The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination of groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, India. 27 groundwater samples were tested for levels of cadmium, lead, iron, and arsenic and compared to WHO maximum contaminant levels. The results found high percentages of samples exceeded WHO limits for cadmium and iron in both wet and dry seasons, while most lead levels were within limits except in the dry season. Arsenic levels were below limits in both seasons. The contamination poses health risks to the local population reliant on groundwater.
Heavy Metals in Irrigated Crops along Tatsawarki River in Kano, NigeriaIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses macronutrients, which are nutrients required by plants in large amounts. It defines macronutrients as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium and potassium. It describes the sources and functions of each macronutrient, as well as deficiency problems that can occur when plants do not receive enough of certain macronutrients. In conclusion, it states that macronutrients play an important role in plant growth and development, and that excess or deficits can negatively impact plant life.
The document analyzes soil samples collected around painted buildings in four local governments in Benue and Taraba States, Nigeria to determine heavy metal contamination levels. Testing found high levels of lead, cadmium, zinc and chromium contamination in the soils, with lead contamination being the highest. The order of contamination differed between locations but consistently included lead as the primary contaminant. The heavy metal levels pose health risks, especially to children, who are more vulnerable to negative impacts of heavy metal exposure through soil ingestion and dust inhalation near the painted buildings. Blood monitoring for heavy metals is recommended for individuals living near the painted structures.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination of groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, India. 27 groundwater samples were tested for levels of cadmium, lead, iron, and arsenic and compared to WHO maximum contaminant levels. The results found high percentages of samples exceeded WHO limits for cadmium and iron in both wet and dry seasons, while most lead levels were within limits except in the dry season. Arsenic levels were below limits in both seasons. The contamination poses health risks to the local population reliant on groundwater.
Heavy Metals in Irrigated Crops along Tatsawarki River in Kano, NigeriaIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses macronutrients, which are nutrients required by plants in large amounts. It defines macronutrients as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium and potassium. It describes the sources and functions of each macronutrient, as well as deficiency problems that can occur when plants do not receive enough of certain macronutrients. In conclusion, it states that macronutrients play an important role in plant growth and development, and that excess or deficits can negatively impact plant life.
The document analyzes soil samples collected around painted buildings in four local governments in Benue and Taraba States, Nigeria to determine heavy metal contamination levels. Testing found high levels of lead, cadmium, zinc and chromium contamination in the soils, with lead contamination being the highest. The order of contamination differed between locations but consistently included lead as the primary contaminant. The heavy metal levels pose health risks, especially to children, who are more vulnerable to negative impacts of heavy metal exposure through soil ingestion and dust inhalation near the painted buildings. Blood monitoring for heavy metals is recommended for individuals living near the painted structures.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Metal Concentrations in the Groundwater in Birjand Flood Plain,Mansouri et al...Behrooz Etebari
The document analyzes metal concentrations in groundwater samples from 30 sites in the Birjand flood plain in Iran. Metal concentrations decreased in the order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Fe met national drinking water standards except for Pb levels exceeding international standards. pH and hardness levels were within acceptable ranges for drinking water. Correlations were found among Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in the groundwater.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
The document discusses the bioavailability of heavy metals in marine ecosystems. It explains that heavy metals can accumulate in marine organisms and food chains, eventually making their way to humans. Some key points made include that heavy metals are toxic even at low concentrations, can enter marine environments through various sources of pollution, and have various negative effects on marine organisms and ecosystems.
project presentation on Bioaccumulation of Heavy metalscutiepie39
This presentation summarizes a research project investigating the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health. The project aims to evaluate how heavy metals are removed from water by aquatic organisms, their biological effects, and how they bioaccumulate and act as stressors. Methods will include studying three types of commercial fish exposed to industrial wastewater and their ability to remove heavy metals. Outcomes may provide insights into ecosystem processes, risks to aquatic life and human health from metal pollution, and interactions between heavy metals and other stressors in aquatic environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Plant nutrition refers to the availability and type of essential chemical elements that plants need to grow normally. There are macronutrients and micronutrients that plants require. Macronutrients like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are required in relatively large amounts. Micronutrients such as chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, nickel, and molybdenum are needed in very small amounts. Deficiency of different nutrients causes specific symptoms in plants depending on the nutrient's function. Maintaining proper pH and applying fertilizers can help ensure adequate nutrient availability for plants.
