The document presents a finite element analysis of residual stresses on ferritic stainless steel using shield metal arc welding. A 3D finite element model was developed in ANSYS to analyze temperature fields and stress distribution during the welding process. Both thermal and structural analyses were conducted using a coupled thermo-mechanical approach. The thermal analysis simulated the transient heat source and temperature distribution. The structural analysis then used the temperature histories as input to determine residual stresses in the welded plates, including stresses in the x, y, and z directions and von-mises stress. The results from the finite element analysis agreed with existing research on modeling residual stresses during welding.
Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Usin...IJERA Editor
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials,
typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are
subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded
plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to
investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates.
Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of
functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric
functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Optimization of tungsten inert gas welding on 6063 aluminum alloy on taguchi ...RSIS International
In this paper, the Taguchi method is used for the
Optimization of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding on 6063
Aluminum Alloy. The Taguchi method L27 is used to
optimize the pulsed TIG welding process parameters of 6063
aluminum alloy weldments for maximizing the mechanical
properties. Analysis of Variance is used to find the impact of
individual factors. Then the optimal parameters of the TIG
welding process is determined and the experimental results
illustrate the proposed approach.
Analysis of Machining Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Die Steels Usi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Usin...IJERA Editor
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials,
typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are
subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded
plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to
investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates.
Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of
functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric
functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Optimization of tungsten inert gas welding on 6063 aluminum alloy on taguchi ...RSIS International
In this paper, the Taguchi method is used for the
Optimization of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding on 6063
Aluminum Alloy. The Taguchi method L27 is used to
optimize the pulsed TIG welding process parameters of 6063
aluminum alloy weldments for maximizing the mechanical
properties. Analysis of Variance is used to find the impact of
individual factors. Then the optimal parameters of the TIG
welding process is determined and the experimental results
illustrate the proposed approach.
Analysis of Machining Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Die Steels Usi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Thermal Stress Analysis of Electro Discharge MachiningIJESFT
Procedures and results of experimental work to find thermal stress analysis in electric discharge machined surfaces are presented. In this study, an axisymmetric thermo-physical FEA model for the simulation of single sparks machining during electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is shown. This model has been solved using ANSYS 14.0 software. A transient thermal analysis assuming a Gaussian distribution heat source with temperature-dependent material properties is used to investigate the stress analysis based on temperature distribution. The effect on significant machining parameters (Gap current – Gap voltage) on aforesaid responses had been investigated and found that the stresses sharply changes with the parameters [1].
The FEA model is used to study the relation between these parameters and maximum temperature attended at the end of cycle which is further used to find residual stress produced at the end of cooling cycle. To find residual stresses in the work piece during EDM, the temperature distribution at the end of pulse duration in the work piece has to be estimated [2]
High residual thermal stresses are developed on the surfaces of electric discharge machined parts because of the high temperature gradients generated at the gap during electrical discharge machining (EDM) in a small heat-affected zone. These thermal stresses can be responsible for micro-cracks, decrease in fatigue life and strength and possibly catastrophic failure. The results of the analysis show high temperature gradient zones and the regions of large stresses where, sometimes, they exceed the material yield strength. A transient thermal analysis assuming a Gaussian distribution heat can be used to investigate the Stress analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A review on TIG welding for optimizing process parameters on dissimilar jointsIJERA Editor
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) is relatively high strength welding technique. This technique are mostly used in fabrication and other industries to join the either similar or dissimilar materials. In particular, it can be used to join high-quality strength of metal and alloys.In this paper we discuss abouttheTungsten Inert Gas welding of joining heat treatableof stainless steel and mild steel.These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and finer micro structure. Tungsten Inert Gas Weldingofdissimilar material such as stainless steel and mild steel have the potential to hold good mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Qualityand productivity play important role in today’s manufacturing market. Now a
day’s due to very stiff and cut throat competitive market condition in manufacturing industries. The
main objective of industries reveals with producing better quality product at minimum cost and increase
productivity. Welding is the most vital and common operation use for joining of two similar and
dissimilar parts.In the present research paper an attempt is made to understand various welding
techniques and to find the best welding technique for steel. Special focuses have been put on TIG and
MIG welding. On hardness testing machine and UTM various characteristics such as strength,
hardness, modulus of rigidity, ductility, breaking point, % elongation etc. at constant voltage were
analyzed.
