This presentation covers the Optics & application of Jackson Cross Cylinder | Jackson Cross Cylinder works on an optical principle that constricts & expands the sturm's conoid.
The document discusses different measurement systems used for eyeglasses, including the datum system and boxing system. It provides definitions for key optical and frame measurements such as:
- Eye size and lens size refer to the horizontal length of the lens or frame opening.
- Geometric center is the midpoint of the horizontal midline between the lens borders.
- Effective diameter is twice the distance from the geometric center to the lens bevel edge.
- Bridge size is the distance between the two lenses at the narrowest point of the frame.
- Segment height specifies the vertical distance of bifocal or progressive addition lenses.
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
The document discusses the Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) test, which is used during refraction to detect and refine astigmatism. The JCC is a combination of two cylinders of equal strength but opposite signs, placed at right angles to each other. During the test, the JCC is held in different positions before the eye to see if there is a change in visual acuity. If a position is clearer, it indicates the axis of astigmatism. The test is then used to refine the axis and power of any astigmatic correction.
The document provides an overview of optical dispensing. It discusses defining optical dispensing and the steps involved, including frame selection based on facial shape, frame measurements, lens measurements, counseling patients on lens materials and coatings, and the process of fitting lenses into frames which involves marking, cutting, and edging lenses.
The synaptophore is an orthoptic instrument used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in optometry. It works using the haploscopic principle to divide visual space into two separate areas visible to only one eye each. Slides can be used for simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and other tests. Diagnostic uses include measuring deviations, retinal correspondence, and fusional reserves. Therapeutic uses treat suppression, amblyopia, and heterophorias. Proper adjustment and preliminary settings are required before administering tests to accurately diagnose and manage binocular vision anomalies.
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
The document discusses different measurement systems used for eyeglasses, including the datum system and boxing system. It provides definitions for key optical and frame measurements such as:
- Eye size and lens size refer to the horizontal length of the lens or frame opening.
- Geometric center is the midpoint of the horizontal midline between the lens borders.
- Effective diameter is twice the distance from the geometric center to the lens bevel edge.
- Bridge size is the distance between the two lenses at the narrowest point of the frame.
- Segment height specifies the vertical distance of bifocal or progressive addition lenses.
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
The document discusses the Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) test, which is used during refraction to detect and refine astigmatism. The JCC is a combination of two cylinders of equal strength but opposite signs, placed at right angles to each other. During the test, the JCC is held in different positions before the eye to see if there is a change in visual acuity. If a position is clearer, it indicates the axis of astigmatism. The test is then used to refine the axis and power of any astigmatic correction.
The document provides an overview of optical dispensing. It discusses defining optical dispensing and the steps involved, including frame selection based on facial shape, frame measurements, lens measurements, counseling patients on lens materials and coatings, and the process of fitting lenses into frames which involves marking, cutting, and edging lenses.
The synaptophore is an orthoptic instrument used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in optometry. It works using the haploscopic principle to divide visual space into two separate areas visible to only one eye each. Slides can be used for simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and other tests. Diagnostic uses include measuring deviations, retinal correspondence, and fusional reserves. Therapeutic uses treat suppression, amblyopia, and heterophorias. Proper adjustment and preliminary settings are required before administering tests to accurately diagnose and manage binocular vision anomalies.
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
The document provides information about the Jackson Crossed-Cylinder (JCC) technique for determining astigmatism during eye exams. It discusses the optics and proper use of the JCC. It describes the historical origins of the JCC, how it works, and the step-by-step procedure for using it to refine the axis and power of astigmatic corrections. Common sources of error are also outlined. The JCC is presented as an important tool for optometrists to accurately measure and correct astigmatism in clinical practice.
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
Contact lens fitting in keratoconus copykamal thakur
This document discusses keratoconus and contact lens fitting options for keratoconus patients. It begins by describing the different types and stages of keratoconus cones. It then discusses the various contact lens options including soft lenses, rigid gas permeable lenses, and scleral lenses. For rigid gas permeable lenses, it explains the different fitting philosophies of apical bearing, apical clearance, and three point touch. Specific lens designs like Rose K2 and scleral lenses are also summarized. Key factors for determining the appropriate contact lens are also listed.
This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
This document discusses measuring and classifying accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios. It defines the AC/A ratio as the change in accommodative convergence per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. There are several methods described for measuring the AC/A ratio clinically, including the heterophoria, gradient, and graphical methods. The document outlines treatments for different AC/A ratio abnormalities like convergence excess, convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and divergence insufficiency.
