Nuclear receptors are ligand-regulated transcription factors activated by steroid hormones and other lipid-soluble signals, influencing gene expression and metabolic enzymes. They are classified into three classes: Class 1 predominantly includes steroid hormone receptors, Class 2 involves receptors for lipid ligands in the cell, and Class 3 plays roles in endocrine signaling. The malfunctioning of these receptors is linked to various illnesses.

1. NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
PRESENTED BY
DIVYA RANI SHARMA
MPHARM (PHARMACOLOGY)

2. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
Nuclear receptors are a family of ligand-regulated
transcription factors that are activated by steroid
hormones, such as oestrogen and progesterone, and
various other lipid soluble signals, including retinoic
acid, oxysterols, and thyroid hormone.

3. • Unlike most intercellular messengers, the ligands
can cross the plasma membrane and directly
interact with nuclear receptors inside the cell
• Requires a longer period of time for the onset of
action and show long lasting effects.
• They regulate many drug metabolic enzymes and
the receptors malfunctioning may lead to many
illness.

5. CLASS 1 NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
• Consists largely of receptors for the steroid hormones.
• receptors are located in the cytoplasm, complexes with
HSP
• form homodimers.

6.  they can either transactive or
transrepress genes
• E.g., GR (Glucocorticoid receptor),
MR (Mineralocorticoid receptor), ER
(Estrogen receptor), PR (
Progesterone receptor), AR
(Androgen receptor).

8. CLASS 2 NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
•the lipid ligands are already present within the cell to
some extent.
•forms heterodimer with retinoid receptor (RXR)

9. • they function by positive
feedback effects
• E.g., PPAR (Peroxisomes
proliferator activated receptor),
LXR (Liver oxysterol), FXR
(Farsenoid (bile acid) receptor).

11. CLASS 3 NUCLEAR RECEPTOR
• Subgroup of class 2 nuclear receptors.
• Forms heterodimers with RXR, but instead of
sensing lipids, play role in endocrine signalling.
• E.g.,Thyroid hormone receptor,Vitamin D receptor,
Retinoic acid receptor.

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