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
IRJET - Heavy Metal in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Risk and ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews heavy metal contamination in soils from various sources like industrial activities, mining, use of pesticides and fertilizers. It discusses different analytical techniques used to estimate heavy metal concentration in soils like atomic absorption spectroscopy, instrumental neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Several studies estimating heavy metal levels in contaminated soils and their uptake by plants near industrial, mining and dumping sites are also summarized. The document concludes that modern industrialization has led to increased levels of heavy metals in soils posing risks to human health through the food chain.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Waste Water by Electrocoagulation Proc...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the electrocoagulation process for removing heavy metals from water and wastewater. It discusses several heavy metals (arsenic, lead, zinc, chromium) that commonly contaminate water sources and their health effects. It also summarizes various technologies used for heavy metal removal such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and chemical coagulation and their limitations. The document concludes that electrocoagulation is an effective and environmentally friendly process for treating heavy metal contaminated water and wastewater.
Dangers of bioaccumulation of some heavy metals consumed in sardine and macke...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sardine and mackerel fish from Benue State, Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to test fish samples for lead, cadmium, and iron. Sardine from Makurdi had total concentrations of 0.0105 mg/L lead, 0.016 mg/L cadmium, and 15.1 mg/L iron. Mackerel from Makurdi had 0.013 mg/L lead, 0.063 mg/L cadmium, and 16.06 mg/L iron. Sardine from Otukpo had 0.0105 mg/L lead, 0.016 mg/L cadmium, and 15
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
This document discusses heavy metal pollution of soil in China. It covers the definition of heavy metals, the current state of soil heavy metal pollution, characteristics of heavy metal pollution including persistence and bioaccumulation, sources of heavy metal pollution from atmospheric deposition, wastewater, waste and agricultural chemicals, hazards of heavy metal pollution to soil resources, human health and agriculture, methods to control pollution including engineering, biological and chemical approaches, and agricultural and ecological restoration methods to remediate contaminated soil.
Heavy metal in the environment and effect on plant physiologyArifin Sandhi
This document summarizes the effects of heavy metals in the environment on plant physiology. It discusses how industrialization and mining have increased heavy metal levels and how plants uptake metals through their roots and foliage. It then examines the physiological effects on plants, including cellular interactions where metals are stored, transport mechanisms using proteins, impacts on metabolism like oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis, reproduction, and hyperaccumulation. The document concludes that understanding plant uptake and resistance strategies could help with phytoremediation and addressing metal deficiencies in foods.
This document discusses heavy metal pollution, specifically focusing on mercury pollution. It defines marine pollution and contamination, and how contamination is measured. It then discusses how mercury pollution occurs through bioaccumulation and biomagnification within marine ecosystems. Sources of mercury pollution discussed include atmospheric deposition, rivers, groundwater seepage, and deliberate discharge. Effects of mercury toxicity in humans and marine life are outlined, including specific examples like Minamata disease. High levels of mercury found in fish, marine mammals, and whale meat intended for human consumption are noted as a health concern.
This study examines high levels of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) in groundwater in Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan that pose health risks. Groundwater samples from two areas, Jallah Jeem and Dur Pur, contained As levels from 5.9-507 ppb and F- levels from 5.5-29.6 ppm, exceeding World Health Organization limits of 10 ppb for As and 1.5 ppm for F-. The sources of As and F- were determined to be both natural geologic processes and anthropogenic activities like coal combustion and agriculture. Residents exhibited arsenicosis and fluorosis from exposure. Health risks were assessed using estimated daily intake and target hazard quotients.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Metal Concentrations in the Groundwater in Birjand Flood Plain,Mansouri et al...Behrooz Etebari
The document analyzes metal concentrations in groundwater samples from 30 sites in the Birjand flood plain in Iran. Metal concentrations decreased in the order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Fe met national drinking water standards except for Pb levels exceeding international standards. pH and hardness levels were within acceptable ranges for drinking water. Correlations were found among Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in the groundwater.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
The document discusses the bioavailability of heavy metals in marine ecosystems. It explains that heavy metals can accumulate in marine organisms and food chains, eventually making their way to humans. Some key points made include that heavy metals are toxic even at low concentrations, can enter marine environments through various sources of pollution, and have various negative effects on marine organisms and ecosystems.