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of process parameters on depth of penetration of welded joint in mi...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of various welding process parameters on the weldability of Mild Steel specimens of grade EN-3A having dimensions 150mm× 100mm× 6 mm, welded by metal inert gas welding were investigated. The welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, are chosen as welding parameters. The depth of penetrations were measured for each specimen after the welding operation is done on closed butt joint and the effects of welding speed, current, voltage parameters on depth of penetration were investigated. Index Terms: Mild Steel (EN-3A), metal inert gas welding, welding current, arc voltage and welding speed.
Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Prope...ijtsrd
Tungsten Inert Gas TIG welding is widely used for weld the thin metal. Alloying metal is also welded by this process. Appearance and quality TIG weld is very superior as compare to other welding process. Melting the work piece and filler rod result in formation of smoke and gases. Helium and Argon are non reactive gases by this property it is used as a shielding gas. Most commonly mixture of Argon and Helium are favored to use for enhanced welding quality because they do not react with each other .Argon and Helium gases protect the welding area from outer environment and helps to maintain a stable arc due to low ionization potential. Aluminum is light in weight and for excellent performance it is used in aerospace industry, aviation, marine industry, automobile, defence and others. TIG welding parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and welding voltage are taken into account which influences the tensile strength, Hardness and Toughness of aluminum weld joint. Welding parameters are controlled with electronic control units. AC power supply is prefer to used for aluminium as compare to DC power supply because of its low melting point aluminium melt at low temperature Ravinder Kumar | Dr. Dinesh Kumar ""Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Properties of AA-6351 T6 Alloy"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23831.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23831/optimization-of-process-parameters-on-tig-welding-to-enhance-mechanical-properties-of-aa-6351-t6-alloy/ravinder-kumar
Weightage Allocation to influential parameters in FSW for Yield Strength Eval...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding is the process used for joining relatively softer material like aluminum and its alloys, using
a non-consumable tool. The flow of material governs the yield strength of the joint in FSW and there are
various parameters which affect this flow. The analytical study conducted in this paper presents
rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin radius as the most influential of these
parameters. This work is an attempt to study their effects on yield strength separately by considering
maximum temperature generated in the weld zone as governing constraint and then finding and
empirical relationship considering the weightage of each parameter in yield strength calculation. This
results in the evaluation of optimal range of these parameters and optimal value of yield strength.
Experimental studies on Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion for the Pipes...sachinbr19
Thermal expansion finds useful application in widely, which generate detrimental internal stress when a structural part is heated and kept at constant length. The coefficient of thermal expansion is also often defined as the fractional increase in length per unit rise in temperature. The exact definition varies, depending on whether it is specified at a precise temperature over a temperature range mean coefficient of thermal expansion. The true coefficient is related to the slope of the tangent of the length versus temperature plot, while the mean coefficient is governed by the slope of the chord between two points on the curve. In the present Study: Thermal Expansion coefficient Setup is made to experimentally examine the Coefficient of Thermal Expansions for different cross sections weather the CTE remains or not also different material samples are also examined and compared with the standard available CTE for validations or any changes may be reported. The experimentations are conducted for the values of the resistance and the change in length to obtain the values of Temperature and Thermal expansion coefficient of the materials Copper, Aluminium and Brass samples are calculated at different temperatures, the obtained values are tabulated and comparative analysis are made for the different samples of each materials and compared with the standard value. The result shows that expansions also taking place at radial directions and increases with increase in diameter. The Aluminium have higher Thermal expansion coefficient compared to copper and brass and it is also observed the Thermal expansion coefficient of copper and brass are almost closer.