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.
The document discusses the base curve of lenses, which is the surface curve that forms the starting point for the remaining lens curve. It describes the importance of selecting the proper base curve, as it determines lens thickness, aberrations, and cosmetics. The document outlines different lens forms including Wollaston, Oswalt, and meniscus, discussing their optical properties. It notes that the best lens form follows mechanical and optical criteria, providing a thinner lens that is lighter in weight with reduced magnification and aberrations.
The term ‘‘aniseikonia” comes from the Greek words ‘‘an” (not) ‘‘is” (equal) & ‘‘eikon” (icon or image) so aniseikonia is a binocular condition in which the apparent sizes of the images seen with the two eyes are unequal.
Whenever refractive ametropias in the two eyes of a person are different (i.e., when there is an anisometropia), the corrected retinal images of the two eyes, and consequently the two visual images, differ in size.
This condition has been termed aniseikonia
Optical aniseikonia
Retinal aniseikonia
Cortical aniseikonia
This document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and notes the normal range is 3-5 prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. The document outlines methods to measure the AC/A ratio clinically and discusses its uses in diagnosing different types of strabismus and their management approaches.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses. It begins with a brief history of contact lenses and an introduction to basic optics concepts for thick lenses. It then covers various optical properties of contact lenses like vertex distance correction, magnification, accommodation, convergence, and aberrations. Key advantages of contact lenses are discussed, such as producing a more natural retinal image size for myopes and hyperopes compared to spectacles. Factors affecting spectacle and contact lens magnification are also presented.
Soft Contact Lenses: Material, Fitting, and EvaluationZahra Heidari
Soft contact lenses are made from various materials like silicone and hydrogels, with advantages like comfort and easier fitting but disadvantages like potential for complications. The document discusses the history and evolution of contact lens materials, characteristics of different lens types, factors to consider for patient fitting like base curve and power selection, and how to evaluate fit and make modifications if needed. Proper patient selection and evaluation is important for successful fitting of soft contact lenses.
This document provides information on lens materials used in ophthalmic lenses. It discusses the history and properties of glass materials including crown glass, flint glass, and high index glass. It also discusses plastic materials like CR-39, polycarbonate, high index plastic, and Trivex. The key optical properties of lenses discussed are Abbe value, reflectance, refractive index, and absorption. Mechanical properties like specific gravity, impact resistance, and scratch resistance are also covered.
Retinoscopy is an objective refraction technique used to determine a patient's refractive error. Dynamic retinoscopy is performed with the patient fixating on a near target. Several methods of dynamic retinoscopy have been developed, including MEM, Bell retinoscopy, Nott's retinoscopy, and Book retinoscopy. The movements observed during dynamic retinoscopy - with, against, and neutral - provide information about a patient's accommodative response and ability. The document discusses the procedures, interpretations, limitations, and histories of various dynamic retinoscopy techniques.
Specular microscopy is used to examine the corneal endothelium and analyze pathological changes. There are contact and non-contact types, with contact providing higher resolution but potential discomfort. The procedure involves placing the patient comfortably and using fixation to keep the eye still while obtaining images. Images are then analyzed to study normal endothelium morphology, diagnose corneal endothelial diseases, and monitor conditions like aging, diabetes, surgery, trauma, and compare surgical techniques. Specular microscopy can detect disorders like Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and help with decisions like eye banking and surgery.
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
The synaptophore is a device used to measure binocular vision anomalies. It consists of two optical tubes that can be adjusted horizontally, vertically, and torsionally. Various slides are used for diagnostic and treatment purposes to measure deviations, fusion, stereopsis, and retinal correspondence. Key measurements include the objective and subjective angles of deviation in different gazes, as well as the fusional ranges in horizontal, vertical, and torsional planes. Suppression can also be detected and mapped out. Precise adjustments of the tubes allow customized orthoptic treatment of binocular vision disorders.
The LogMAR chart is designed to provide a more accurate measurement of visual acuity compared to other charts like the Snellen chart. Each line of the LogMAR chart contains the same number of letters and the letter sizes decrease logarithmically between lines, making it easy to use at different distances. The LogMAR chart is now commonly used in clinical settings and recommended for research due to its improved accuracy over other charts, especially for testing children's vision. Visual acuity is scored on the LogMAR chart by referring to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, with more positive values indicating poorer vision.