project presentation on Bioaccumulation of Heavy metalscutiepie39
This presentation summarizes a research project investigating the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health. The project aims to evaluate how heavy metals are removed from water by aquatic organisms, their biological effects, and how they bioaccumulate and act as stressors. Methods will include studying three types of commercial fish exposed to industrial wastewater and their ability to remove heavy metals. Outcomes may provide insights into ecosystem processes, risks to aquatic life and human health from metal pollution, and interactions between heavy metals and other stressors in aquatic environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Plant nutrition refers to the availability and type of essential chemical elements that plants need to grow normally. There are macronutrients and micronutrients that plants require. Macronutrients like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are required in relatively large amounts. Micronutrients such as chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, nickel, and molybdenum are needed in very small amounts. Deficiency of different nutrients causes specific symptoms in plants depending on the nutrient's function. Maintaining proper pH and applying fertilizers can help ensure adequate nutrient availability for plants.
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
IRJET - Heavy Metal in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Risk and ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews heavy metal contamination in soils from various sources like industrial activities, mining, use of pesticides and fertilizers. It discusses different analytical techniques used to estimate heavy metal concentration in soils like atomic absorption spectroscopy, instrumental neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Several studies estimating heavy metal levels in contaminated soils and their uptake by plants near industrial, mining and dumping sites are also summarized. The document concludes that modern industrialization has led to increased levels of heavy metals in soils posing risks to human health through the food chain.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Waste Water by Electrocoagulation Proc...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the electrocoagulation process for removing heavy metals from water and wastewater. It discusses several heavy metals (arsenic, lead, zinc, chromium) that commonly contaminate water sources and their health effects. It also summarizes various technologies used for heavy metal removal such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and chemical coagulation and their limitations. The document concludes that electrocoagulation is an effective and environmentally friendly process for treating heavy metal contaminated water and wastewater.
Dangers of bioaccumulation of some heavy metals consumed in sardine and macke...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sardine and mackerel fish from Benue State, Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to test fish samples for lead, cadmium, and iron. Sardine from Makurdi had total concentrations of 0.0105 mg/L lead, 0.016 mg/L cadmium, and 15.1 mg/L iron. Mackerel from Makurdi had 0.013 mg/L lead, 0.063 mg/L cadmium, and 16.06 mg/L iron. Sardine from Otukpo had 0.0105 mg/L lead, 0.016 mg/L cadmium, and 15
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
This document discusses heavy metal pollution of soil in China. It covers the definition of heavy metals, the current state of soil heavy metal pollution, characteristics of heavy metal pollution including persistence and bioaccumulation, sources of heavy metal pollution from atmospheric deposition, wastewater, waste and agricultural chemicals, hazards of heavy metal pollution to soil resources, human health and agriculture, methods to control pollution including engineering, biological and chemical approaches, and agricultural and ecological restoration methods to remediate contaminated soil.
Heavy metal in the environment and effect on plant physiologyArifin Sandhi
This document summarizes the effects of heavy metals in the environment on plant physiology. It discusses how industrialization and mining have increased heavy metal levels and how plants uptake metals through their roots and foliage. It then examines the physiological effects on plants, including cellular interactions where metals are stored, transport mechanisms using proteins, impacts on metabolism like oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis, reproduction, and hyperaccumulation. The document concludes that understanding plant uptake and resistance strategies could help with phytoremediation and addressing metal deficiencies in foods.
This document discusses heavy metal pollution, specifically focusing on mercury pollution. It defines marine pollution and contamination, and how contamination is measured. It then discusses how mercury pollution occurs through bioaccumulation and biomagnification within marine ecosystems. Sources of mercury pollution discussed include atmospheric deposition, rivers, groundwater seepage, and deliberate discharge. Effects of mercury toxicity in humans and marine life are outlined, including specific examples like Minamata disease. High levels of mercury found in fish, marine mammals, and whale meat intended for human consumption are noted as a health concern.
This study examines high levels of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) in groundwater in Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan that pose health risks. Groundwater samples from two areas, Jallah Jeem and Dur Pur, contained As levels from 5.9-507 ppb and F- levels from 5.5-29.6 ppm, exceeding World Health Organization limits of 10 ppb for As and 1.5 ppm for F-. The sources of As and F- were determined to be both natural geologic processes and anthropogenic activities like coal combustion and agriculture. Residents exhibited arsenicosis and fluorosis from exposure. Health risks were assessed using estimated daily intake and target hazard quotients.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes and compares different heuristic methods for allocating resources in housing construction projects. It analyzes six heuristic models - minimum slack, greatest resource utilization, greatest resource demand, most possible jobs, shortest processing time, and total resource usage - using data from 10 housing projects. The models are compared based on project time overrun and average resource utilization. Total resource usage heuristic allocates resources in full or part at each time period, carrying unfinished work to the next period. While minimum slack heuristic often performs best, no single heuristic is best for all projects. The document aims to evaluate which heuristic provides the optimal resource allocation with minimal time and cost overruns.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a research study that modeled and simulated a three-dimensionally braided composite using finite element analysis software. Key points:
- A four-step braided composite micromechanical model was modeled and its mechanical properties analyzed under varying parameters like braiding angle and fiber volume fraction.
