This document presents a numerical analysis of the post-buckling behavior of simply supported compound beams made of two symmetrically distributed materials under uniform thermal loading. The analysis uses energy principles to predict the thermal buckling load and post-buckling strength. Results show the ratio of post-buckling to buckling loads decreases with increasing length ratio and increases with increasing central deflection and moment of inertia ratios. Ratios are also higher for titanium-aluminum beams compared to copper-aluminum and steel-aluminum beams due to the larger thermal expansion ratio of titanium-aluminum. The finite element analysis software ANSYS was used to verify the accuracy of results, showing good agreement.
Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Cantilever Beam and its Validation Using...IJERA Editor
This study investigates the deflection and stress distribution in a long, slender cantilever beam of uniform
rectangular cross section made of linear elastic material properties that are homogeneous and isotropic. The
deflection of a cantilever beam is essentially a three dimensional problem. An elastic stretching in one direction
is accompanied by a compression in perpendicular directions. The beam is modeled under the action of three
different loading conditions: vertical concentrated
load applied at the free end, uniformly distributed load and uniformly varying load which runs over the whole
span. The weight of the beam is assumed to be negligible. It is also assumed that the beam is inextensible and so
the strains are also negligible. Considering this assumptions at first using the Bernoulli-Euler’s bendingmoment
curvature relationship, the approximate solutions of the cantilever beam was obtained from the general
set of equations. Then assuming a particular set of dimensions, the deflection and stress values of the beam are
calculated analytically. Finite element analysis of the beam was done considering various types of elements
under different loading conditions in ANSYS 14.5. The various numerical results were generated at different
nodal points by taking the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system at the fixed end of the beam. The nodal
solutions were analyzed and compared. On comparing the computational and analytical solutions it was found
that for stresses the 8 node brick element gives the most consistent results and the variation with the analytical
results is minimum.
Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Usin...IJERA Editor
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials,
typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are
subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded
plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to
investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates.
Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of
functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric
functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.
Parametric Optimization of Rectangular Beam Type Load Cell Using Taguchi MethodIJCERT
In this work, Rectangular beam type load cell is considered for stress and strain analysis by using finite element method. The stress analysis is carried out to minimize the weight of Rectangular beam- type load cell without exceeding allowable stress. The intention of the work is to create the geometry of Rectangular beam-type load cell to find out the optimum solution. FEM software HyperWorks11.0.0.39 is using for parametric optimization of Rectangular beam type load cell. If the stress value is within the permissible range, then certain dimensions will be modified to reduce the amount of material needed. The procedure will be repeated until design changes satisfying all the criteria. Experimental verification will be carried out by photo-elasticity technique with the help of suitable instrumentation like Polariscope. Using Photo-elasticity technique, results are crosschecked which gives results very close to FEM technique. Experimental results will be compared with FEM results. With the aid of these tools the designer can develop and modify the design parameters from initial design stage to finalize basic geometry of load cell.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Cantilever Beam and its Validation Using...IJERA Editor
This study investigates the deflection and stress distribution in a long, slender cantilever beam of uniform
rectangular cross section made of linear elastic material properties that are homogeneous and isotropic. The
deflection of a cantilever beam is essentially a three dimensional problem. An elastic stretching in one direction
is accompanied by a compression in perpendicular directions. The beam is modeled under the action of three
different loading conditions: vertical concentrated
load applied at the free end, uniformly distributed load and uniformly varying load which runs over the whole
span. The weight of the beam is assumed to be negligible. It is also assumed that the beam is inextensible and so
the strains are also negligible. Considering this assumptions at first using the Bernoulli-Euler’s bendingmoment
curvature relationship, the approximate solutions of the cantilever beam was obtained from the general
set of equations. Then assuming a particular set of dimensions, the deflection and stress values of the beam are
calculated analytically. Finite element analysis of the beam was done considering various types of elements
under different loading conditions in ANSYS 14.5. The various numerical results were generated at different
nodal points by taking the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system at the fixed end of the beam. The nodal
solutions were analyzed and compared. On comparing the computational and analytical solutions it was found
that for stresses the 8 node brick element gives the most consistent results and the variation with the analytical
results is minimum.
Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Usin...IJERA Editor
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials,
typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are
subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded
plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to
investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates.
Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of
functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric
functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.
