This study evaluated two common tannin formulations used in the textile dyeing process - Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 - to determine their inert chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels and toxicity. Both tannins had high levels of initially inert soluble COD, accounting for 59% and 41% of total COD respectively. Acute toxicity tests on bacteria Vibrio fischeri found that both tannins were toxic, with Tannin 2 showing considerably higher toxicity. The results indicate that effluents containing these tannins require specific pretreatment to reduce their recalcitrance and toxicity before mixing and conventional biological treatment.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
Response Surface Methodology was employed for
studying the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent by
utilization of dead biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus in a batch
system. Central Composite Design at the specified combinations
of four variables (pH, biosorbent dosage, speed of agitation,
contact time) was adopted to achieve maximum biosorption. The
fitted quadratic model (P<0.0001) was used to arrive at the best
operating conditions. Under the following optimum conditions
i.e., pH 2.0; biosorbent dosage 3 g /L; speed of agitation 80 rpm
and contact time 60 min, 99.60% of the dyes were removed from
the wastewater. The mechanism of biosorption was elucidated by
FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the
feasibility of employing Rhizopus arrhizus as an effective and
economical fungal biosorbent for the removal of dyes from the
textile effluent.
Effect of basidiomycete fungi on the discoloration and phytotoxicity of synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The elimination of toxic wastes from industrial activities, mainly the textile industry, has induced the researchers to seek new techniques that reduce or eliminate the toxicity of these effluents. The textile effluent has a high chemical demand of oxygen and strong coloration, requiring an especific treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluated the decolorizationRemazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and textile effluent using pre-selected cultures of basidiomycete fungi: Lentinula edodes, Pleurotusostreatus and Pleutotuspulmorarius, and phytotoxicity of the dye and effluent before and after treatment with fungi. The decolorization test was realized in a liquid medium and the absorbance determined in spectrophotometer. For the dye was used to two pH values (5.0 and 9.0) and concentration (0.1 gL-1 and 0.5 gL-1). Lactuca sativa L. seeds were exposed to dye samples and textile effluents and the parameters evaluated were the germination rate and root lenght. The fungus Pleurotuspulmonarius was the one with the best result on the decolorization of dye RBBR on the both values: pH and concentration. As the textile effluent there was no significant difference among the treatments. In some treatments with the dye germination rate decreased indicating toxicity after decolorization. However there was an increase in root growth in the presence of the dye treated with P.pulmonarius.
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
Response Surface Methodology was employed for
studying the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent by
utilization of dead biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus in a batch
system. Central Composite Design at the specified combinations
of four variables (pH, biosorbent dosage, speed of agitation,
contact time) was adopted to achieve maximum biosorption. The
fitted quadratic model (P<0.0001) was used to arrive at the best
operating conditions. Under the following optimum conditions
i.e., pH 2.0; biosorbent dosage 3 g /L; speed of agitation 80 rpm
and contact time 60 min, 99.60% of the dyes were removed from
the wastewater. The mechanism of biosorption was elucidated by
FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the
feasibility of employing Rhizopus arrhizus as an effective and
economical fungal biosorbent for the removal of dyes from the
textile effluent.
Effect of basidiomycete fungi on the discoloration and phytotoxicity of synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The elimination of toxic wastes from industrial activities, mainly the textile industry, has induced the researchers to seek new techniques that reduce or eliminate the toxicity of these effluents. The textile effluent has a high chemical demand of oxygen and strong coloration, requiring an especific treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluated the decolorizationRemazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and textile effluent using pre-selected cultures of basidiomycete fungi: Lentinula edodes, Pleurotusostreatus and Pleutotuspulmorarius, and phytotoxicity of the dye and effluent before and after treatment with fungi. The decolorization test was realized in a liquid medium and the absorbance determined in spectrophotometer. For the dye was used to two pH values (5.0 and 9.0) and concentration (0.1 gL-1 and 0.5 gL-1). Lactuca sativa L. seeds were exposed to dye samples and textile effluents and the parameters evaluated were the germination rate and root lenght. The fungus Pleurotuspulmonarius was the one with the best result on the decolorization of dye RBBR on the both values: pH and concentration. As the textile effluent there was no significant difference among the treatments. In some treatments with the dye germination rate decreased indicating toxicity after decolorization. However there was an increase in root growth in the presence of the dye treated with P.pulmonarius.
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Isolation of self Printing paste from Plant Seeds and Its Application in Simu...IJERA Editor
Printing pastes containing eco-friendly galactomannan gum and safety natural dye were isolated simultaneously
in one step process from tara plant seeds using sodium hydroxide solution. The effect of concentrations of
sodium hydroxide on the rheological properties of the isolated printing pastes were thoroughly investigated.