- The elastic constants of the composite against the parameters were calculated and their relationships analyzed based on the simulation results.
- It was found that the through-thickness stiffness and strength of the 3D braided composite increased with reinforcement along the thickness direction. The elastic constants also decreased with increasing braiding angle.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This study used latent class analysis to examine survey responses from a nationally representative sample of 7th graders in the US about their science attitudes, perceptions of teacher support, and later STEM career attainment. The analysis identified four latent classes: 1) students who found science useful and felt teacher encouragement, 2) students who found science useful but did not feel teacher encouragement, 3) students who did not find science useful but felt some teacher encouragement, and 4) students who did not find science useful and did not feel teacher encouragement. Students in the first two classes were twice as likely to enter STEM careers compared to the last two classes, indicating the importance of both positive science attitudes and perceived teacher support.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on using nano-composites to remove fluoride from water. Bermuda grass was converted to carbon nanofibers through heat treatment and mixed with metal oxides like iron oxide and titania. Testing found that the iron oxide nano-composite removed approximately 97% of fluoride within 60 minutes at pH 4, outperforming the titania composite and plain carbon fibers. The fluoride removal followed a Freundlich adsorption model. The nano-composites show potential as low-cost materials for defluoridation of groundwater.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.27
ABSTRACT- Contamination of soil by heavy metals is an ecological problem on a global level, this contamination
affects agricultural crops in the area concerned. In the present study, Copper, Zinc and Chromium being heavy metals
have been assessed for their injurious effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Trigonella foenum-graceum L.
solutions of the heavy metals were prepared in concentrations ranging from1,3,5,10,50,100,200,300,500ppm for irrigating
the seeds of the crop to be germinated in Petri-dishes for seven days. The young seedlings were studied for their response
based on seed vigour index, length of radicle, length of plumule and fresh weight against seeds germinated using distilled
water as control. It was observed that toxic effect of heavy metals on fenugreek growth was as follows: Cr>Cu>Zn on the
basis of a decrease in germination percentage and overall poor health of the seedling. Key-words- Chromium, Copper, Zinc, Germination, Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Toxicity
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes the heavy metal content and phytochemical composition of three edible plant species (Gongronema latifolium, Talinum triangulare, and Amaranthus hybridus) grown in southern Nigeria. Soil and plant samples were collected from five locations and analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plants were also analyzed for phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and steroids. The results showed zinc had the highest concentration in soil samples, while mercury was lowest. Lead concentration in some plant samples exceeded
Micro organisms living in zinc contaminated soil - a reviewIOSR Journals
This document reviews microorganisms living in zinc contaminated soil. It discusses how zinc contamination affects soil microbial communities and activities. Higher zinc concentrations can inhibit microbial growth and reduce enzyme activity. However, some microorganisms have adapted to survive in zinc polluted soils. The document also examines how certain microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Aspergillus can help remove heavy metals from contaminated soils and have potential applications in bioremediation.
IRJET- A Review on Removal of Fluoride in WaterIRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for removing fluoride from drinking water. It begins by discussing the sources and health effects of fluoride contamination in water supplies. Fluoride occurs naturally but can also come from industrial and agricultural sources, and too much fluoride intake can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis in humans as well as health issues in animals. The document then examines several techniques for defluoridation, including coagulation/precipitation, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, electrodialysis, ion exchange, electrocoagulation, and adsorption. Coagulation/precipitation involves adding chemicals to form fluoride precipitates and is commonly used but has low removal efficiency. Other methods like ion exchange and adsorption can more effectively reduce
Article AssignmentDue date December 11, 2012 by 1 pm Influenc.docxfredharris32
Article Assignment
Due date: December 11, 2012 by 1 pm
Influence of aluminum on the uptake of various cations from a solution into carrots
Read the article and answer the following questions:
1. What causes acidification of rain and what is the main effect of the acidification on crops?
2. Provide name of all elements that were utilized for preparation of multitracer solution.
3. Above what Al concentration was the deformation of carrot roots observed? At what AlCl3 concentration was the rate of cerium uptake into intact roots the highest? What is the pattern in uptake rate for rear earth elements?