Parametric Optimization of Rectangular Beam Type Load Cell Using Taguchi MethodIJCERT
In this work, Rectangular beam type load cell is considered for stress and strain analysis by using finite element method. The stress analysis is carried out to minimize the weight of Rectangular beam- type load cell without exceeding allowable stress. The intention of the work is to create the geometry of Rectangular beam-type load cell to find out the optimum solution. FEM software HyperWorks11.0.0.39 is using for parametric optimization of Rectangular beam type load cell. If the stress value is within the permissible range, then certain dimensions will be modified to reduce the amount of material needed. The procedure will be repeated until design changes satisfying all the criteria. Experimental verification will be carried out by photo-elasticity technique with the help of suitable instrumentation like Polariscope. Using Photo-elasticity technique, results are crosschecked which gives results very close to FEM technique. Experimental results will be compared with FEM results. With the aid of these tools the designer can develop and modify the design parameters from initial design stage to finalize basic geometry of load cell.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of the Thermal Behavior of a Synchronous Motor With Permanent MagnetsCSCJournals
The present study deals with the thermal behavior of an electric motor used in naval propulsion. A permanent three-dimensional model based on a nodal approach was developed to predict the thermal behavior of the machine in permanent state. The various heat transfer modes playing a role (mainly the conduction, the convection and the mass transfer) are taken into account. The three dimensional developed model provides information (in terms of heat fluxes or temperatures) for the whole machine. A parametric study using this model is carried out aiming at two objectives. The first one consists in an evaluation of the influence of several factors on the temperature distribution. The second one aims at obtaining the inception of the thermal optimization and evaluating the more efficient cooling techniques or solutions.
ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY DUTY PRESS USING F.E.M AND NEUBER’S APPR...IAEME Publication
Heavy duty presses are subjected to extreme load conditions especially during operations like bending, shearing, drawing etc. It generates very high stresses in the punch and die of the press tool. As a sequel to this, failure of the press tool occurs, sometimes prematurely. Hence estimation of the stresses under severe load conditions is of paramount importance.
Mechanical behavior of tubular welded T-joints with circular and elliptical c...IOSR Journals
The aim of this work is to analyze, numerically, the elastic and elastoplastic behavior of three tubular T-joints with different cross-sections of braces. The first one is circular and the others are elliptical but assembled differently (longitudinal and transversal positions). The elastic study is to compare, in three charge cases, the geometric stress variation around the weld toe for the three T-joints. In the elastoplastic study, the limit loads of these joints were compared for each load case. In the order to facilitate interpretations, the results are presented in graphical form. The numerical simulations are performed using Patran and Nastran softweres
Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software SAP 2000ijtsrd
The shell structure consists of a thin reinforced concrete shell without the use of internal columns to create an internal opening., parabolic or spherical cross section. On the other hand, warehouses and playgrounds are conventional concrete frame structures, on the other hand, they can be difficult to design as the exact shape required for the stability of the structure depends on the material used, the dimensions of the enclosure, external or internal loads and other chamfers.. .. Thus, by changing the shell parameter, the performance of the shell will also change. The main goal of this work is to parametrically analyze different designs of cylindrical shells of different lengths in order to analyze two different lengths of taken cylindrical shells, and then change two parameters, first the radius and then the thickness, based on the radii. and the difference in thickness for the same width, length and material of the frame, we will evaluate the behavior of the frame for different models. Rohit Sahu | Barun Kumar | A. K. Jha "Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software: SAP 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46337.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46337/analysis-of-parabolic-shell-by-different-models-using-software-sap-2000/rohit-sahu
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The use of ekf to estimate the transient thermal behaviour of induction motor...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a survey is conducted to examine the problem of estimating the states and parameters of an asynchronous machine when some of these measures are not available or the estimation approach is the best solution. The modeling is based on the theory of power dissipation; heat transfer and the rate of temperature increase the stator and the rotor, taking into account the effect of speed on trade. The first purpose of this article is displayed the effect of variable losses depending on the load and constant losses on the thermal behavior of asynchronous motor. According to the sensor’s problems and the obtaining of the thermal information about the rotor, the second goal is the use of a sensorless method like the use of the EKF (extended Kalman filter), some simulation results are given and commented.
Web Components - Introdução a tecnologia que vem ganhando cada vez mais notoriedade e que visa auxiliar o desenvolvedor front-end na criação de componentes customizados.
От кирпича к мультиканальности, от fuckupов - к лидерству.Promodo
Презентация Александра Жиляева, руководителя направления digital marketing компании COMFY. Доклад прозвучал на семинаре-практикуме "Маркетинг интернет-магазинов и сервисов", прошедшем в Киеве в рамках проекта Promodo Partners
En este proyecto desarrolle tipogramas que representaran de secciones especificas del parque tematico Legoland, asi como mostrar rasgo especificos de este juguete
Study of the Thermal Behavior of a Synchronous Motor With Permanent MagnetsCSCJournals
The present study deals with the thermal behavior of an electric motor used in naval propulsion. A permanent three-dimensional model based on a nodal approach was developed to predict the thermal behavior of the machine in permanent state. The various heat transfer modes playing a role (mainly the conduction, the convection and the mass transfer) are taken into account. The three dimensional developed model provides information (in terms of heat fluxes or temperatures) for the whole machine. A parametric study using this model is carried out aiming at two objectives. The first one consists in an evaluation of the influence of several factors on the temperature distribution. The second one aims at obtaining the inception of the thermal optimization and evaluating the more efficient cooling techniques or solutions.
ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY DUTY PRESS USING F.E.M AND NEUBER’S APPR...IAEME Publication
Heavy duty presses are subjected to extreme load conditions especially during operations like bending, shearing, drawing etc. It generates very high stresses in the punch and die of the press tool. As a sequel to this, failure of the press tool occurs, sometimes prematurely. Hence estimation of the stresses under severe load conditions is of paramount importance.
Mechanical behavior of tubular welded T-joints with circular and elliptical c...IOSR Journals
The aim of this work is to analyze, numerically, the elastic and elastoplastic behavior of three tubular T-joints with different cross-sections of braces. The first one is circular and the others are elliptical but assembled differently (longitudinal and transversal positions). The elastic study is to compare, in three charge cases, the geometric stress variation around the weld toe for the three T-joints. In the elastoplastic study, the limit loads of these joints were compared for each load case. In the order to facilitate interpretations, the results are presented in graphical form. The numerical simulations are performed using Patran and Nastran softweres
Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software SAP 2000ijtsrd
The shell structure consists of a thin reinforced concrete shell without the use of internal columns to create an internal opening., parabolic or spherical cross section. On the other hand, warehouses and playgrounds are conventional concrete frame structures, on the other hand, they can be difficult to design as the exact shape required for the stability of the structure depends on the material used, the dimensions of the enclosure, external or internal loads and other chamfers.. .. Thus, by changing the shell parameter, the performance of the shell will also change. The main goal of this work is to parametrically analyze different designs of cylindrical shells of different lengths in order to analyze two different lengths of taken cylindrical shells, and then change two parameters, first the radius and then the thickness, based on the radii. and the difference in thickness for the same width, length and material of the frame, we will evaluate the behavior of the frame for different models. Rohit Sahu | Barun Kumar | A. K. Jha "Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software: SAP 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46337.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46337/analysis-of-parabolic-shell-by-different-models-using-software-sap-2000/rohit-sahu
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The use of ekf to estimate the transient thermal behaviour of induction motor...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a survey is conducted to examine the problem of estimating the states and parameters of an asynchronous machine when some of these measures are not available or the estimation approach is the best solution. The modeling is based on the theory of power dissipation; heat transfer and the rate of temperature increase the stator and the rotor, taking into account the effect of speed on trade. The first purpose of this article is displayed the effect of variable losses depending on the load and constant losses on the thermal behavior of asynchronous motor. According to the sensor’s problems and the obtaining of the thermal information about the rotor, the second goal is the use of a sensorless method like the use of the EKF (extended Kalman filter), some simulation results are given and commented.
Web Components - Introdução a tecnologia que vem ganhando cada vez mais notoriedade e que visa auxiliar o desenvolvedor front-end na criação de componentes customizados.
От кирпича к мультиканальности, от fuckupов - к лидерству.Promodo
Презентация Александра Жиляева, руководителя направления digital marketing компании COMFY. Доклад прозвучал на семинаре-практикуме "Маркетинг интернет-магазинов и сервисов", прошедшем в Киеве в рамках проекта Promodo Partners
En este proyecto desarrolle tipogramas que representaran de secciones especificas del parque tematico Legoland, asi como mostrar rasgo especificos de este juguete
From Mao to More: Catching up with the next generation of talent in China MSL
From Mao to More: Catching up with the next generation of talent in China is the latest executive whitepaper from MSL China, and provides insights and understanding of upcoming graduates in tier one Chinese cities. It is based primarily on 55 in-depth interviews with Chinese students in universities throughout Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou and Chengdu, graduating from 2012 to 2015.
The Chinese saying “three years make a gap” accurately explains how fast Chinese society is changing and how generation gaps are being created. This creates additional challenges when companies are looking to attract upcoming graduates. Values and drivers are in flux, so HR Directors and Country Managers must stay up to date on target group values and mindset if they want to communicate effectively with this changing talent pool.
The whitepaper outlines the most important drivers of this group, as well as their attitudes to their career, international employers, managers and entrepreneurship. It also provides advice and recommended communication strategies for how to best engage, attract and retain this group of people who we identify as ‘Generation More.’
[2014 CodeEngn Conference 11] 김기홍 - 빅데이터 기반 악성코드 자동 분석 플랫폼GangSeok Lee
2014 CodeEngn Conference 11
악성코드도 모으면 돈이 된다!