Technological evaluation of the obtained pastes to act as screen printing paste and burn-out style paste to be
used in printing five different blends as well as pure wool was achieved. The results were evaluated via
measuring the % loss in weight, K/S of the coloured area and tensile strength for the printed area.
The results obtained reviles that all the isolated pastes are characterized by non-Newtonian pseudoplastic
behaviour, and its apparent viscosity depends on the concentration of sodium hydroxide and also on the time of
storing. The prepared pastes could be used successfully as a screen printing paste and burn-out paste
simultaneously. The % loss in weight increases by increasing sodium hydroxide concentration and/or the portion
of wool in the blend. The K/S of the printed area depends on the nature of the component of the blend and
higher on protenic fabrics than that of cellulosic.
Unique colour and attractive texture could be achieved using the current technique. It is also found that as the
concentration of sodium hydroxide increases, the % loss in tensile strength increases specially for woolen
blends, however the decreases is not high and satisfactory for industrial application.
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Isolation of self Printing paste from Plant Seeds and Its Application in Simu...IJERA Editor
Printing pastes containing eco-friendly galactomannan gum and safety natural dye were isolated simultaneously
in one step process from tara plant seeds using sodium hydroxide solution. The effect of concentrations of
sodium hydroxide on the rheological properties of the isolated printing pastes were thoroughly investigated.
Technological evaluation of the obtained pastes to act as screen printing paste and burn-out style paste to be
used in printing five different blends as well as pure wool was achieved. The results were evaluated via
measuring the % loss in weight, K/S of the coloured area and tensile strength for the printed area.
The results obtained reviles that all the isolated pastes are characterized by non-Newtonian pseudoplastic
behaviour, and its apparent viscosity depends on the concentration of sodium hydroxide and also on the time of
storing. The prepared pastes could be used successfully as a screen printing paste and burn-out paste
simultaneously. The % loss in weight increases by increasing sodium hydroxide concentration and/or the portion
of wool in the blend. The K/S of the printed area depends on the nature of the component of the blend and
higher on protenic fabrics than that of cellulosic.
Unique colour and attractive texture could be achieved using the current technique. It is also found that as the
concentration of sodium hydroxide increases, the % loss in tensile strength increases specially for woolen
blends, however the decreases is not high and satisfactory for industrial application.
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Investigation on effluent characteristics of organic cotton fabric dyeing wit...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Environmental sustainability is the major concern in the age of modern world. For textile and apparel sector, this has been a burning issue for many related concerned bodies. The pretreatment and dyeing process of greige fabrics results in large volume of effluents that has harmful effect on environment. In this study, the ecological parameters of the effluents obtained from scouring and dyeing of 100% organic cotton single jersey knitted fabrics with environmentally low impact Remazol series reactive dyes adopting exhaust dyeing method was investigated. The effluents collected for investigating the ecological parameters include chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and alkalinity. The results show that the use of the low impact reactive dyes has greater ecological advantages as it reduces the COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, pH values and increases the DO values of effluents. Organic cotton itself being eco-friendly along with Remazol series sustainable dyes provides the better ecological results. Hence, the results indicated that wet processing of organic cotton knitted fabric with eco-friendly and low impact reactive dyes provide better ecological advantages.