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Single-V Groove Butt Weld on Weld...IJSRD
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process (GTAW) is widely used in fabrication of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy material when precision is considered as a prime importance. Deformations in the object undergoing welding are one of the foremost problems encountered in the welding industry. Thus it is often required to study the factors which affect the deformations produced during welding to avoid errors in the geometry. Present investigation highlights Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of a Single-V Groove Butt Weld on Weld Pool Geometry of Aluminium Alloy Plate under Different Joint Parameters.Finite Element Method (FEM) has been employed to do the transient thermal and structural analysis of the assembly. The Finite Element Analysis has been done on ANSYS 14.5 Workbench. Number of factors is liable to produce effects in the job during the welding operation. Aim of this paper is the effect of welding parameters like as welding current, shielding gas flow rate and welding speed with mechanical Properties like tensile strength and hardness. After that finite element analysis for temperature distribution and distribution of the stresses in the welded Aluminium alloy plate. The results show that the larger the Welding current and smaller welding speed will lead to the maximum residual tensile stress. Therefore a residual stress will arise from the restraint position. The ultimate residual stress of weldment is determined by material yield strength at different temperature. The higher yield strength at different temperature has higher material residual stress. Because of its higher thermal conductivity, aluminium alloy test specimens have small temperature differential.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Thermal Stress Analysis of Electro Discharge MachiningIJESFT
Procedures and results of experimental work to find thermal stress analysis in electric discharge machined surfaces are presented. In this study, an axisymmetric thermo-physical FEA model for the simulation of single sparks machining during electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is shown. This model has been solved using ANSYS 14.0 software. A transient thermal analysis assuming a Gaussian distribution heat source with temperature-dependent material properties is used to investigate the stress analysis based on temperature distribution. The effect on significant machining parameters (Gap current – Gap voltage) on aforesaid responses had been investigated and found that the stresses sharply changes with the parameters [1].
The FEA model is used to study the relation between these parameters and maximum temperature attended at the end of cycle which is further used to find residual stress produced at the end of cooling cycle. To find residual stresses in the work piece during EDM, the temperature distribution at the end of pulse duration in the work piece has to be estimated [2]
High residual thermal stresses are developed on the surfaces of electric discharge machined parts because of the high temperature gradients generated at the gap during electrical discharge machining (EDM) in a small heat-affected zone. These thermal stresses can be responsible for micro-cracks, decrease in fatigue life and strength and possibly catastrophic failure. The results of the analysis show high temperature gradient zones and the regions of large stresses where, sometimes, they exceed the material yield strength. A transient thermal analysis assuming a Gaussian distribution heat can be used to investigate the Stress analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A review on TIG welding for optimizing process parameters on dissimilar jointsIJERA Editor
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) is relatively high strength welding technique. This technique are mostly used in fabrication and other industries to join the either similar or dissimilar materials. In particular, it can be used to join high-quality strength of metal and alloys.In this paper we discuss abouttheTungsten Inert Gas welding of joining heat treatableof stainless steel and mild steel.These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and finer micro structure. Tungsten Inert Gas Weldingofdissimilar material such as stainless steel and mild steel have the potential to hold good mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Qualityand productivity play important role in today’s manufacturing market. Now a
day’s due to very stiff and cut throat competitive market condition in manufacturing industries. The
main objective of industries reveals with producing better quality product at minimum cost and increase
productivity. Welding is the most vital and common operation use for joining of two similar and
dissimilar parts.In the present research paper an attempt is made to understand various welding
techniques and to find the best welding technique for steel. Special focuses have been put on TIG and
MIG welding. On hardness testing machine and UTM various characteristics such as strength,
hardness, modulus of rigidity, ductility, breaking point, % elongation etc. at constant voltage were
analyzed.
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of process parameters on depth of penetration of welded joint in mi...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of various welding process parameters on the weldability of Mild Steel specimens of grade EN-3A having dimensions 150mm× 100mm× 6 mm, welded by metal inert gas welding were investigated. The welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, are chosen as welding parameters. The depth of penetrations were measured for each specimen after the welding operation is done on closed butt joint and the effects of welding speed, current, voltage parameters on depth of penetration were investigated. Index Terms: Mild Steel (EN-3A), metal inert gas welding, welding current, arc voltage and welding speed.
Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Prope...ijtsrd
Tungsten Inert Gas TIG welding is widely used for weld the thin metal. Alloying metal is also welded by this process. Appearance and quality TIG weld is very superior as compare to other welding process. Melting the work piece and filler rod result in formation of smoke and gases. Helium and Argon are non reactive gases by this property it is used as a shielding gas. Most commonly mixture of Argon and Helium are favored to use for enhanced welding quality because they do not react with each other .Argon and Helium gases protect the welding area from outer environment and helps to maintain a stable arc due to low ionization potential. Aluminum is light in weight and for excellent performance it is used in aerospace industry, aviation, marine industry, automobile, defence and others. TIG welding parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and welding voltage are taken into account which influences the tensile strength, Hardness and Toughness of aluminum weld joint. Welding parameters are controlled with electronic control units. AC power supply is prefer to used for aluminium as compare to DC power supply because of its low melting point aluminium melt at low temperature Ravinder Kumar | Dr. Dinesh Kumar ""Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Properties of AA-6351 T6 Alloy"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23831.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23831/optimization-of-process-parameters-on-tig-welding-to-enhance-mechanical-properties-of-aa-6351-t6-alloy/ravinder-kumar
Weightage Allocation to influential parameters in FSW for Yield Strength Eval...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding is the process used for joining relatively softer material like aluminum and its alloys, using
a non-consumable tool. The flow of material governs the yield strength of the joint in FSW and there are
various parameters which affect this flow. The analytical study conducted in this paper presents
rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin radius as the most influential of these
parameters. This work is an attempt to study their effects on yield strength separately by considering
maximum temperature generated in the weld zone as governing constraint and then finding and
empirical relationship considering the weightage of each parameter in yield strength calculation. This
results in the evaluation of optimal range of these parameters and optimal value of yield strength.
Experimental studies on Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion for the Pipes...sachinbr19
Thermal expansion finds useful application in widely, which generate detrimental internal stress when a structural part is heated and kept at constant length. The coefficient of thermal expansion is also often defined as the fractional increase in length per unit rise in temperature. The exact definition varies, depending on whether it is specified at a precise temperature over a temperature range mean coefficient of thermal expansion. The true coefficient is related to the slope of the tangent of the length versus temperature plot, while the mean coefficient is governed by the slope of the chord between two points on the curve. In the present Study: Thermal Expansion coefficient Setup is made to experimentally examine the Coefficient of Thermal Expansions for different cross sections weather the CTE remains or not also different material samples are also examined and compared with the standard available CTE for validations or any changes may be reported. The experimentations are conducted for the values of the resistance and the change in length to obtain the values of Temperature and Thermal expansion coefficient of the materials Copper, Aluminium and Brass samples are calculated at different temperatures, the obtained values are tabulated and comparative analysis are made for the different samples of each materials and compared with the standard value. The result shows that expansions also taking place at radial directions and increases with increase in diameter. The Aluminium have higher Thermal expansion coefficient compared to copper and brass and it is also observed the Thermal expansion coefficient of copper and brass are almost closer.
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Single-V Groove Butt Weld on Weld...IJSRD
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process (GTAW) is widely used in fabrication of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy material when precision is considered as a prime importance. Deformations in the object undergoing welding are one of the foremost problems encountered in the welding industry. Thus it is often required to study the factors which affect the deformations produced during welding to avoid errors in the geometry. Present investigation highlights Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of a Single-V Groove Butt Weld on Weld Pool Geometry of Aluminium Alloy Plate under Different Joint Parameters.Finite Element Method (FEM) has been employed to do the transient thermal and structural analysis of the assembly. The Finite Element Analysis has been done on ANSYS 14.5 Workbench. Number of factors is liable to produce effects in the job during the welding operation. Aim of this paper is the effect of welding parameters like as welding current, shielding gas flow rate and welding speed with mechanical Properties like tensile strength and hardness. After that finite element analysis for temperature distribution and distribution of the stresses in the welded Aluminium alloy plate. The results show that the larger the Welding current and smaller welding speed will lead to the maximum residual tensile stress. Therefore a residual stress will arise from the restraint position. The ultimate residual stress of weldment is determined by material yield strength at different temperature. The higher yield strength at different temperature has higher material residual stress. Because of its higher thermal conductivity, aluminium alloy test specimens have small temperature differential.
FINITE ELEMENT METHODOLOGY OF RESIDUAL STRESS IN BUTT WELDING OF TWO SIMILAR ...IAEME Publication
In this study, Metal Arc Welding of rolled steel (JIS G3101 SS400) specimens were studied under computational conditions. The finite element methodology of residual stresses in butt welding of bi-linear plates is conducted using ANSYS software. The study includes a finite element structure
for heat (thermal) and structural (mechanical) welding simulation. Additionally, it also comprises of a poignant heat foundation, material dumps, heat dependant material chattels, metal agility and flexibility, transient heat shift and mechanical investigation.