일반적으로 하나의 악성코드를 분석하기 위해서는 정적 분석, 동적 분석, 디스어셈블 등의 여러 가지 분석 방법이 동원된다. 하지만 수십, 수백만의 악성코드를 분석하기 위해서는 우리가 할 수 있는 방법은 어떤 것들이 있을까? 또한 하나의 악성코드에 연관된 여러가지 팩트들을 어떻게 연결시켜서 분석 할 수 있을까? 하나가 아닌 수십만의 악성코드를 분석했을 때 추가적으로 추출 할 수 있는 정보는 없을까? 이러한 질문들을 해결 하기 위해서 요즘 빅데이터 기반의 악성코드 분석 기법이 많이 사용된다. 빅데이터 기반의 악성코드를 분석하기 위한 방법과 주요 팩트 들은 어떤 것들이 있을지 알아보고 이를 자동화 하기 위한 플랫폼 개발에 대한 이야기를 해볼 수 있도록 한다.
http://codeengn.com/conference/11
http://codeengn.com/conference/archive
The way businesses need to organize and behave has fundamentally shifted. Across industries, companies, and organizational functions, we have heard many of the world’s most innovative companies echo the same challenge: businesses must urgently embrace a more nimble and entrepreneurial approach in order to stay competitive. We call this challenge of how big companies can leverage scale while staying innovative “big entrepreneurship.” This report aims to deconstruct some of the complex challenges around big entrepreneurship and provide actionable insights for business leaders.
This report was created by Fahrenheit 212, a global innovation strategy and design firm. We define innovation strategies and develop new products, services, and experiences that create sustainable, profitable growth for our clients. We challenge the belief that innovation is inherently unreliable and have spent the last decade designing the method, building the model, and assembling the minds to make innovation a predictable driver of growth for our clients' businesses.
La meilleure façon d’assimiler de nouvelles connaissances est de les mettre en pratique, c’est la raison pour laquelle chaque chapitre du guide méthodologique comporte des renvois vers les activités de ce livret. Les activités doivent être réalisées en équipe, elles peuvent nécessiter des recherches personnelles ou des déplacements sur le terrain. La durée mentionnée à chaque fois est purement indicative, vous pouvez tout à fait prendre plus ou moins de temps que prévu. Comparez le temps qui vous est nécessaire avec nos estimations, puis planifiez vos réunions en conséquence.
In the present work, static and free vibration response of functionally graded beam
is investigated under thermal environment using Finite Element method (FEM). The
functionally graded (FG) material beam is considered to be composed of various
material combinations like metal/metal, metal/ceramic and ceramic/ceramic. The
material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction
according to a simple power law distribution. The deflection and mode shapes of the
FG beams are obtained for Clamped-Free, Clamped-Clamped and Simply Supported
boundary conditions under both mechanical and thermal load. Numerical results are
obtained for the model in ANSYS software to show the influence of grading of materials,
material constituents, boundary conditions, volume fraction and temperature
conditions on the response of the FG beams
Design and Simulation of Array of Rectangular Micro Cantilevers Piezoelectric...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design, analysis and simulation of MEMS based array of bimorph rectangular microcantilever piezoelectric energy harvester structure with and without tip mass, to analyze their sensitivity. The microcantilever beams are made up of piezoelectric material and Aluminium as a substrate material. The analytical simulation of design is done by FEM (COMSOL Multiphysics). The simulation results of bimorph cantilever structure, applied force of 0.1 N and obtained end displacement and electric potential developed are given. The analytical model of the cantilever beam will be analyzed and the process of its construction will be discussed. The changes in the sensitivity of a cantilever beam with respect to change in its shape for the same applied force of 0.1N are denoted.
Behaviour of steel structure under the effect of fire loadingIJERA Editor
Performance of steel structures in fire depends upon a number of variables such as material degradation at
elevated temperature and restraint stiffness of members surrounded by fire. In order to face minimal structural
damage, limited casualties particularly in high rise structures and for the purpose of selecting suitable fire
resisting measures structural response to fire need to be understood. Carrying out experiments on actual steel
structure is not always feasible as it requires time, money, space and controlled fire as well hence the use of
finite element software’s like ANSYS is the best alternative instead. The material properties that affect the
behavior of structural steel members exposed to fire have been reviewed. Global structural response of simple
steel building is studied by considering three different scenarios to have an understanding of interaction of
structural elements.
Crash Analysis And Design of Multi-Cell Octagonal S-Shape Members Under Axial...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract : Crashworthiness of the structures used in automotive is widely being addressed as it is defining the safety. The present article aims to investigate crushing performance under axial and oblique impact performed under 10°, 20° and 30° for different cross-section configurations of S-shaped longitudinal members. Modeling and numerical analysis are carried out using finite element code LS-DYNA. The model was validated using experimental data. The complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method is used to provide optimized alternative design by considering two conflicting criteria, energy absorption (EA) and peak crushing force (PCF). The results indicate that the structures (at which four blades connect the outer and the inner walls) with inner reinforcing blades have a high crash performance than the others (without connecting blades). Besides, the blades in multi-cell members, which connect the middle of edges (T4), lead to superior response in comparison with the other ones (which connect corners). Finally, dimensions (the wall thickness and the distance of inner and outer tubes) of T4 are optimized by design of experiment and response surface methodology techniques
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
First order shear deformation (FSDT) theory for laminated composite beams is used to study free vibration of
laminated composite beams, and finite element method (FEM) is employed to obtain numerical solution of the
governing differential equations. Free vibration analysis of laminated beams with rectangular cross – section for
various combinations of end conditions is studied. To verify the accuracy of the present method, the frequency
parameters are evaluated and compared with previous work available in the literature. The good agreement with
other available data demonstrates the capability and reliability of the finite element method and the adopted beam
model used.
