted in larger cooling ranges between inlet and outlet water temperatures. Experiment 2 varied water flow rate from 0.8 LPM to 1.6 LPM at a 1 kW cooling load. Higher water flow rates produced smaller cooling ranges and lower heat loads transferred. The results show that increasing cooling load or decreasing water flow rate improves a cooling tower's heat removal capabilities.
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This document provides an overview of an experiment analyzing the performance of a mechanical draft cooling tower. The experiment varied the water flow rate and fan speed to measure water temperature changes. The Merkel equation was then used to calculate the "tower characteristic" or coefficient of performance. As the water to air flow rate ratio (LG) increased, the tower characteristic and efficiency decreased, matching the Merkel theory. The conclusion is that higher water flow rates decrease the cooling tower's efficiency and characteristic.
Analysis of forced draft cooling tower performance using ansys fluent software
Abstract In this project the cooling tower performance has been analyzed by varying air inlet parameters with different air inlet angles and by attaching a nozzle in air inlet. The cooling tower analyzed here is used specifically for small scale industries, which is forced draft counter-flow cooling tower with single module capacities from 10 to 100 cooling tons. In this project 50 tons cooling capacity model has been taken as reference model. The analysis has been done using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ANSYS 14.5 software. The cooling tower models have been modeled using SOLIDWORKS 2013 software and they have been meshed using ICEM CFD 14.5 software. The meshed models have been analyzed using FLUENT software. The air inlet angles varied in horizontal direction, vertical direction and by combining both horizontal and vertical inclination. A convergent nozzle has been modeled and assembled to the inlet pipe. The temperature contours of the cooling tower models have been taken from the analysis. Based on the outlet cold water temperature, the improved effectiveness of the cooling tower model has been obtained.
Keywords: Forced draft cooling tower, Air inlet parameter, Convergent nozzle, Cooling ton capacity, Counter flow cooling tower, Ansys 14.5, Solidworks 2013, ICEM CFD 14.5, Effectiveness of cooling tower.
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Cooling towers use evaporation and heat transfer to cool water. Hot water is distributed over fill materials inside the tower to maximize exposure to rising air. This allows heat to transfer from the water to the air, cooling the water down before it is recirculated. There are two main types of cooling towers: natural draft and mechanical draft. Performance depends on factors like entering air wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, and water losses from evaporation, drift, and blowdown.
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This document is a project report submitted by Amit Prasad to Mahendra Pratap Singh for the partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report discusses the design and working of an evaporative cooler. It includes sections on the working principle, theory, and psychrometric processes involved in evaporative cooling. Key points covered include how evaporative cooling lowers air temperature through the evaporation of water and conversion of sensible to latent heat, as well as diagrams illustrating common psychrometric processes like sensible cooling.
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The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Cooling tower
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
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The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
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The document discusses a seminar on studying the behavior of hyperbolic cooling tower shells with pipe openings using a 1:50 scale model subjected to seismic loads. Hyperbolic cooling towers are large reinforced concrete structures that extract heat from water to cool it. The seminar focuses on analyzing a scaled down model of a cooling tower subjected to earthquake loads. Sensors are placed on the model to measure strains and deflections under simulated seismic conditions to understand how the structure responds.
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well this was the presentation on cooling towers that i created for my own presentation. i thought to post it here if it could help any one. just let me know once if it helps any one
CoolingTowerRewriteReport_A7 (1)
1) The revised report analyzes the performance of a cooling tower under varying operating conditions, focusing on efficiencies and characteristics at different water flow rates.
2) Improvements were made to the report, including formatting, removing unnecessary explanations, focusing on theory over derivation, explaining the significance of cooling towers, and providing more detailed conclusions.
3) The results show that increasing the water flow rate decreases the cooling tower characteristic and efficiency, in agreement with previous literature and Merkel theory.
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation in mines occurs due to temperature differences between the downcast and upcast shafts. It is a less effective method of ventilation than mechanical ventilation using fans. The natural ventilating pressure (NVP) can be determined through thermodynamic analysis of the pressure-volume indicator diagram of the mine ventilation system, which models it as a heat engine. Other practical methods also exist for estimating the NVP based on pressure and airflow measurements with the fan running and stopped.
Report for cooling tower
The document describes the design and construction of a small-scale cooling tower for a laboratory. It operates by pouring hot water (around 80 degrees C) into the top inlet, where a rotating plastic rotor creates wind force and distributes the water across multiple layers of wood wool inside the tower. As the hot water comes into contact with the wood wool, it soaks up the heat energy and lowers the water's temperature to 20-30 degrees C by the time it exits at the bottom. Key materials used include stainless steel, plastic, wood wool, and PVC piping. The total estimated cost is between $50-70.
Cooling tower calculation (1) (1)
This document presents a rule-of-thumb design procedure for wet cooling towers that can be used for power plant cycle optimization. It begins with defining the design problem and specifying inlet/outlet water temperatures and ambient wet-bulb temperature. It then provides methods to calculate the outlet air temperature, tower characteristic, loading factor, and other key parameters. These include using the average of inlet/outlet water temperatures to approximate outlet air temperature, graphically integrating the Merkel equation to determine tower characteristic, and using graphs to determine the optimum loading factor based on design conditions. The goal is to provide simplified methods for estimating cooling tower dimensions, performance, costs and other details needed for power plant analysis without requiring detailed iterative design calculations.
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Como aprender a sistematizar
Este documento presenta el contenido y dinámicas de un curso-taller sobre sistematización de experiencias. El curso introdujo conceptos clave de la sistematización y ejercicios prácticos como la reconstrucción del proceso vivido y la identificación de aprendizajes. Los participantes compartieron experiencias mediante fichas y discutieron criterios para seleccionar experiencias a sistematizar. Al final, propusieron aplicar la sistematización en sus instituciones para aprender de sus prácticas y mejorar procesos futuros.