1) The Jackson Cross Cylinder is an optical device used to objectively refine the measurement of astigmatism during refraction examinations. It consists of two equal but opposite cylinders mounted at right angles to each other.
2) The JCC is used to refine the cylindrical axis by placing it parallel to the trial lens cylinder and flipping it to see if there are changes in visual acuity. The trial lens cylinder is rotated based on the direction of clarity.
3) The JCC is also used to refine the cylindrical power by placing it parallel to the trial lens axis and flipping it. If clarity changes, cylinder power is increased based on the side of clarity.
The document discusses the Jackson cross cylinder (JCC) test, which is used to measure accommodation and determine presbyopia. The JCC is a lens made of crossed cylinders that is designed to flip axes when rotated 180 degrees. It is used in tests to determine a patient's cylindrical axis and power. For presbyopia testing, the JCC is placed before each eye while the patient views a cross target at 40 cm. For an accommodative test, the JCC is placed before the eye viewing a target moved closer until lines parallel to one axis appear less clear, indicating the patient's accommodation. The test helps diagnose and measure presbyopia and remaining accommodation.
The document provides information about the Jackson Crossed-Cylinder (JCC) technique for determining astigmatism during eye exams. It discusses the optics and proper use of the JCC. It describes the historical origins of the JCC, how it works, and the step-by-step procedure for using it to refine the axis and power of astigmatic corrections. Common sources of error are also outlined. The JCC is presented as an important tool for optometrists to accurately measure and correct astigmatism in clinical practice.
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
Contact lens fitting in keratoconus copykamal thakur
This document discusses keratoconus and contact lens fitting options for keratoconus patients. It begins by describing the different types and stages of keratoconus cones. It then discusses the various contact lens options including soft lenses, rigid gas permeable lenses, and scleral lenses. For rigid gas permeable lenses, it explains the different fitting philosophies of apical bearing, apical clearance, and three point touch. Specific lens designs like Rose K2 and scleral lenses are also summarized. Key factors for determining the appropriate contact lens are also listed.
This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
This document discusses measuring and classifying accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios. It defines the AC/A ratio as the change in accommodative convergence per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. There are several methods described for measuring the AC/A ratio clinically, including the heterophoria, gradient, and graphical methods. The document outlines treatments for different AC/A ratio abnormalities like convergence excess, convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and divergence insufficiency.
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.
The document discusses the base curve of lenses, which is the surface curve that forms the starting point for the remaining lens curve. It describes the importance of selecting the proper base curve, as it determines lens thickness, aberrations, and cosmetics. The document outlines different lens forms including Wollaston, Oswalt, and meniscus, discussing their optical properties. It notes that the best lens form follows mechanical and optical criteria, providing a thinner lens that is lighter in weight with reduced magnification and aberrations.
The term ‘‘aniseikonia” comes from the Greek words ‘‘an” (not) ‘‘is” (equal) & ‘‘eikon” (icon or image) so aniseikonia is a binocular condition in which the apparent sizes of the images seen with the two eyes are unequal.
Whenever refractive ametropias in the two eyes of a person are different (i.e., when there is an anisometropia), the corrected retinal images of the two eyes, and consequently the two visual images, differ in size.
This condition has been termed aniseikonia
Optical aniseikonia
Retinal aniseikonia
Cortical aniseikonia
This document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and notes the normal range is 3-5 prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. The document outlines methods to measure the AC/A ratio clinically and discusses its uses in diagnosing different types of strabismus and their management approaches.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses. It begins with a brief history of contact lenses and an introduction to basic optics concepts for thick lenses. It then covers various optical properties of contact lenses like vertex distance correction, magnification, accommodation, convergence, and aberrations. Key advantages of contact lenses are discussed, such as producing a more natural retinal image size for myopes and hyperopes compared to spectacles. Factors affecting spectacle and contact lens magnification are also presented.
Soft Contact Lenses: Material, Fitting, and EvaluationZahra Heidari
Soft contact lenses are made from various materials like silicone and hydrogels, with advantages like comfort and easier fitting but disadvantages like potential for complications. The document discusses the history and evolution of contact lens materials, characteristics of different lens types, factors to consider for patient fitting like base curve and power selection, and how to evaluate fit and make modifications if needed. Proper patient selection and evaluation is important for successful fitting of soft contact lenses.