Tilting of arm is easily available in existing design as working arm is for shifting the big sheetmetal body
from one station to another to get drilled. Now task is to design hub which allows turning of robotic arm along with
tilting without affecting its working behavior. In this study design and evaluation of hub body formed by weldment
sheet metal components is done. validation of strength is done by carrying out static structural analysis in ANSYS.
Buckling Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Compression Members at Elevated Temper...IJMER
Cold-formed steel members have been widely used in residential, industrial and commercial
buildings as primary load bearing structural elements due to their advantages such as higher strength to
weight ratio over the other structural materials such as hot-rolled steel, timber and concrete. However,
they are susceptible to various buckling modes including local and distortional buckling. Fire safety
design of building structures has received greater attention in recent times as fire events can cause loss
of property and lives. Therefore it is essential to understand the fire performance of light gauge coldformed
steel structures under fire conditions. The buckling behavior of cold-formed steel compression
members under fire conditions is not well investigated yet and hence there is a lack of knowledge on the
fire performance of cold-formed steel compression members. Therefore, this paper deals with behavior
of cold formed steel compression member under fire and to analyze the effect of fire on critical buckling
load of compression member. Eigen value analysis for Lipped channel sections made of various
thicknesses and both low and high strength steels was carried out through finite element method. The
ultimate load carrying capacity results from experimental investigation and finite element analyses were
then compared.
Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Cantilever Beam and its Validation Using...IJERA Editor
This study investigates the deflection and stress distribution in a long, slender cantilever beam of uniform
rectangular cross section made of linear elastic material properties that are homogeneous and isotropic. The
deflection of a cantilever beam is essentially a three dimensional problem. An elastic stretching in one direction
is accompanied by a compression in perpendicular directions. The beam is modeled under the action of three
different loading conditions: vertical concentrated
load applied at the free end, uniformly distributed load and uniformly varying load which runs over the whole
span. The weight of the beam is assumed to be negligible. It is also assumed that the beam is inextensible and so
the strains are also negligible. Considering this assumptions at first using the Bernoulli-Euler’s bendingmoment
curvature relationship, the approximate solutions of the cantilever beam was obtained from the general
set of equations. Then assuming a particular set of dimensions, the deflection and stress values of the beam are
calculated analytically. Finite element analysis of the beam was done considering various types of elements
under different loading conditions in ANSYS 14.5. The various numerical results were generated at different
nodal points by taking the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system at the fixed end of the beam. The nodal
solutions were analyzed and compared. On comparing the computational and analytical solutions it was found
that for stresses the 8 node brick element gives the most consistent results and the variation with the analytical
results is minimum.
On the Vibration Characteristicsof Electrostatically Actuated Micro\nanoReson...IJERDJOURNAL
Electrostatic actuation is one of the most prevalent methods of excitation and measurement in micron to Nano scale resonators. Heretofore, in the dynamical behavior analyses of these systems, the resonating beam has been assumed to be perfect conductor which is obviously an approximation. In this paper, effect of electrical resistivity on the vibrational response of these systems including natural frequency and damping, is investigated. The governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of motion are extracted and a finite element formulationby developinga new electromechanical element is presented. Calculated natural frequencies are compared with experimental measurements and a closer agreement is achieved in comparison with previousfindings. Results indicate there is a jump in frequency and damping of the system at a critical resistivity. As system size is decreased and applied voltage approaches toward pull-in voltage, electrical resistivity fully dominates the response nature of the system.
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Post-buckling analysis of a simply supported compound beams made of two symmetrically distributed materials under uniform thermal loading
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 9, Issue 2 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 70-80
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
Post-buckling analysis of a simply supported compound beams
made of two symmetrically distributed materials under uniform
thermal loading
V. Sridhar Patnaik1
, G. Venkateswara Rao2
and A.V.S.S.K.S. Gupta3
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VITAM college of Engineering, Visakhapatnam
– 531 173, India
Research Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, Shamshabad
, Hyderabad – 501 218, India.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad –
500 085, India
Abstract: Thermal post buckling analysis of axi symmetric compound stepped beams, made of two different
materials with axially immovable ends, for simply supported conditions, and was studied numerically. The
analysis was performed by using the energy principle. The compound beam is made of two different materials,
with the end segments of equal lengths of the same material with a higher, and the central segment of a different
length of another material with lower coefficients of linear thermal expansion. Similarly, the Young’s modulus of
the material of the middle segment is higher than that of the symmetrically placed end segments. The buckling
and post buckling strength of stepped compound beam is predicted by examining the influence of inertia, length
and deflection ratios. As mentioned in the title of the present work, importance is given for predicting the non
dimensional post buckling parameters for the two different material combinations such as steel-aluminum,
titanium-aluminum and copper-aluminum as these combinations of materials finds a major applications in the
fields of aerospace, electronic, power generation and automobile industry where high strength and low weight
are desirable.