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The document summarizes key aspects of HVAC systems. HVAC systems aim to provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality. They work by heating, cooling, and circulating air within buildings. Common components include furnaces, heat pumps, air ducts, and air conditioners which use refrigeration cycles to cool indoor air. Proper ventilation and maintenance of filters are important for the effective and safe operation of HVAC systems.
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Air conditioning systems are designed to maintain suitable humidity, supply ventilation, efficiently remove microorganisms and dust from the air, cool rooms in certain seasons, and heat rooms in winter. The key components of an air conditioning system are the evaporator coil, condenser coil, compressor, and ductwork. Common air conditioning systems include all-air systems, air-and-water systems, all-water systems, and unitary systems. Choosing an appropriate air conditioning system depends on factors like building design, location, utility availability and costs, indoor load requirements, and client needs and budget.
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This document discusses the history and principles of refrigeration and air conditioning. It begins with definitions of refrigeration and air conditioning. It then discusses various applications including in industries, households/offices, and public places. It also discusses cold storage. The document then discusses the history of refrigeration from natural methods like ice harvesting to modern vapor compression systems. It explains the basic components and functioning of refrigeration systems including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion valve and refrigerant. It also discusses laminar and turbulent pipe flow and pressure drops in pipes.
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Refrigeration is the process of lowering and maintaining a substance's temperature below the ambient temperature. Refrigerants are working fluids that absorb heat in the evaporator and release it in the condenser while undergoing phase changes between liquid and gas. The two main types of refrigeration systems are vapor compression, which uses mechanical energy to circulate refrigerant, and vapor absorption, which is heat-powered. Vapor compression is more common due to lower maintenance costs, while absorption systems have higher capacities and more consistent efficiency at partial loads.
ref1.pptx
The document provides information about refrigeration and refrigeration systems. It discusses:
1. The definition and basic principles of refrigeration, including the removal of heat from a low-temperature reservoir and transfer to a high-temperature reservoir.
2. Types of refrigeration systems including domestic, commercial, industrial, marine, air conditioning, and food preservation.
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The document discusses solar powered air conditioning systems. It provides an overview of the components, layout, and working principle of such a system. The key components are solar panels, batteries, an inverter, a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. There are three main types - solar thermal cooling systems using open or closed cycles, photovoltaic solar air conditioners, and direct current solar air conditioners. The solar panels generate DC power that can directly power the DC compressor without needing conversion to AC, making it a more efficient use of solar energy for air conditioning.
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An evaporative cooler, also known as a swamp cooler, works by evaporating water which cools dry air through the large enthalpy of vaporization. As warm, dry air passes through a water-soaked pad in the cooler, water evaporates into the air stream, lowering the air temperature while increasing humidity. The working principle relies on the conversion of sensible heat in the air to latent heat of vaporization through an adiabatic process. Evaporative cooling is effective in hot, dry climates as it can significantly lower air temperature using less energy than traditional air conditioning methods.
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The document discusses an air conditioning system. It begins by defining air conditioning and its key components and principles. It then describes the components of an air conditioner including the blower, evaporator coil, compressor, condensing coil, fan, air filter, and thermostat. It explains the refrigeration cycle and includes a diagram. It also discusses different air conditioning system types, components of central air conditioning like the air handling unit and cooling tower, and concludes with descriptions of the air distribution system components like fans, filters, ductwork, outlets, and dampers.
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The document provides an overview of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It discusses key components such as furnaces, heat exchangers, evaporator coils, condensing units, ducts, vents, and thermostats. It explains how HVAC systems work to moderate interior temperatures through heating in winter and cooling in summer. Performance metrics for HVAC systems like efficiency, EER, and SEER are also defined.
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The document discusses the concepts of thermal load and heat load, which refer to the energy required to heat or cool a building. It then describes several key components of air conditioning systems, including the compressor, condenser, evaporator, thermostat, motor, capacitor, and starter.
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Heat exchangers allow the transfer of heat between two or more fluids without mixing them. There are several types including shell and tube, plate, and finned tube. Heat exchangers can be classified based on their application (e.g. boilers, condensers), shape (e.g. double pipe, plate and frame), or fluid flow configuration (e.g. cocurrent, countercurrent, crossflow). Proper heat exchanger design and material selection depends on the application and fluids involved.
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Air conditioning systems use cooling to maintain stable indoor temperatures. They work by compressing a refrigerant, condensing it to release heat outside, then evaporating the refrigerant to absorb heat from indoor air. Systems are classified by their location as wall units, split units with outdoor condensers, or central water chillers. Proper air distribution and filters are required to effectively cool buildings while exchanging indoor and outdoor air. Thermostats control temperatures by turning compressors and fans on and off.
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A passive down draft evaporative cooling (PDEC) tower is design to capture the wind at high temperature typically at 40ο C and above the top of tower and cool the outdoor air using water which is allowed to flow through shower and due to evaporation of water out door air gets cooled. Many different types of PDEC exist. This paper explains design of PDEC tower. It is a parallel flow heat exchanger with hot and cold fluid are in direct contact with each other. The wet bulb temperature of air is the lowest possible temperature of the air leaving the tower and entering in air conditioned space. It is suitable in hot dry climate due to large difference between dry and wet bulb temperatures. The mathematical model predicted with the variation of wind speed from 1 m/s to 6 m/s with outside air temperature 35 ο C and relative humidity 20 %, a tower height of 6 m is required.
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
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Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdown
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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- 1. José Ramón Ponce Alarcón and Salvador Ruiz Muñoz 1º De frio English
- 8. The end