Study of Simulated Temperature of Butt Joint during Friction Stir Welding Of ...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is one of the latest welding technology that utilizes a special tool for generation of frictional heat in the work piece by its rotation due to which joining occurs without melting of metal. For this reason friction stir welding lies under the category of solid state joining. A part from experimental work, there is large space to work on simulation of FSW by using simulation tools. In the present paper, simulation of friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-6061 is done by using HyperWeld module of Altair HyperWorks. The virtual experiment of friction stir welding is conducted for variable tool rotational speeds with constant travelling speed and study of simulation results of variation in temperature distribution along the weld line of butt joint is done. The results of simulation shows that the temperature is symmetrically distributed along the weld line. It is observed that the maximum temperature along the weld line increases with the increase in rotational speed. It is also observed that the temperature at advancing side is greater that retreating side.
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
Behaviour of steel structure under the effect of fire loadingIJERA Editor
Performance of steel structures in fire depends upon a number of variables such as material degradation at
elevated temperature and restraint stiffness of members surrounded by fire. In order to face minimal structural
damage, limited casualties particularly in high rise structures and for the purpose of selecting suitable fire
resisting measures structural response to fire need to be understood. Carrying out experiments on actual steel
structure is not always feasible as it requires time, money, space and controlled fire as well hence the use of
finite element software’s like ANSYS is the best alternative instead. The material properties that affect the
behavior of structural steel members exposed to fire have been reviewed. Global structural response of simple
steel building is studied by considering three different scenarios to have an understanding of interaction of
structural elements.
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF WELDING IN STEEL PIPES AND PLATESIjorat1
Welding is a common joint type in the fabrication of structural members in aerospace, aeronautical and
pressure vessel industries. Welding is highly reliable and efficient metal joining process. The thermal response of
materials to a welding heat source sometimes causes mechanical problems, e.g. residual stresses and distortion and
changes in mechanical properties due to changes in the microstructure. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most
commonly used numerical technique, which provides accurate estimates of thermal parameters for this analysis. Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) is a tool used especially in determining the thermal stresses and temperature distribution of
the welded models, which are difficult to analyze by hand calculations. The objective of the current work is to study
transient temperature in both arc welded pipe and welded plate of 304L stainless steel. The object is modeled in 3D and
analyzed using FEA with an element type of SOLID70 and heat density of the moving circular area heat source is used.
Knowledge of temperature distribution patterns is useful in any welding process to predict microstructure and
distortion. In the current work a model has been developed to predict the thermal cycles during welding of 304L
pipeline steel
In the present work, static and free vibration response of functionally graded beam
is investigated under thermal environment using Finite Element method (FEM). The
functionally graded (FG) material beam is considered to be composed of various
material combinations like metal/metal, metal/ceramic and ceramic/ceramic. The
material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction
according to a simple power law distribution. The deflection and mode shapes of the
FG beams are obtained for Clamped-Free, Clamped-Clamped and Simply Supported
boundary conditions under both mechanical and thermal load. Numerical results are
obtained for the model in ANSYS software to show the influence of grading of materials,
material constituents, boundary conditions, volume fraction and temperature
conditions on the response of the FG beams
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHAPE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF METAL PARTICLES ON THE THE...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effect of shape and spatial distribution of metal particles on the thermal conductivity of nickel-silicone composites is investigated to find out the optimum shape and spatial distribution of metal particles in polymer composites. Various finite element models with different particles shapes and arrangements are constructed to predict composite thermal conductivity.
Artificial Neural Network based Monitoring of Weld Quality in Pulsed Metal In...
Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stresses on Ferritic Stainless Steel
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1131 www.ijergs.org
Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stresses on Ferritic Stainless Steel
using Shield Metal Arc Welding
Swapnil R. Deogade1*
, Prof. Sachin P. Ambade2
, Dr. Awanikumar Patil3
1*
M.Tech Student (CAD/CAM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur
3
Professor, Department of Material and Metallurgical Engineering, Vishveshvarya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Corresponding author*
E-mail address: swapnildeogade@hotmail.com
Abstract- This work deals with the finite element analysis of Ferritic Stainless Steel using single pass Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW). The analysis of stresses in heat affected zone (HAZ) and welded zone is carried out. The model uses FEA (ANSYS 14).
Main purpose of this paper is to present both the methodologies of simulation by the ANSYS using coding carried out by mechanical
APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language). The transient thermo-mechanical (coupled) analysis shows temperature and residual
stress distributions on welded plates.