For post buckling analysis, the accuracy and efficiency of the present method for a isotropic uniform beam with
simply supported and fixed-fixed boundary conditions, have shown a good agreement with that of obtained by
finite element method.
Key words: compound beam, copper-aluminum, steel-aluminum, titanium-aluminum, and post buckling
I. Introduction
The emergence of large variety of structural members made of two different materials, in the interest of
restoration and economy, has inspired researchers to evaluate the contribution of the engineering materials to the
structural strength at elevated temperatures. This study has been undertaken for the purpose of identifying the
behavior of stepped beams, made of two different materials such as steel-aluminum, titanium-aluminum and
copper-aluminum. The previous analytical and numerical studies on the post buckling behavior of isotropic
uniform beams for simply supported and fixed-fixed end conditions are used to confirm the validity of results
obtained by present method for different materials.
Fundamental principles of structural members under the influence of thermal and mechanical loads are
reported in the work of Usmani et al [1]. The fundamental principles presented in this paper provide a means of
estimating forces and displacements in real structures with appropriate idealizations.Raju and Rao [2-6] have
studied the thermal post buckling of uniform and tapered columns with immovable ends, using Rayleigh-Ritz
and the finite element methods. In this study an exact mathematical model thermal post buckling behavior of
uniformly heated elastic rods has also been developed. Thermal post buckling behavior of heated elastic rods
has also been predicted in this study. A simple intuitive method to predict the thermal post buckling behavior of
uniform columns has been presented by Rao and Raju. Different types of boundary conditions for the columns
have been presented in this study. Li and Batra [7] employed a numerical method, such as shooting method, in
the study and analysis of deformations of homogenous and isotropic Euler–Bernoulli beams with simply
supported and fixed-fixed end conditions, heated uniformly into the post buckling regime.
The concept of a stepped compound beam is introduced in the present authors‟ research work [8, 9] to
obtain a near optimum (minimum mass) configuration with respect to critical buckling temperature of the
stepped symmetric compound beam for different boundary conditions and different material combinations. The
nonlinear ordinary differential equations deals with post buckling behavior of beams subject to compressive
loads have analyzed either numerically or analytically in the work of [10-12].Jeket [13] has studied
deformations of a thermally buckled beam made of nonlinear thermo elastic material.
2. Post-buckling analysis of a simply supported compound beams made of two symmetrically distributed
www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Sherbourne,A.N. [14] and Pandy and Sherbourne[15] have reported the buckling and post buckling of
composite beams and plates by using differential quadrature multiplier principle, DQM. Li and Balachandran
[16] have analyzed the thermal buckling and free vibrations of composite micro electromechanical resonators
modeled as stepped composite Euler-Bernoulli beam.Thermal buckling strength of axially restrained composite
structure is investigated by Kardomates et al [17]. The pinned-fixed beam resting on elastic foundation is
investigated by Xisong and Shimrong Li [18].Post buckling behavior of columns subjected to mechanical loads
was discussed by Dym [19] and Thompson and Hunt [20] using differential approach.Buckling and vibration
analysis of beams and plates for a wide range of anisotropic materials are addressed by Laszlo P. kollar and
George S.Springer [22].
Postbuckling deformations of perfect and geometrically imperfect columns resting on elastic
foundations have been analysed by Koundis et al [23]. It was observed that the critical state of a perfect column
is a stable symmetric bifurcation point.One of the major problems faced in realizing the compound beams is the
joining of different materials efficiently and effectively performed by the modern techniques, especially friction
welding, friction stir welding developed by the researchers reported in Refs. [24-25].
In the present work, energy principle is used to predict the thermal post buckling behavior of uniform
and stepped beams with simply supported boundary conditions, made of single or two different materials
combinations.
II. Mathematical Formulation
2.1 Evaluation of Thermal Buckling Load
In this present method, concept leads only one single undetermined constant which can be solved by
the principle of conservation of total energy.