This document provides information on lens materials used in ophthalmic lenses. It discusses the history and properties of glass materials including crown glass, flint glass, and high index glass. It also discusses plastic materials like CR-39, polycarbonate, high index plastic, and Trivex. The key optical properties of lenses discussed are Abbe value, reflectance, refractive index, and absorption. Mechanical properties like specific gravity, impact resistance, and scratch resistance are also covered.
Retinoscopy is an objective refraction technique used to determine a patient's refractive error. Dynamic retinoscopy is performed with the patient fixating on a near target. Several methods of dynamic retinoscopy have been developed, including MEM, Bell retinoscopy, Nott's retinoscopy, and Book retinoscopy. The movements observed during dynamic retinoscopy - with, against, and neutral - provide information about a patient's accommodative response and ability. The document discusses the procedures, interpretations, limitations, and histories of various dynamic retinoscopy techniques.
Specular microscopy is used to examine the corneal endothelium and analyze pathological changes. There are contact and non-contact types, with contact providing higher resolution but potential discomfort. The procedure involves placing the patient comfortably and using fixation to keep the eye still while obtaining images. Images are then analyzed to study normal endothelium morphology, diagnose corneal endothelial diseases, and monitor conditions like aging, diabetes, surgery, trauma, and compare surgical techniques. Specular microscopy can detect disorders like Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and help with decisions like eye banking and surgery.
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
The synaptophore is a device used to measure binocular vision anomalies. It consists of two optical tubes that can be adjusted horizontally, vertically, and torsionally. Various slides are used for diagnostic and treatment purposes to measure deviations, fusion, stereopsis, and retinal correspondence. Key measurements include the objective and subjective angles of deviation in different gazes, as well as the fusional ranges in horizontal, vertical, and torsional planes. Suppression can also be detected and mapped out. Precise adjustments of the tubes allow customized orthoptic treatment of binocular vision disorders.
The LogMAR chart is designed to provide a more accurate measurement of visual acuity compared to other charts like the Snellen chart. Each line of the LogMAR chart contains the same number of letters and the letter sizes decrease logarithmically between lines, making it easy to use at different distances. The LogMAR chart is now commonly used in clinical settings and recommended for research due to its improved accuracy over other charts, especially for testing children's vision. Visual acuity is scored on the LogMAR chart by referring to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, with more positive values indicating poorer vision.
1) The Jackson Cross Cylinder is an optical device used to objectively refine the measurement of astigmatism during refraction examinations. It consists of two equal but opposite cylinders mounted at right angles to each other.
2) The JCC is used to refine the cylindrical axis by placing it parallel to the trial lens cylinder and flipping it to see if there are changes in visual acuity. The trial lens cylinder is rotated based on the direction of clarity.
3) The JCC is also used to refine the cylindrical power by placing it parallel to the trial lens axis and flipping it. If clarity changes, cylinder power is increased based on the side of clarity.
The document discusses the Jackson cross cylinder (JCC) test, which is used to measure accommodation and determine presbyopia. The JCC is a lens made of crossed cylinders that is designed to flip axes when rotated 180 degrees. It is used in tests to determine a patient's cylindrical axis and power. For presbyopia testing, the JCC is placed before each eye while the patient views a cross target at 40 cm. For an accommodative test, the JCC is placed before the eye viewing a target moved closer until lines parallel to one axis appear less clear, indicating the patient's accommodation. The test helps diagnose and measure presbyopia and remaining accommodation.
T IS MAINLY TO REFINE THE AXIS AND POWER OF CYLINDER LENS AFTER COMPLETE SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION.
It is also used to identify to determine whether patient need cylinder power or not.
The Jackson crossed cylinder (JCC) is an optical tool used to detect and measure astigmatism. It consists of two opposite cylinders of equal strength mounted at 90 degrees to each other. By rotating the JCC, the axis of the plus and minus cylinders are exchanged, allowing the clinician to refine the axis and power of any necessary cylindrical correction. The JCC is used to detect astigmatism, refine the axis of an astigmatic correction, refine the power of an astigmatic correction, and test a patient's near point of accommodation. Its main drawback is that it can confuse patients with multiple questions during the process.
The phoropter is an instrument used in eye examinations to efficiently change lenses and perform subjective refraction. It contains controls for spherical and cylindrical lenses, auxiliary lenses, and adjustments for patient positioning. The refraction process involves preliminary steps to set up the phoropter for the patient. The subjective refraction then establishes the spherical power, refines the cylindrical axis and power, and balances the prescription between the two eyes. Tests like fogging, Jackson cross cylinder, duochrome, and pinhole are used to objectively verify the prescription.