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
Abstract Paper mill is one of the major sources of pollution causing industry with intensely coloured effluent. The effluent is rich in lignocellulosic materials and other chemicals used during manufacturing which results in high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to its high toxic and mutagenic nature when discharged untreated there is a growing demand to treat the effluent before discharge. Biological treatment is a promising technique as it greatly reduces colour, BOD and COD. Various fungal and bacterial species are capable of degrading the lignocellulosic materials present in the effluent. In the present study characterization of the paper mill effluent and identification of the degradation efficiency of lignin degrading fungal species - Pleurotus species and Rhizopus stolonifer and bacterial species – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in laboratory scale was done. Here sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was carried out in two bio-reactors in series. The study indicated that anaerobic treatment gave a reduction of colour (18%), lignin (25%), COD (36%), BOD (28%) in 5days. The anaerobically treated effluent was then separately given to the aerobic reactors containing the fungal and bacterial species. Data obtained indicated that the Rhizopus showed good reduction in colour (71%), lignin (77%), COD (68%) and BOD (70%) in 5days whereas Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species showed reduction in colour (68%, 31%, 18%), lignin (64%, 43%, 44%), COD (58%, 42%, 43%) and BOD (60%, 40%, 42%) respectively in 5days. Thus Rhizopus was identified as the microbe with better degradation capacity. Key Words: Pulp and paper mill effluent1, Lignin, Anaerobic treatment, Rhizopus stolonifer.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Cotton textiles are dyed mostly with reactive dyes because they produce a wide range of bright colors with excellent colour fastness to washing. However, the reactive dyeing requires considerable quantities of inorganic salt and alkali for efficient utilization and application of dyes. These inorganic salts when drained to effluent generate huge amounts of total dissolved solids leading to serious environmental pollution. Considerable remedies are being measured within the textile processing industry to reduce the effluent pollution and to fulfill the environmental regulations. This work is a part of such efforts and presents results where cotton fabrics pretreated with chitosan nanoparticles and reactive dyeing carried out without salt. In this work, chitosan nanoparticle was used for developing salt free eco-friendly reactive dyeing. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles in color strength (K/S value), color difference, color fastness to crocking and washing of the cotton fabric was investigated. The cotton fabric treated with 0.5 (w/v) chitosan nanoparticles had higher K/S values.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Anti-Adhesion and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used In Hemodia...IJERA Editor
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface and included in an extracellular matrix making it resistant to exogenous deleterious agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm effect of five commercials disinfectants having different active principles (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol) on four Staphylococcus strains isolated from hemodialysis unit surfaces. The disinfectants anti-adhesive effect was estimated to an exceeding rate 70% for the various studied dilutions and 90% towards the pure products. Whereas the anti-biofilm effect showed an elimination rate varying between 10 % and 95 % according to the following parameters: active principle, time of contact, concentration and bacterial strain. Our study demonstrated that all tested products have an interesting anti-adhesive effect and that the peroxide of hydrogen is endowed with important anti-biofilm efficiency, followed by the alcoholic products and the sodium hypochlorite.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Similar to An Evaluation of Commercial Textile Tannins Based on Their Inert COD Content and Toxicity (20)
2. AN EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL TEXTILE TANNINS 53
The objective of this study is to comparatively evaluate commonly applied textile tannins in terms of
their inert COD content and toxicity towards marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri. All the assessments are
performed on simulated textile bath effluents where the tannin formulations are added.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tannins under investigation
Physicochemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of tannin formulations as obtained from
material safety datasheets (MSDS) are tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of tannin formulations
Property Tannin 1 Tannin 2
Appearance Brownish liquid with smell of ammonia Yellowish-brownish clear viscous liquid
Ingredients
A methylene linked condensation product
of arylsulphonic acids and
hydroxyarylsulphone
Sulfonated phenol polymer with
formaldehyde, 1-methoxy-2-propanol
and phenol
Density (g cm
-3
) 1.2 at 23 °C 1.17
pH 8 – 9 at 23 °C (in 100 g l
-1
water) 2.5 – 3.5 (in 100 g l
-1
water)
Solubility Miscible Soluble in cold water
Viscosity (mPa s) <100 at 23
o
C 2500
Acute oral toxicity
(LD50*, mg kg
-1
)
>5000 >2000
Fish toxicity
(LC50**, mg l
-1
)
>1 – 10 (Test duration, 48 h) 1 – 10 (Test duration, 96 h)
Toxicity
(LC50***, mg l
-1
)
ND 1 – 10 (Test duration, 48 h)
* Lethal dose causing 50 % death in rats;
**Lethal concentration of pollutant causing 50% death of the studied test organism, Leuciscus idus.
***Effective concentration of pollutant causing 50% inhibiton of studied test organism, Daphnia magna.
ND: not detected
The same chemical or wastewater can exert different levels of toxicity towards different organisms.
Although both of the tannin formulations have low acute oral toxicities, when evaluated in
combination with the typical concentrations encountered in spent textile baths, the values tabulated
for acute fish toxicity can be considered as potentials of toxicity for the formulations. Table 1
presents aquatic toxicities of the tannin formulations on two organisms; namely Leuciscus idus as a
fish specie and water flea Daphnia magna as a crustacean specie. By performing toxicity tests on
Vibrio fischeri bacteria, this study adds new data to literature. Fish, bacteria and crustaceans
represent different tropic levels. A sound evaluation of substitutable chemicals can only be realized
when complementary toxicity data on fish, bacteria and crustaceans are uploaded to an ecosystem
model (Heinlaan et al., 2008).
Samples used
As given in Figure 1 the tannin formulations are added to the textile baths during dye fixation stage
where pre-treated textile material is processed at 70 °C at a pH of 4 for about 20 minutes. Both of
the tannin formulations are applied at a concentration of 4 g l-1
to the textile baths (i.e. 4 % of fabric
weight) and, approximately, 25 % of the formulations remain unfixed in the exhausted textile bath.