Expressions for strain energy U, and potential energy W for the external applied compressive load P
(EαTA), caused due to the temperature rise, for the right half of the three element symmetric beam, made of
single material as shown in Fig.1a or two different materials ,known as compound beam as shown in Fig.1b
Y(L/2)=0, during buckling , are given by
𝑈 =
𝑀2
2𝐸2 𝐼2
𝐿2/2
0
𝑑𝑥 +
𝑀2
2𝐸1 𝐼1
𝐿/2
𝐿2/2
𝑑𝑥 (1)
𝑊 =
𝑃
2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2𝐿2/2
0
𝑑𝑥 +
𝑃
2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2𝐿/2
𝐿2/2
𝑑𝑥 (2)
Where EI is the flexural rigidity and L is the full length of the three segment symmetric beam.
Now from the principle of minimization of total potential energy, we have,
𝜕 𝑈 − 𝑊 = 0 (3)
For the case of simply supported beam with immovable ends, the admissible function for the lateral
displacement „Y‟ that satisfy the geometric boundary conditions, considering the right half of the beam because
of symmetry, as shown in Fig.1a , Y (L/2) =0, in non-dimensional form is given by
𝑌 = 𝑎 1 − 4.8
𝑥
𝐿
2
+ 3.2
𝑥
𝐿
4
(4)
Substituting the expressions for U and W in eqn.3, gives the mechanical buckling load parameter, in non-
dimensional form as
𝜆 𝐿𝑀 =
PL2
E2I2
=
2.486511477
0.251936286
E12I12
+ 0.0022ζ9
−0.0342857 ζ7
+0.184ζ5
−0.4ζ3
+0.5ζ 1−
1
E12I12
(5)
The magnitude of restraining force P, caused due to temperature rise T in the beam,
𝑃 =
𝐴2 𝐸2 𝛼2 𝑇 1−ζ 𝛼12+ζ
1−𝜁
E12A12
+𝜁
(6)
The equivalent thermal buckling load parameter in non-dimensional form 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 , is worked out from equations
(5) & (6) gives
𝜆 𝐿𝑇 =
A2α2TL2
I2
=
1−𝜁
E12A12
+𝜁
1−ζ 𝛼12+ζ
2.486511477
0.251936286
E12I12
+ 0.0022ζ9
−0.0342857 ζ7
+0.184ζ5
−0.4ζ3
+0.5ζ 1−
1
E12I12
(7)
2.2 Evaluation of tension „Ta‟
As the importance given in this presentation is to the stepped three segment symmetric beam made up of two
different materials with immovable ends undergoes large lateral deformations, the axial tension developed ,Ta, is
given by
3. Post-buckling analysis of a simply supported compound beams made of two symmetrically distributed
www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
𝑇𝑎 =
𝐸2 𝐼2
𝑟2
2 𝐿2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2𝐿2/2
0
𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸1 𝐼1
𝑟1
2 𝐿1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2𝐿/2
𝐿2/2
𝑑𝑥
(8)
And in the non dimensional form is given by
λTa
=
Ta L2
E2I2
=
a2
r2
2
2.486511477 E12I12
r12
2 1−ζ
+ 0.182857ζ7
− 1.536ζ5
+ 3.84ζ3
− 0.000345523
1
ζ
−
E12I12
r12
2 1−ζ
(9)
The compressive force developed in the column, due to temperature raises T from the stress free condition under
equilibrium conditions (linear elastic forces), reaches a critical value, known as the linear critical thermal
load 𝜆 𝐿𝑇.
However, in the post buckling range, the compressive force developed also has to balance the axial tension
developed due to large deformations in addition to the linear elastic forces. Thus the thermal post buckling load
in the non-dimensional form is expressed as
𝜆 𝑁𝐿𝑇 = 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 + λTa
(10)
Once the tension developed in the beam due to large deflections is known, the thermal post-buckling behavior of
the column in terms of
𝜆 𝑁𝐿𝑇
𝜆 𝐿𝑇
= 1 +
λTa
𝜆 𝐿𝑇
(11)
Equation (11) gives the values of the ratio of thermal post buckling load parameter to buckling load parameter,
𝜆 𝑁𝐿𝑇
𝜆 𝐿𝑇
of a simply supported beam for specified values of ratios of a/r2, ζ and I12.
Apart from the theoretical analysis, a detailed Finite Element Analysis is also carried out to capture the thermal
post-buckling path of stepped beam using commercially available software ANSYS. The stepped beam is
discretized with 100 beam elements (BEAM 4 of ANSYS 11.0). Initial geometric imperfection of 1/100th
of
beam radius is given at the middle length of the beam(line of symmetry). The thermal load is applied in
temperature increments (0.1 deg) from initial stress free temperature. Newton-Raphson procedure is used to
solve the non-linear finite element system of equations. The analysis is carried out for the beam simply
supported at both ends: translational dof at two ends are zero
III. Numerical Results And Discussion
The material properties, namely, the Young‟s modulus, density and linear coefficient of thermal
expansion of aluminum, copper, steel and titanium, considered in this work are presented in Table 1. Tables 2 to
7 show the values of the ratios of the thermal post buckling load to thermal buckling load in the non dimensional
form (
𝜆 𝑁𝐿𝑇
𝜆 𝐿𝑇
) for the isotropic simply supported boundary conditions of uniform and stepped beams, obtained
from the present theoretical analysis using energy principle and finite element analysis through software
ANSYS for several values of central deflection parameter a/r2, length ratio, ζ and moment of inertia ratio, I12.
