Johann Pestalozzi

Johann Heinrich
Pestalozzi
-Dr. S.Prakash
Principal
Thiagarajar College of Preceptors
Madurai.
1
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TODAY'S
EDUCATORS

Biography
2
EDUCATORS

Biography…..
• He inculcated the virtues of compassion,
sensitivity and generosity from his mother
• In turn, these traits made an impression on his
philosophy of education.
3
EDUCATORS

Biography…..
• Pestalozzi entered and
completed most of his
studies at the University
of Zurich
• Began as a student for
the Ministry, but his
shyness led him away
from theology into law
4
EDUCATORS

After college…
• In 1775 he began a social
experiment in which he hoped to
make his newly purchased farm a
center of humanistic activity
• Took in a group of orphans and
abandoned children
• He used teaching methods that he
learned from experiences with his
son Jacobi
• The instruction he gave these
children were very successful
• Five years later he went bankrupt
and began to write
5
EDUCATORS

Books
• Published his first book “Leonard and
Gertrude” in 1782.
• This became more famous as a novel and not
as a treatise on education
• Generally people did not show an interest
towards his plans of reforms in the education
system.
• He persisted in his efforts and looked towards
bringing about an awareness of the inherent
powers in each child and man
6
EDUCATORS

“How Gertrude Teaches Her Children”
• A book written by Pestalozzi
• Describes his philosophy:
- stated that teachers must study child
development
- learning proceeds through stages, with
children needing to master skills and
knowledge before moving to the next
stage
- promoted the “whole child” point of
view- that children’s physical,
emotional, social, moral and intellectual
development are integrated and united
- called these the “the hand, heart and
head”
7
EDUCATORS

Aims of Education
• All true reforms must start with the individual
and not with society, because it is the
individual who must be developed first for
utilizing the advantages of the reformed
institutions.
8
EDUCATORS

Aims of Education…
• Inculcating the power of helping himself in an
individual helps to reform the individual.
Philanthropy however should not be
considered as a good means, because it could
rob the man’s self respect. Hence it is
important the individual must be taught to
help himself and to respect himself.
9
EDUCATORS

Aims of Education….
• The process of development is the only sure
means of improving the living conditions of
the downtrodden humanity. Every child has
the requisite power to develop himself. But
this powers are latended and they merely
await an opportunity to be developed.
Education must furnish this opportunity of
development
10
EDUCATORS

Method of Education
• A person should be able to develop his
thoughts in any particular area based on his
own experience and not by just going by the
description of such experience as given by
others.
• For instance, to know the meaning of love, the
person should himself feel the emotion of love
and also pass on this emotion to others.
11
EDUCATORS

Curriculum
12
EDUCATORS

Curriculum…..
• Ample opportunities should be provided to
the children to enable them to study their
own experience by relating incidents and
happenings in life.
• Curriculum was to be based on particular
activities and consequent experiences and not
based primarily on the textbooks only.
13
EDUCATORS

Observation and Education
• Pestalozzi believed that instruction should
spontaneously follow the things observed for
himself by the child.
• Instruction should be in harmony with the
psychological development of the child
• He devised a unique method to teach
numbers, addition, subtraction and
multiplication by placing dots on lines drawn
on squares of a board,
14
EDUCATORS

Observation and Education….
• The students were to draw lines ,angles and
rectangles representing various objects.
• Things like sticks and pencils were placed
before them and they were to draw lines
representing them.
• They were to repeat names of the things till
they master them completely.
15
EDUCATORS

Observation and Education….
• Pestalozzi said “As a result of these
experiments, there unfolded itself gradually in
my mind the idea of the possibility of an ‘ABC’
of observation, to which I now attach great
importance.
• He employed the observational methods in
the teaching of all subjects.
16
EDUCATORS

Methodology
• METHODOLOGY. The following are the chief points of Pestalozzi's method:
a. Child Centered.
b. Direct Experience. The teacher must never teach by words when a child can
see, hear or touch an object for himself. Nature can teach the child better
than man can.
c. Activity. The child is expected to be continually active in seeing for himself,
making and correcting mistakes, describing his observations, analyzing
objects and satisfying his natural curiosity.
d. Induction. The child must observe, learn to express his impressions of
concrete objects perceived by the senses and must learn to formulate new
generalizations for himself.
e. No Books. Early elementary education needs direct and concrete experience
rather than books. In this way the child proceeds from the concrete to the
abstract.
f. Simplify All Subjects. All subjects are reduced to their simple elements. The
child proceeds, through experiencing the simple parts, to formulate more
abstract generalizations.
17
EDUCATORS

Organization of Education
18
EDUCATORS

Organization of Education
• No time table for primary class
• Ten periods a day for lower and upper classes
• Rest time provided at the end of each period
• Children enjoyed sports in the evening
• His concern was to create a homely
atmosphere at school.
19
EDUCATORS

Role of the Teacher
• Child develops in the same way as a plant
grows gradually from within. The task of the
teacher is to aid this natural growth and not to
force anything unnatural on the child.
• The teacher should realize that every person is
born with certain innate capacities. Education
should therefore facilitate the development of
the child according to his inherent nature-
Physically, mentally and socially in a
harmonius way. 20
EDUCATORS

Role of the Teacher…..
• Homely atmosphere is to be provided at
school. The teacher should inculcate love and
sympathetic attitude in order to properly deal
with the children.
• The teacher should consider developing levels
of the mind of the child in order to impart
education according to the needs, interests
and requirements at each stage
21
EDUCATORS

Evaluation
• Concrete objects should occupy the primary
place in the initial stages of learning.
• AV aids should follow concrete experiences
• Use of senses in learning is important
• Rote learning without understanding the
content is to be avoided
• Drill and practice without the student being
actually interested in the particular activity is
to be avoided
22
EDUCATORS

Manual Training Movement
• Pestalozzi who is considered as the the “
Father of manual training”. Established a
school in Europe where manual work was
combined with general education.
• In 1879, Calvin .M.Woodward felt it is required
for proper intellectual and moral Education.
23
EDUCATORS

Other important ideas of
Pestalozzi…
• Believed that all children- including the
ones who lived in poverty- could benefit
from education
• Children need to discover ideas for
themselves through their own activity
• Rejected punishment as a motivator and felt
that instead children are motivated to learn
by their interests
• Viewed development as a natural unfolding or
blossoming fro within, with teachers acting
as gardeners who nurture the process rather
than direct it
24
EDUCATORS

Impact of his work…
• Ideas directly influenced schools for
young children in the 19th century
• A well-known school influenced by
Pestalozzi was founded by Robert Owen
• The superintendent of schools in
Oswego, New York, Dr. Edward A.
Sheldon, imported the materials
developed in England and Canada from
Pestalozzi. This led to the
establishment of a teacher normal
school to prepare teachers in the
application of Pestalozzi's method.
The Normal School at Oswego
(established in 1861), became the
center of Pestalozzi education in the
United States.
25
EDUCATORS

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EDUCATORS

Johann Pestalozzi

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