4. What is the reported influence of Al3+ on the uptake of beryllium, strontium and barium by a carrot roots? What is responsible for this uptake?
5. Compare uptake of manganese, cobalt and zinc into roots and leaves at 0.002 ppm of Al.
Answers to all questions must be typed.
NOTE: You may need to find secondary sources to answer question 1. In such case, you must cite your sources at the end of the assignment, following the examples below. Remember that reproducing text from a source verbatim is plagiarism, and such incidences can become part of your academic record.
How to cite a web page:
National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: Specialized Information Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004).
How to cite a scientific journal article:
Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.
Effects of Ionic Valency
of Interacting Metal Elements
in Ion Uptake by Carrot
(Daucas carota cv. U.S.
harumakigosun)
TAKUO OZAKI,*,1 SHIZUKO AMBE,2 YOSHITAKA MINAI,3
SHUICHI ENOMOTO,2 FUMIO YATAGAI,2 TOMOKO ABE,2
SHIGEO YOSHIDA,2 AND YOSHIHIRO MAKIDE4
1Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai,
Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan; 2The Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
3Faculty of Humanities, Musashi University, Toyotama-kami,
Tokyo 176-8534, Japan; and 4Radio Isotope Center,
Tokyo University, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
Received April 27, 2001; Accepted June 28, 2001
ABSTRACT
Interaction of elements in the course of element uptake by carrot
(Daucas carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) exerted by the addition of ele-
ments, such as Rb, Zn, and Al, was investigated. For the purpose of pre-
cise evaluation of uptake behavior, the simultaneous determination of
absorption of Na, Be, Sr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ce, Pm, and Gd was conducted by
the multitracer technique. For root uptakes, Al exhibited its influence on
the uptake of essential elements and on the uptake of toxic or unbenefi-
cial ones, presumably as a result of the large electric valency that caused
cell membrane disintegrity. On the other hand, Zn as a divalent cation
only affected the uptake of essential and beneficial elements. Rubidium,
which is a monovalent cation, did no ...
Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust that can be toxic to humans and animals. It accumulates in plants and their tissues, stunting growth and inhibiting photosynthesis and respiration. Plants have defense mechanisms against lead toxicity like reducing uptake and sequestering lead into vacuoles. Phytoremediation techniques use plants to remove or stabilize lead in soils and water. In humans, lead poisoning above certain blood levels can impact neurological development, kidney function, and cardiovascular health. Chelation therapy is used to treat higher levels of lead poisoning. Biotechnologists can develop genetically modified plants to remediate lead contamination and improve diagnostic tests and treatments.
Agricultural production systems are adapting operations to meet the increasing demand for wholesome and affordable food. Attention has focused on the long-term impact on ecosystems of both crop and animal production. With reference to animal agriculture, concerns have been expressed about the concentration of minerals in manure and its subsequent effect on soil mineral content and phytotoxicity.
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
This study analyzed lead levels in soil samples from different sites in Baghdad, Iraq during 2008. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine total and ionic lead concentrations. Results found higher lead levels in Al-Karkh sites compared to Al-Rasafa sites, with the highest levels near an old car battery factory. Ionic lead levels were more important indicators of environmental pollution risk than total lead. Children are most at risk of health effects from lead exposure through soil ingestion and inhalation. The analytical methods used to determine lead concentrations were accurate and precise.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bioaccumulation of Cadmium Heavy Metal And its Effect on the Level of Chlorop...researchinventy
Cadmium is known to inhibit the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and can disrupt the photosynthesis process. This research aimed at investigating the ability of the accumulation of cadmium heavy metals (Cd) by Thalassia hemprichii in the waters of the Ambon Island and its effect on the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaves. Cd heavy metal analysis was carried out on samples of sea water, sediments, as well as the roots and leaves of T. hemprichii using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The ability of accumulation and translocation of Cd heavy metals T. hemprichii was determined by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF). The analysis of chlorophyll and carotenoid content used UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the research showed that the BCF value of T. hemprichii reached 141.04, while the TF value was 7.63. The BCF and TF value which was more than one indicated that T. hemprichii had the potential to be metal accumulators. The effect of the levels of Cd heavy metals in the leaves and the level of chlorophyll showed a negative correlation, but not significant. The level of Cd heavy metals in the leaves also could increase the levels of carotenoids of the leaves of T. hemprichii. These results indicate that T. hemprichii had the potential as phytoremediator in the waters of Ambon island that have been contaminated with heavy metals Cd.