Keywords- Finite element analysis, Temperature distribution, Residual stress, ANSYS, SMAW
INTRODUCTION
Welding is most popular joining process utilized in various industries such as petrochemical, aero-space, automotive, marine etc.
Welding is a versatile and relative low-cost process. However welding causes a non-uniform temperature distribution and produces
residual stresses. This paper pertains to the evaluation of residual stress in 409M stainless steel (FSS) welding.
In the present analysis, the temperature distribution and the weld-induced residual stress fields and deformation of steel plates
are investigated by numerical simulations based on FEM modeling using ANSYS14. The temperature dependent thermo-physical
properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat and density are provided and temperature dependent thermal–structural
properties including Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and thermal expansion coefficient are used for thermal analysis and mechanical
analysis, respectively. The heat flux provided in thermal analysis was calculated using Goldak’s heat source model. Finite element
analysis to simulate the transient thermal conditions of the weld is considered to be the most accurate and flexible method of
modeling.
LITERATURE REVIEW
S. Murugan et all [1], studied the Temperature distribution and residual stresses due to multipass welding in type 304 stainless steel
and low carbon steel weld pads. In a multipass welding operation, the residual stresses are developed. This change stresses with every
weld pass. Among various welding operation they carried out MMAW i.e., Manual Metal Arc Welding. This tensile residual stresses
increases susceptibility of weld to fatigue damage, stress corrosion cracking as well as fracture. M. Jeyakumar et al [2] did the
evaluation of residual stress in butt-welded steel plates. The residual stresses and distortions are dominated by deformation of metals
in the heat affected zone of weld joints as well as by external and internal restraints. The residual stress effects may be either
beneficial or detrimental which depends upon magnitude and distribution of stresses. Since the load steps are more mechanical APDL
is adopted over here. The analysis results found in this research is in good agreement with existing complex 3D finite element analysis
and experiments. K Punitharani, et al [3] discussed the Finite element method for residual stresses and distortion in hard faced gate
valve. The process of depositing a filler material on the surface of carbon and low alloy steel base metal is called hard facing. In this
2. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1132 www.ijergs.org
work residual stresses are predicted in hard face gate valve using FEA and with the help of X-ray diffraction technique stresses
measured are being validated. Here the load steps fairly are very high, therefore programming language called ANSYS parametric
design language is used and the coding was employed to perform both thermal and structural analysis.
C.M. Chen and R. Kovacevic [4] explained the finite element modeling of friction stir welding thermal and thermo-
mechanical analysis. Friction stir welding is nowadays is emerged as solid state joining. Here it is expected that the residual stresses
and distortions generated are less as compared with fusion welding. G.A.Moraitis and G.N.Labeas [5] made the prediction of residual
stresses and distortions due to laser beam welding of butt joints in pressure vessels. A 3 dimensional model has been developed for the
simulation of laser welding process and later predicting the distortions and residual stresses of laser beam welding steel and aluminum
butt joints. Simulation model helps us to control residual stresses and distortion within the welded structures. Ali Moarrefzadeh [6]
investigated Finite Element simulation for thermal profile in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. FEM simulation can
provide detail information of stress distribution, deformations and temperatures.In finite element simulations two numerical
formations were there viz., Lagrangian formulation and Eulerian formulation. For meshing of solid field PLANE55 type is used which
has 4 nodes with one degree of freedom. This element has mesh moving property as well. For fluid field FLUID141 element is used.