Therefore spent textile baths (where tannin formulations are added) are simulated by dissolving 1
gram of formulations (both Tannin 1 and Tannin 2) in 1 litre water. pH adjustment is performed with
acetic acid addition for both of the tannin containing samples.
Assessment of inert COD
The inert COD content of samples, were assessed according to an experimental procedure given in
literature (Germirli et al., 1993). The method involves running two aerated cylindrical batch reactors,
one fed with the sample itself, and the other with glucose solution having the same dilution, of 3000
ml volumetric capacity. The seed was obtained from a lab-scale fill and draw aerobic reactor
operated under steady state with a food to microorganism ratio (F/M) of 0.7 mg COD (mg VSS day-1
)
for about 40 days. 100 ml of sludge was wasted from the reactor daily. A mixture of 50% glucose
and 50% sample was applied as the feed for this fill and draw aerobic reactor used to obtain the
3. 54 TEZGEL et al.
seed. Then initial biomass concentrations of 50 mg l-1
VSS were sustained in two batch reactors (run
with sample and with glucose) where inert COD tests were performed to hinder the interference of
the residual COD that can form from the endogenous respiration of initial inoculums. By adopting
such a low sludge concentration in these reactors the adsorption of biomass as a mechanism for the
removal of organic matter was neglected. Aliquots removed periodically from the mixed liquor of
each reactor were analyzed for soluble COD. Experiments were continued and data were collected
until the observation of a stable soluble COD plateau where the threshold level was established as
less than 3-5 % variation between consecutive samples. In the batch tests the samples were
adjusted to a pH of 7-8, a range suitable for biological activity. Nitrification inhibitor (Formula
2533TM, Hach Company) was added to all bioreactors in order to avoid possible interferences.
Figure 1. Process flowchart
Assessment of toxicity
In this study, toxicity experiments are carried out with bioluminescence marine bacteria Vibrio
fischeri by BO1243-500 BioToxTM
Kit. The inhibitory effect of the sample on the light emission of
luminescent bacteria is measured with luminometer. The inhibition percentage (% INH) is calculated
according to the formula given below.
H 100 [(
t
0
)] 100
where;
KF = Correction factor, (
Ct
C0
)
ICt = Luminescence intensity of control after contact time, t
IC0 = Initial luminescence intensity of control
ITt = Luminescence intensity of test sample after contact time, t
IT0 = Initial luminescence intensity of test sample
The inhibition percentages (% INH) versus dilution factor plots are used to calculate effective
concentrations causing different percentages of inhibition, i.e. EC20, EC50 and EC80. Toxicity
measurements are carried out at 15 and 30 minutes contact times.
Analytical procedure
Apart from COD, all analyses for conventional characterization and tannic acid measurements were
performed as defined in Standard Methods (APHA, AWWA and WPCF, 1998). COD measurements
were accomplished by ISO 6060 method (ISO, 1986). All experiments were conducted at room
temperature. pH adjustments were made by NaOH or H2SO4 solutions. Filtrates of samples
subjected to vacuum filtration by means of Millipore membrane filters with a pore size of 0.45 µm are
Pretreated
textile Dyeing
Dye
Fixation
Product
70 °C
pH 4.0;
20 minutes
Tannin (4% of textile)
100 kg dyed textile 1 m
3
water
Product
Wastewater
Finishing
4. AN EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL TEXTILE TANNINS 55
defined as soluble fractions. Each data point was calculated as the mean of three replicate
measurements.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Inert COD levels
According to the outcomes of the inert COD tests outlined in Table 2; 75 % and 77 % tannic acid
removals are obtained for Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 respectively.
Table 2. Results of the inert COD experiments for Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 (mg l-1
)
Reactor I
fed with wastewater
Reactor II
fed with glucose
Soluble COD Tannic Acid Soluble COD Tannic Acid
TANNIN 1
Start of the experiment 1050 65 905 -
End of the experiment 630 16 30 -
Duration (days) 100 100
TANNIN 2
Start of the experiment 1200 245 860 -
End of the experiment 515 57 35 -
Duration (days) 90 90
The total COD, CT, of wastewaters can be grouped into of two main fractions: The inert COD, and
the biodegradable COD. The outlet of a properly designed and well operated biological treatment
system does not contain any biodegradable COD fractions due to the fact that all the biodegradable
organics will be removed within the treatment plant. Particulate inert COD fractions leave the
treatment facility by sludge wastage. The soluble inert COD of the wastewaters, SI, gains importance
as it by-passes the biological treatment system without being involved in the biochemical reactions.