The document discusses intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation methods. It begins by introducing IOL implantation and the key measurements involved in IOL power calculation: keratometry, axial length, and anterior chamber depth. It then describes early theoretical formulas and regression formulas like SRK/T. The document outlines improvements made in newer generation formulas like Holladay's formula which accounts for additional ocular variables to improve IOL power prediction accuracy, especially in extreme eyes. Overall, the document provides an overview of the evolution of IOL power calculation formulas from early theoretical to modern regression-based approaches.
This document summarizes the process of subjective refraction for finding the best lens prescription for a patient. It involves monocular refraction of each eye separately to determine the cylindrical lens power and axis and best spherical lens. Techniques described include astigmatic clock dial, Jackson's cross cylinder, and astigmatic fan to refine the cylinder. The spherical lens is refined using fogging or duochrome testing. Binocular balancing is then performed to provide equal focus in both eyes. Near vision correction may also be determined using near vision charts if needed. The overall goal is to obtain the optimal lens prescription to provide clear vision at both distance and near for the patient.
This document discusses various methods for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power in patients who have previously undergone laser eye surgery such as LASIK. It notes that accurately measuring corneal power and predicting refractive outcome is challenging in these patients due to changes induced by the previous surgery. Several methods are described that use pre-operative data, post-operative measurements, or a combination to calculate IOL power, including the clinical history method, Feiz-Mannis method, corneal bypass method, Aramberri "double K" method, and others. Accurately accounting for factors like the effective lens position is important to achieve the desired refractive outcome.
Subjective refraction techniques rely on the patient's response to determine the refractive correction that provides the best visual acuity. Determining the astigmatic correction is more complex than just the spherical error. Different techniques are used, including the cross-cylinder method and clock dial method. For the cross-cylinder method, the axis is refined first followed by the cylinder power to get the best visual acuity. For children, cycloplegic refraction is important and the full refractive error should typically be corrected, though sometimes undercorrection may be used initially.
Biometry is used to measure the eye to determine the correct intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It involves measuring the corneal power with keratometry and the eye length with axial length measurement. The optimal method is optical biometry which measures both simultaneously while allowing the patient to fixate, improving accuracy. Special cases like high myopia, prior refractive surgery, or pathology require adjusted measurement techniques or formulas to calculate the lens power accurately.
This document discusses biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. It begins by defining biometry as the analysis of biological data using mathematical and statistical methods. It then describes various biometry techniques including A-scan ultrasound to measure axial length, keratometry to measure corneal curvature, and different formulas used to calculate IOL power. Over generations, the formulas have evolved from theoretical to regression-based approaches using parameters like axial length, keratometry readings, and A-constants specific to IOL designs. Proper technique and quality checks are important for accurate biometry and IOL power calculation to achieve the desired refractive outcome.
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
This document discusses the process of determining and correcting refractive errors through objective and subjective refraction methods. It describes retinoscopy and trial frame techniques used in subjective refraction to find the optimal lens prescription. Specifically, it details how Jackson's cross cylinder and fogging techniques are used to refine the cylindrical correction and verify the accuracy of the prescription before the final step of binocular balancing for the patient.
The document discusses intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation and selection. Precise calculations are important for optimal outcomes after cataract surgery. Various formulas are now used that require accurate measurement of corneal power and axial length. The most commonly used regression formula is the SRK formula, which relates IOL power to axial length and corneal curvature. Modifications like SRK-II adjust the formula for shorter or longer eyes. Proper technique is described for taking keratometry and axial length measurements, which are input into formulas to determine the appropriate IOL power.
The document discusses assessment and correction of refractive errors. It provides information on objective refractive assessment tools like retinoscopy and autorefraction. It also discusses subjective refraction techniques and considerations for different patient types. Key points include using cycloplegic refraction for infants and uncooperative patients, adjusting IPD with the phoropter, and transposing cylinders to determine the spherical equivalent.
Subjective refraction is used to find the best corrective lenses for a patient and requires their cooperation. It involves monocular refraction of each eye separately to determine the cylindrical lens power and axis as well as best spherical lens. This is followed by binocular balancing to ensure clear vision with both eyes open. Techniques like fogging, cross-cylinders, and Maddox rods are used in monocular refraction while techniques like fogging with occlusion, duochrome testing, and prism dissociation are used for binocular balancing. Determining the near vision correction involves estimating accommodation amplitude and adding readers if needed for presbyopia.