J.J. del et all [7] made the Comparative analysis of TIG welding distortions between austenitic and duplex stainless steels by
FEM. The aim of this paper was to establish a set of approximations and simplification in numerical modelling of stainless steel
welding for reducing huge computation time due to coupled and nonlinear formulations. N. Akkus, G. Genc, and S. Sen [8] showed
experiments and Finite Element Analysis of Arc Welding Residual Stresses. In sheet metal after welding residual stresses occurs so in
this paper FEA and experimentation is carried out. Thermocouples are used for temperature measurement. Residual stresses are
investigated with the help of hole drilling method. In residual stress measurement experiment as the welding speed increases less
strain and less residual stresses were observed. Li Chaowen and Wang Yong [9] explained three-dimensional FEA of temperature and
stress distributions for in-service welding process. Welding onto a pipeline in active operation, called in-service welding. It is the
advanced technique utilized in repair of pipelines. These in-service welding repair methods are widely used through the natural gas,
petroleum and petrochemical industries. Shielded metal arc welding was carried out here as a heat source model and the doubled
ellipsoid model was selected. For verifying the FE model, the temperature obtained by the thermocouples was compared to the EF
calculated. Dragi Stamenkovic and Ivana Vasovic [10] studied about Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stresses in Butt Welding
Two Similar Plates. The joining of dissimilar metals are more challenging than that in similar metals due to difference in properties of
base metals welded. Therefore welded structures first meet the strength requirements and probability of defect formation. There are
two different methods in couple-field analysis viz., sequential and direct. Fanrong Kong and Radovan Kovacevic [11] worked on 3D
finite element modelling of the thermally induced residual stresses in the hybrid laser/arc welding of lap joint. In this study, four cases
of hybrid laser–GTAW experiment with different welding speeds of 20 mm/s, 25 mm/s, 30 mm/s, and 40mm/s are performed to
validate the thermo-mechanical finite element model. The finer mesh is placed near and along the weld bead in order to assure enough
accuracy in simulation, and the courser mesh is chosen for the areas far from the weld bead in order to reduce the computation cost.
All the procedure was carried out using ANSYS program designed language (APDL).
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
The finite element method is a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solutions to a large class of engineering problems
involving stress analysis, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and fluid flow. ANSYS is a comprehensive general-purpose finite element
computer program that contains over 100,000 lines of code. ANSYS is capable of performing static, dynamic, heat transfer, fluid flow,
and electromagnetism analyses. In order to accurately capture the temperature fields and the residual stresses in the welded pipe, a 3-D
3. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1133 www.ijergs.org
finite element model is developed. The thermo-mechanical behavior of the weldment during welding is simulated using coupled
formulation.
Thermal Analysis
Heat conduction is assumed governed by the Fourier law. Together with the source term from the process, the (transient)
governing equation for temperatures becomes
( ) ( ) ( ) ̇ 1
To analyse the transient energy distribution in a material, conductivity and heat capacity of the material must be specified.
Material Model
In the present thermal analysis, two work-pieces of dimension 150*75*4 were developed in APDL and were glued. The material is
meshed using a brick element called SOLID70 which is 8 noded three dimensional element. Meshing was carried out was mapped
meshing which was fine at welded zone and coarse at heat affected zone. The element is defined by eight nodes with temperature
as single degree of freedom at each node and by the orthotropic material properties. The Goldak moving heat source was modeled
in ansys.
Boundary conditions for thermal model were specified as surface loads through ANSYS® codes. Assumptions were made for
various boundary conditions based on data collected from various published research papers. Convective and radiative heat losses
to the ambient occurs across all free surfaces of the workpiece and conduction losses occur from the workpiece bottom surface to
the backing plate. According to Stefan-Boltzmann's law the radiative heat loss is given by
(( ( 2
Fig. 1. Model developed in APDL Fig. 2. Meshed model
Structural Analysis
The same finite element model used in the thermal analysis was employed here, except for the element type and the boundary
conditions. The mechanical analysis is conducted using the temperature histories computed by the thermal analysis as the input
data. During the welding process, solid-state phase transformation does not occur in the stainless base metal and the weld metal.
The elastic strain is modeled using the isotropic Hook’s law with temperature-dependent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
4. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1134 www.ijergs.org
Here the coupled thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out. The results from thermal analysis were added as the input to
structural and hence no boundary conditions were provided to it. Only the material properties like Modulus of elasticity, poisons
ratio and thermal expansion coefficient were provided to it. The element Solid 70 is replaced automatically by the equivalent
structural element Solid 185, which is also an eight-noded, three-dimensional element but has plasticity, hyper-elasticity, stress
stiffening, creep, large deflection, and large strain capabilities.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Thermal profile of welding using ANSYS
Using thermal analysis movement of heat source at various times and temperature distribution are shown below in figure 3 and 4.
Heat source starts at 0 and continues upto to 66 seconds, since the welding time from start to end was 66 seconds. Below are the
heat sources shown in figure 3 are after (a) 11seconds, (b) 22seconds, (c) 44seconds and (d) 65.56seconds. With the help of
Goldak’s heat source model heat flux are estimated and were applied at the welded zone. (were fine mesh were provided.)