On the other hand soluble residual microbial products, SP, are generated through the course of
biochemical reactions during biodegradation. Soluble residual (inert) microbial products, SP, and the
inert COD of influent origin, SI, together control the magnitude of effluent soluble COD level obtained
at the outlet of a biological treatment plant. In other words, the effluent soluble COD of a properly
designed and well operated biological treatment plant is composed of SP+SI, which has to be lower
than the discharge standards. Total and residual COD contents of segregated textile-bath discharges
carrying tannin formulations are outlined in Table 3.
Table 3. Characteristics of segregated dye-bath discharges carrying various textile tannins
Textile Auxiliary
Total COD
CT (mg l
-1
)
Initially Inert
Soluble COD
SI (mg l
-1
)
Residual COD*
SI+SP
(mg l
-1
)
SI/CT
(%)
Reference
Natural Tannin 1100 25 100 2 Germirli et al., 2007
Synthetic Tannin 465 135 190 29 Germirli et al., 2007
Tannin 1 1050 620 630 59 This study
Tannin 2 1200 490 515 41 This study
* at the outlet of a well operated biological treatment facility
The total COD contents (CT) given in table indicates the application of synthetic tannin as the most
favourable outcome since a lower COD is introduced to the segregated textile-bath discharge in this
case. Natural Tannin, Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 formulations yield similar total COD values ranging
from 1050 mg l-1
to 1200 mg l-1
. It must be noted that such an evaluation based on solely total COD
levels will not lead a sound result. A correct conclusion can be drawn from the data on initially inert
soluble COD and residual COD levels. Although Natural Tannin formulation imparted one of the
highest total COD level, i.e. 1100 mg l-1
, only 2 % of this organic input yielding 25 mg l-1
COD can be
considered as initially inert (Germirli et al., 2007). Therefore the segregated wastewater stream
containing natural tannin did not necessitate any pretreatment to improve its biodegradability
(Germirli et al., 2007). Both of Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 formulations on the other hand, are observed
5. 56 TEZGEL et al.
to contain high levels of initially inert soluble COD, SI, accounting for 59 and 41 % of the total COD,
respectively. The mentioned high SI values associated with Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 indicate the
requirement of a specific pretreatment on segregated effluents containing these formulations. When
the textile-bath discharges containing the tannin formulations are comparatively evaluated in terms
of the lowest achievable COD levels after biotreatment, again natural tannin, with a residual COD of
100 mg l-1
, is monitored to yield the best outcome. The results obtained on Tannin 1 and Tannin 2
show that these formulations have around 630 mg l-1
and 515 mg l-1
of residual COD, respectively.
Toxicity
The results of toxicity tests performed with marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri are plotted on Figure 2 and
Figure 3.
Figure 2. Plots of toxicity tests for Tannin 1 at a) 15 and b) 30 minutes contact time
Effective concentrations causing different percentages of inhibition, i.e. EC20, EC50 and EC80 for both
of the tannin formulations are tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4. Effective concentrations causing different percentages of inhibition (mg tannin l-1
)
Contact Time→ 15 minutes 30 minutes
Test Substance↓ EC20 EC50 EC80 EC20 EC50 EC80
Tannin1 80 260 850 110 265 650
Tannin 2 16 50 155 24 63 170
According to the values presented in the table segregated effluents containing both of the tannin
formulation can be considered as highly toxic as both of them contain 1000 mg of tannin formulation
per litre. Tannin 2 is observed to exert considerably high toxicity when compared with Tannin 1.
6. AN EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL TEXTILE TANNINS 57
Figure 3. Plots of toxicity tests for Tannin 2 at a) 15 and b) 30 minutes contact time
CONCLUSIONS
A comparative evaluation covering inert COD contents and toxicities towards marine bacteria Vibrio
fischeri, performed on two commonly applied textile tannins is presented in this study.
Textile baths containing both of Tannin 1 and Tannin 2 formulations are monitored to have high
levels of initially inert soluble COD, SI, accounting for 59 and 41 % of the total COD, respectively.
These high levels of recalcitrance together with the lowest achievable COD values after biotreatment
(accounting 630 mg l-1
and 515 mg l-1
of residual COD for Tannin 1 and Tannin 2, respectively)
indicate the requirement of a specific pretreatment on segregated effluents containing these
formulations.
Segregated textile baths containing both of the tannin formulations can be considered as toxic
towards marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri. Tannin 2 is determined to exert considerably higher toxicity
than Tannin 1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by The Research and Development Fund of Istanbul Technical University.
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