Removal of lead and oil hydrocarbon from oil refining contaminated wastewater...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential of three Pseudomonas bacterial species (P. florescence, P. paucimobilis, and Pseudomonas sp.) to remove lead and crude oil from wastewater from an oil refinery in Alexandria, Egypt. The study found high removal efficiencies for lead (over 90%) and oil (56.8-68.8%) when treating wastewater in batches with different bacteria to wastewater ratios. P. florescence was the most effective at removing contaminants. The optimal ratio was 1:2 bacteria to wastewater. The study recommends using Pseudomonas bacteria, especially P. florescence, for bioremediation
Removal of lead and oil hydrocarbon from oil refining contaminated wastewater...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential of three Pseudomonas bacterial species (P. florescence, P. paucimobilis, and Pseudomonas sp.) to remove lead and crude oil from wastewater from an oil refinery in Alexandria, Egypt. The study tested different bacteria to wastewater ratios in batch experiments and measured the removal efficiency of lead, oil, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed high removal efficiency of lead (over 90%) and oil (56.8-68.8%) and partial removal of COD and BOD. P. florescence was the most effective and a bacteria to wastewater ratio of
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
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1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 3 ||Issue|| 2 ||Pages|| 79 - 86 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead
Enrichment/Depletion in Selected Farming Soils of Nigeria
1,
1,
Awagu, E.F., 2, Uduma, A. U.
Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, P.M.B.3032 Hadejia Road Kano, Nigeria
2,
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------Lead (Pb) concentration was assessed of the arable soils in the vicinity of mining and dumping sites in Nigeria.
Its contents in the arable soils assayed by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (AAS) ranged from
6.8 – 47.8 mg/kg. The enrichment factor (EF) calculated by using Manganese as a reference element fell within
a range of 30.3 – 301.4. The mean values of the enrichment factor of 92.9 classified the soil as extremely high
contaminated with lead. Anthropogenic activities contribute significantly to the level of lead in the studied
areas. This poses serious debilitating effects on the agro – ecosystems, since lead has no known essential
function(s) in plants metabolism.
KEYWORDS: Zamfara, Arable soils, anthropogenic activities, lead, enrichment, depletion, Enrichment
Factor.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 01 February 2014
Date of Acceptance: 15 February 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.
INTRODUCTION
This research was informed by the Zamfara state (one of the studied areas) incessant acute lead
poisoning epidemic. A series of lead poisoning in Zamfara State, Northwest Nigeria, lead to the deaths of at
least 163 people between March and June, 2010, including 111 children, under the age of five years. Since the
lead poisoning crisis was reported, it has been estimated that at least 10,000 people of which 2,000 children
under 5 years of age are in acute danger of death [1]
4. Literature Survey
The efficiency of lead absorption from the gastrointestinal track is greater in children than in adults;
and nutritional deficiencies of iron or calcium, which are prevalent in children, may facilitate lead absorption
and exacerbate the toxic effects of lead [2]. Lead is a cumulative general poison, infants, children up to 5 years
of age, the fetus and pregnant women being the most susceptible to adverse health effects. Its effects on the
central nervous system can be particularly serious [3]
Research on young primates has demonstrated that exposure to lead results in significant behavioral
and cognitive deficits, examples, impairment of activity, attention, adaptability, learning ability and memory, as
well as increased distractibility [4]
An annual immunization program in Zamfara state, led to the discovery of a high number of childhood
mortality and morbidity in Yargalma and Dareta villages, where lead is prevalent. It was thought by the villagers
that all the children had contracted malaria. An investigation by Medecins Sans Frontie (MSF), (Doctors without
Boarders), WHO and CDC (USA, Canada and Nigeria), found unusually high levels of lead in the children’s
blood during tests. Studies have shown a strong positive correlation between Blood – Lead (Pb) levels in
humans [5, 6]. The UNEP conducted field research within the home environment of the local miners in
September and October, 2010, and found that some well water in the villages contained 10 times the
recommended limit of lead, the soil had as much as 150 times the limit of lead and air samples contained as
much as 500 times the acceptable limits [5]. There is increase and domestication of mining activities which is
the mainstay of the local economy, in many villages in Zamfara State within the last years, with greater
involvement of women and children processing lead contaminated gold ore in their home environment,
including the use of cooking utensils for mining activities. Mining activities have potentially impacted
negatively on public health, environmental safety and sustainable agriculture in Zamfara State. Indeed, Zamfara
state is known for being the site of the worst lead poisoning outbreak in modern history, which is an ongoing
crisis [5]. Acute lead toxicity renders the soil unsuitable for plant growth and destroys the biodiversity [7].