The maximum difference in results of present theoretical analysis shown outside the bracket and ANSYS,
values shown inside the bracket, is around 4%. The values of these ratios are decreasing with the increasing of
length ratio and increasing with the increase of central deflection ratio and moment of inertia ratio.
Also it is observed from the table 2 that the present theoretical analysis and ANSYS values for a uniform simply
supported and isotropic beam have shown good agreement with a difference of 0.001% and 4% with that of
from Ref. [5]. Beyond this value of the difference goes on increasing with increasing of a/r2 and a maximum of
0.535% for a/r2 =3.This difference is not very high for all practical purposes.
Tables 8 to 12 presenting the values of the ratios of the thermal post buckling load to thermal buckling
load in the non dimensional form (
𝜆 𝑁𝐿𝑇
𝜆 𝐿𝑇
) for the simply supported boundary conditions of stepped compound
beams, obtained from the present theoretical analysis using energy principle and finite element analysis through
software ANSYS for several values of central deflection parameter a/r2, length ratio, ζ and moment of inertia
ratio, I12.The results have shown the same trend as it is seen in results of the isotropic beam. Also observed that
these values are higher for the material combination of titanium and aluminum due to larger value of thermal
expansion ratio when compared with that from other material combinations of copper-aluminum and steel-
aluminum. It has been observed the ratios of (
𝜆 𝑁𝐿𝑇
𝜆 𝐿𝑇
) for the compound beams are lower than that of isotropic
beams at higher values of length ratio but more significant at lower values of length ratio. This can be clearly
observed in the compound beam of titanium-aluminum combination existed with larger value of thermal
expansion ratio and moderate value of modulus ratio. The same authors already presented in the previous
research publications [8-9], the effectiveness and advantage of a compound beam with respect to mass and
critical buckling temperature.
4. Post-buckling analysis of a simply supported compound beams made of two symmetrically distributed
www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
IV. Conclusions
Thermal post buckling analysis of stepped ,symmetric beams ,made of single material and
combinations of different materials for simply supported boundary conditions with immovable ends, is
investigated using energy principle by considering the dimensionless form of 4th
order algebraic function and by
using ANSYS. Accuracy of these results for a compound beam is verified with those obtained from the finite
element method through software ANSYS and can be seen a good agreement. The present study on post
buckling of stepped compound beams serve as a reference for predicting the post buckling response of
compound beam and its significance in applications.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the managements of the respective Institutes for their constant
encouragement during the course of this work.
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Notations:
L : Full length of the stepped symmetric beam
a : Central lateral deflection of the full length stepped symmetric beam.
T : Temperature rise
P : External applied compressive load (𝐴2 𝐸2 𝛼2 𝑇)
Ta : Axial tension developed in the beam
U : Strain energy as given by eqn. (1)
W : work done by the thermal load due to temperature rise T
Y : Lateral displacement
5. Post-buckling analysis of a simply supported compound beams made of two symmetrically distributed
www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
x :Axial coordinate
ζ :Length ratio x/L,
A1, A2 : Cross sectional areas of the elements 1 and 2 respectively
L/2 : Length of the half section of the full length stepped symmetric beam
L1/2, L2/2: Lengths of the half sections of the elements 1 and 2 of the Stepped symmetric beam respectively.
E1, E2 : Young‟s modulus of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric circular beam respectively.
𝜶 𝟏, 𝜶 𝟐 : Linear coefficient of thermal expansions of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric circular
beam respectively.
I1, I2 : Areas moment of inertia of the elements 1 and 2 of the steppe symmetric circular beam respectively.
r1, r2 : Radii of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric circular beam respectively.
A12 : Ratio of the across sectional areas of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric circular beam
respectively.
r12 : Ratio of the radii of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric circular
beam respectively.
E12 : Ratio of the modulus of elasticity of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric circular beam
respectively.
12 : Ratio of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the elements 1 and 2 of the stepped symmetric
circular beam respectively.
𝝀 𝑳𝑴, 𝝀 𝑳𝑻 : Linear mechanical (
𝑃𝐿2
𝐸2 𝐼2
) and thermal critical load (
𝛼2 𝑇𝐿2
𝑟2
2 ) parameters respectively
𝝀 𝑵𝑳𝑻 : Thermal post buckling load parameter
𝝀 𝑻 𝒂
: Axial tension parameter (
𝑇𝑎 𝐿2
𝐸2 𝐼2
)
Figure 1a: Geometry of symmetric stepped steel simply supported beam
Figure 1b: Geometry of symmetric stepped compound simply supported beam with different
materials