Fig. 3(a). At 11 seconds Fig. 3(b). At 22 seconds
Fig. 3(c). At 44 seconds Fig. 3(d). At 65.56 seconds
Fig. 3. Movement of heat source at various times
5. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1135 www.ijergs.org
Fig. 4. Temperature distribution Fig. 5. Thermal profile using ANSYS
Two thermocouples were inserted in plates at mm and 7mm away from welding inorder to find out the temperature profile at
heat affected zone from starting point of welding. The thermocouples were inserted at a distance of 50mm and 100mm. Following
figure 5. shows the temperature distribution at heat affected zone as the welding torch moves.
Structural Analysis
As the structural analysis is coupled with thermal analysis, hence carried out after the thermal analysis. It does not require
boundary conditions. Outputs from thermal results are treated as input to structural analysis. As no boundary conditions are
provided therefore displacement is considered to be zero. Below shown are the stresses which are developed in the work-piece
after welding. Figures 6(a,b,c) shows the stresses in x, y and z directions, Figures 7(a,b,c) shows the shear stresses in x, y and z
directions. Figure 8 shows the equivalent stress.
Fig. 6(a). Stress in x-direction Fig. 6(b). Stress in y-direction
6. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1136 www.ijergs.org
Fig. 6(c). Stress in z-direction Fig. 7(a). Shear stress in x-direction
Fig. 7(b). Shear stress in y-direction ` Fig. 7(c). Shear stress in z-direction
Fig. 8. Von-mises stress
7. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 2, March-April, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
1137 www.ijergs.org
CONCLUSION
Finite Element Analysis of stresses has been carried out ANSYS 14. In this study 3-D FE model is developed to analyze the
temperature fields and stress distribution for FSS409M. The 3-D Finite Eelement model which was developed have predicted
temperature cycles and welding residual stress fields satisfactorily.
REFERENCES:
1. S. Murugan, Sanjai K. Rai, P.V. Kumar, T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj, M.S.C. Bose; “Temperature distribution and residual
stresses due to multipass welding in type 304 stainless steel and low carbon steel weld pads”, International Journal of
Pressure Vessels and Piping 78 (2001) 307-317
2. M. Jeyakumar, T. Christopher, R. Narayanan and B. Nageswara Rao; “Residual Stress Evaluation in Butt-welded IN718
Plates”, CJBAS Vol. (01) - September - Issue 02 (2013) 88-99
3. K Punitharani, N Murugan and S M Sivagami; “Finite element analysis of residual stresses and distortion in hard faced gate
valve”, Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 69 February 2010, pp. 129-134
4. C.M. Chen, R. Kovacevic; “Finite element modeling of friction stir welding-thermal and thermo-mechanical analysis”,
International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 43 (2003) 1319–1326
5. G.A. Moraitis, G.N. Labeas; “Residual stress and distortion calculation of laser beam welding for aluminum lap joints”,
Journal of materials processing technology 198 (2008) 260–269
6. Ali Moarrefzadeh; “Finite-Element Simulation for Thermal Profile in Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)Process”,
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149, Issue 2, Vol.1( January-2012)
7. J.J. del Coz Díaz, P. Menéndez Rodríguez, P.J. García Nieto, D. Castro-Fresno; “Comparative analysis of TIG welding
distortions between austenitic and duplex stainless steels by FEM”, Applied Thermal Engineering 30 (2010) 2448-2459
8. N. Akkuş, G. Genç, S. Şen; “Experiments and Finite Element Analysis of Arc Welding Residual Stresses”, International
Congress on Advances in Welding Science and Technology for Construction, Energy and Transportation Systems (AWST -
2011) 24-25 October 2011, Antalya, Turkey
9. Li Chaowen and Wang Yong; “Three-dimensional finite element analysis of temperature and stress distributions for in-
service welding process”, Materials and Design 52 (2013) 1052–1057
10. Dragi Stamenković, MSc (Eng)1),Ivana Vasović, BSc (Eng); “Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stress in Butt Welding
Two Similar Plates”, Scientific Technical Review, Vol.LIX,No.1,2009, pp. 57-60
11. Fanrong Kong, Radovan Kovacevic; “3D finite element modeling of the thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid
laser/arc welding of lap joint”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 210 (2010) 941–950