This study therefore, is aimed at the assessment of lead enrichment and depletion of the arable soils in
the agro ecosystem of these areas. This is so because, healthy soil is essential for human health because what is
in the soil affects the health, safety and quality of the food we eat that is derived from the soil [8].
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2. Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead…
Lead is the commonest of the heavy elements, accounting for 13mg/kg of the earths crust.
Industrialization, urbanization, mining, dumping and many other anthropogenic activities have resulted in the
redistribution of lead from the earths crust to the soil and to the environment [9]. Soils with lead levels above
10ppm average are primarily the results of lead contamination [10].
Lead forms various complexes with soil components, and only a small fraction of the lead present as
these complexes in the soil solution are phyto available [11]. Despite its lack of essential function in plants, lead
is absorbed by them mainly through the roots from soils solution and thereby may enter the human food chain
[12]. The absorption of lead by roots occurs via the apoplastic pathway or through Ca 2+ permeable channels
[11]. The behavior of lead in soil and uptake by plants is controlled by its speciation and by the soil pH, soil
particle size, cation-exchange capacity, root surface area, root exudation and degree of mycorrhizal transpiration
[13]. After uptake, lead primarily accumulates in root cells, because of the blockage by casparian strips within
the endodermis. Lead is also trapped by the negative charges that exist on roots cell walls [12]. Excessive lead
accumulation in plant tissue impairs various morphological, physiological and biochemical functions in plants,
either directly or indirectly, and induces a range of deleterious effects. It causes phytotoxicity by changing cell
membrane permeability, by reacting with active groups of different enzymes involved in plant metabolism and
by reacting with the phosphate groups of ADP or ATP and by replacing essential ions [12]
Lead toxicity causes inhibition of ATP production, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage by over
production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In addition, lead strongly inhibits seed germination, root
elongation, seedling development, plant growth, transpiration, Clorophyll production and water and protein
content [13]. The negative impact of lead on plant vegetative growth mainly result from the following factors:
distortion of Chloroplast ultrastructure, obstructed electron transport, inhibition of Calvin cycle enzymes,
impaired uptake of essential elements such as Mg and Fe, and induced deficiency of Co2 resulting from stomatal
closure [12]. Under lead stress, plants possess several defense strategies to cope with lead toxicity. Such
strategies include reduced uptake into the cell, sequestration of lead into vacuoles by the formation of
complexes, binding of lead by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino – acids and synthesis of osmolytes. In
addition, activation of various antioxidants to combat increased production of lead – induced ROS constitute a
secondary defenses system [11]. Generally, lead can adversely affect ecosystems by wiping out the populations
of micro – organisms at soil lead concentrations of 1000 parts per million (ppm) or more, slowing the rate of
decomposition of matter [14]. Populations of plants, micro organisms and invertebrates may be affected by lead
concentration of 500 to 1000ppm, allowing more lead – tolerant population of the same or different species to
take their place. This will change the type of ecosystem present [14].
Although, many metals are essential, all metals are toxic at higher concentration, because they cause
oxidative stress by formation of free radicals. Other heavy metals such as: lead, Mercury, Plutonium and
Cadmium are toxic metals that have no known vital or beneficial effect on organisms, and their accumulation
over time in the bodies of animals / plants can cause serious illness even death. Another reason why metals may
be toxic is that they can replace essential metals in pigments or enzymes disrupting their functions. Thus, metals
render the soil unsuitable for plant growth and destroy the biodiversity [7].
The behavior of a given element in soil (i.e., the determination of its accumulation or leaching) may be
established by comparing concentrations of a trace element with a reference element [15]. The result obtained is
described as an enrichment factor (EF), and the equation used to calculate it is as follows:
EF
Cn / Cref
Bn / Bref
In which Cn is concentration of the examined element in the soil, Cref is concentration of the examined
element in the Earth’s Crust. Bn is the concentration of the reference element in the soil, and Bref is the
concentration of the reference element in the Earth’s Crust.