This document describes the methods and process of subjective refraction. Subjective refraction requires patient input to determine the best lens correction. The examiner uses trial lenses and frames along with visual acuity tests to refine the lens prescription through spherical, cylindrical, and axis adjustments until the best visual acuity is achieved. The process involves initially estimating the refractive error and starting point based on history and tests, then iteratively adjusting lenses based on patient feedback to get the optimal prescription.
Biometry- Iol power and calculation final ppt.pptxKervi Mehta
Biometry- IOL power formulae and calculations
This presentation describes about different generations of IOL formulae and newer formulae. It also gives information how to calculate IOL power in special situations
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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3. @HasnainPashaPK
Content
• History of JCC
• Definition of JCC
• Anatomy of JCC
• Optical Principle of JCC
• Correcting Astigmatism Subjectively
• Refining CYL Power & Axis
• Correcting Presbyopia
4. @HasnainPashaPK
Edward Jackson first described the use of a fixed cross cylinder for the
approximation of cylinder power in 1887 and for cylinder axis in 1907.
He was also the first president of the American Academy of
Ophthalmology.
History
5. @HasnainPashaPK
The Jackson Cross Cylinder is a sphero-cylindrical lens
in which the power of the cylinder is twice the power
of the sphere and of the opposite sign. The spherical
equivalent of JCC is always 0.
Definition
6. @HasnainPashaPK
• It is a combination of two cylinders of equal dioptric power but of opposite vergence power,
placed perpendicular to each other.
• The lens is fitted into a frame whose handle is 45 degree rotated to each principal meridian,
since both principal meridians are 90 degree apart.
• The lens is made enabled to be flipped before the eye by rotating the handle. In this manner,
the positions of the minus and plus axis are interchangeable rapidly and alternately.
• Black and Red are the power indicating lines of two principal meridians.
• The black line indicates + CYL power & red line indicates – CYL power.
• Thus, the black power line is the axis of – CYL & red power line is the axis of + CYL.
• The JCC lens fitted in phoropter doesn’t have power lines, but axis dots. The White Dot is the
axis of + CYL & the Red Dot is the axis of – CYL.
• The mentioned ±0.50 is the refractive power of one CYL only. Thus, the JCC is of ±1.00 DC.
Anatomy
7. +0.50 DC @ 90°
+ =
+0.50 DS / -1.00 DC @ 180°-0.50 DC @ 180°
JCC(SHARMA IP) @HasnainPashaPK
Optical Principle
It works by manipulating interval of sturm’s conoid.
8. @HasnainPashaPK
Usage
• To correct astigmatism subjectively.
• To refine the axis and CYL power found in
objective refraction.
• To find out addition power for presbyopes.
11. @HasnainPashaPK
• Use ± 0.50 DC JCC when vision is 6/9 or better after spherical correction.
• Use ± 1.00 DC JCC when vision is 6/18 or better after spherical correction.
• Use ± 1.50 DC JCC when vision is 6/24 or worse after spherical correction.
Choosing JCC Power
12. @HasnainPashaPK
Procedure
• JCC is done monocularly (right eye first) with adjacent eye occluded.
• Before starting JCC, patient’s circle of least confusion must be placed on retina. This can be
achieved by placing monocular spherical correction (Best Vision Sphere) in the trial frame.
• The patient is then given a target on VA chart that they can see easily. The target optotype is
usually 1 or 2 lines obove the vision achieved with BVS.
• Performing JCC can be cut down into three steps.
• To find if patient needs a CYL or not.
• To refine the axis of CYL.
• To refine the power of CYL.
13. @HasnainPashaPK
1) Finding if patient needs CYL
a. Place the handle of JCC at 45° so that the two principal meridians are at 90° and 180°.
b. Place the handle of JCC at 90° so that the two principal meridians are at 45° and 135°.
• In both settings, give three choices to the patient by flipping and then removing the JCC.
• In first two choices, the positions of + CYL & - CYL axes are interchanged.
• In third choice, the patient is made to see the target optotype without JCC placed over their eyes.
• The patient is then asked to judge which choice is best amongst all. This way, we bracket the 45°arc on which
one of the principal meridian of patient lies. The second step of JCC follows from here.
• If the patient chooses without JCC choice in both settings, we will drop this technique right here because the
patient is not accepting a CYL.
A possible example:
OD: Accepts – CYL @ 180°
OS: Accepts no CYL
14. @HasnainPashaPK
2) Refining CYL Axis
• We have got two techniques to refine the axis, either by using – or by using + CYL.
• In + CYL technique, we’ll chase red power line. And in – CYL technique, we’ll chase black power line.
• Infront of BVS, we’ll place a + CYL if doing + CYL technique or we’ll place a – CYL if doing – CYL technique. The
the power of CYL will be half of the JCC power (equal to the powers of individual CYLs of JCC). E.g. ±0.50 DC if
JCC is of ±1.00 DC (+0.50 DC & -0.50 DC).
1. Align the JCC handle parallel to the axis of CYL that is placed in trial frame.
2. Give three choices, first two by flipping the JCC & third by removing it. If patient chooses one of the first two
choices, rotate CYL by 10° toward the line we are chasing.
3. We will repeat the above step again & again until the choice shows the power line we are chasing, now on
the opposite side as of the side we were proceeding until now, we’ll rotate back the CYL only 5° this time.
4. The end point is when the patient prefers choice 3. The CYL axis is refined now.
A possible example:
OD: – CYL @ 160°
OS: Accepts no CYL
15. @HasnainPashaPK
3) Refining CYL Power
• Align the power lines of JCC parallel to the axis of CYL whose axis was refined in previous step.
• Give three choices, first two by flipping the JCC & third by removing it. If patient prefers one of the
first two choices, see which power line is parallel to the CYL axis.
If the power line that we are chasing is parallel to the CYL axis, increase respective CYL power in
steps of 0.50 DC. (Because the individual CYLs of the JCC we are using are of ±0.50 DC)
If the opposite power line is parallel to the CYL axis, decrease respective CYL power in steps of
0.50 DC.
• The end point is when patient sees better with choice 3. The CYL power is refined now.
A possible example:
OD: – 1.00 @ 160°
OS: Accepts no CYL
16. @HasnainPashaPK
Adjusting Sphere
• The JCC helped to constrict the sturm’s conoid but the circle of least confusion is now misplaced
from retina.
• We need to adjust the sphere to bring it back on retina.
• Subtract half of the CYL from the spherical power algebraically. (BVS – ½ CYL)
• The CYL power and axis remains unchanged.
• (Trick: Same signs of BVS & JCC will be subtracted, opposites will be added.)
Examples:
BVS = +2.00 DS
JCC = +1.00 DC @ 160° (+2.00 DS) – (+0.50 DC) = +1.50 DS +1.50 DS / +1.00 DC @ 160°
BVS = -2.00 DS
JCC = -1.00 DC @ 160° (-2.00 DS) – (-0.50 DC) = -1.50 DS -1.50 DS / -1.00 DC @ 160°
BVS = +2.00 DS
JCC = -1.00 DC @ 160° (+2.00 DS) – (-0.50 DC) = +2.50 DS +2.50 DS / -1.00 DC @ 160°
BVS = -2.00 DS
JCC = +1.00 DC @ 160° (-2.00 DS) – (+0.50 DC) = -2.50 DS -2.50 DS / +1.00 DC @ 160°
• In the end, put up the calculated correction in trial frame and see what patient is up to.
18. @HasnainPashaPK
• The vision of patient is made by using optical and neurological factors.
• The objective refraction only polishes the optical component. The advanced
technology can be used to find out the best possible optical correction but it will
never be 100% reliable as the neurological component was not taken into account at
all. At least by this time no technology can work for that objectively.
• To attain the acceptance by the patient, subjectively refining the correction is the
only way to survive, in the patients that are good enough to help you doing it.
• To refine the power & axis of CYL, JCC is a priority.
• Monoculary (right eye first) put the objectively found correction in trial frame and
perform step 2 and step 3 of JCC, as comprehended in previous section.
21. @HasnainPashaPK
Procedure
• It is done binocularly.
• Distance correction is placed in trial frame.
• Cross grid target is placed at patients desired near distance.
• JCC with minus axis vertical is placed before both eyes.
• Cross cylinder creates artificial astigmatism with an interval of sturm’ conoid of
1.00 DC.
• If pt. accommodates exactly for the target, both sets of lines are equally clear.
• If pt. under-accommodates, the horizontal lines appear clear.
• Add + DS in steps until vertical lines become sharper than horizontal.
• Reduce + DS in steps until horizontal lines become equally clear.