A reference element is “Conservative” (i.e., the one that content in samples originates almost
exclusively from the Earth’s Crust. The most common reference elements in the literature are aluminum (Al),
Zicronium (Zr), iron (Fe), Scandium (sc) and Titanium (Zr), Iron (Fe), Scandium (Sc) and Titanium
Ti[16][17][18]19], although there are also attempts at using other elements (e.g., Manganese (Mn)[20],
Chronium (CR) [21], and Lithium (Li) [22].
Generally, the enrichment factor is used to assess soil contamination (enrichment), and its
interpretation is as follows:
EF < 2 - depletion to minimal enrichment
EF 2 < 5 - Moderate enrichment
EF 5 < 20 - Significant enrichment
EF 20 < 40 – very high enrichment
EF > 40 – extremely high enrichment
[23].
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=
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3. Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead…
Enrichment factor can also be used to evaluate element depletion in soil [16]. All EF values less than
one may indicate that teaching and consumption of an element take procedure over its accumulation in soil.
The samples tested were collected from dumping sites in the vicinity of meaning and dumping sites in
North – West, North – Central and South – East geopolitical zones of Nigeria.
The results were expected to explain which processes, accumulation, or leaching is dominant in the
area. The research also attempted to analyze the relationships between enrichment and depletion of the surface
layer of soil and parameters such as soil pH and humus contents.
II.
RESEARCH ELABORATIONS
Location of the Research
The study areas are within Latitude 40 and 140 North and Longitude 30 and 150 East, Nigeria. These include:
1.
Yargalma farming soil, near local gold ore mining site in Bukkuyum, Zamfara State, North West,
Nigeria.
2.
Dareta arable soil, near gold / lead ores mining site in Anka, Zamfara State, North West, Nigeria.
3.
Itakpe farming soil, near iron ore mining site okene, Kogi state, North Central, Nigeria.
4.
Ray Field Resort farming soil near tin ore mining site in Jos South, Plateau State, North Central,
Nigeria.
5.
Udi farming soil, near coal mining site in Enugu East, Enugu State, South East Nigeria.
6.
Chalawa arable soil in the vicinity of tannery waste dumping site in Kumbotso, Kano state, North
West, Nigeria.
7.
Court Road farming soil, near general dumping site in Kumbotso, Kano State, North West, Nigeria.
The dominant formations in the areas are carboniferous deposits with layers from the Tertiary and
Quaternary periods. The predominant types of soils in the study areas are arenosols and ultisols. In small areas
histosols occur.
The study areas are agricultural, industrial and mining communities. The farmland covers over 65% of
the study areas. The farming activity in the study areas deals meaning with crop growing such as yam, beans,
cassava, maize, pepper, Okrea, leafy, vegetables, Cocoyam, rice, millet, guinea corn, tomatoes, carrot, lettuce
and onions. The areas are dominated by extensive agriculture, industrial and mining activities.
Sample Collection and Analytical Procedure
The surface soil layer to a depth of 0 – 20cm (ploughing layer) was sampled with a sharp edge plastic
spatula and directly transferred the soil sample into labeled polyethylene homogenization container, and mixed
thoroughly to obtain a homogenous sample representative of the entire sampling interval. Each sample from
equi – spaced sample station was a composite of 30 sub – samples from a distance of 20 meters per a sub –
sample. When compositing was completed, the labeled homogenization polyethylene bags were closed tightly
and returned same to the laboratory for pre treatment and analysis [24][25].
The farming soil samples were air dried under laboratory conditions for two weeks, ground, sieved
through a 2 – mm polyethylene sieve and dried to constant mass in an oven at 75 oc, and kept in desiccators for
further analysis.
0.25g of the oven dried soil samples were weighed into platinum crucibles. The digestions were
conducted with a mixture of 3cm3 of conc. HND3, 2.cm3 of conc. HF and 1cm3 of 40% H2O2 solution.
The mixture was digested on a sand bath at a temperature of 200 – 2.30oc and the acids were
evaporated to dryness. After the acids had been digested and evaporated, 30cm3 of 0.25MHNO3 was added,
warmed for 10 minutes and transferred and filtered into 50cm 3 plastic containers and filled to volume with the
0.25MHNO2 solution. The digested soil samples, the reagent blank and standard solutions were analyzed using
Atomic absorption, spectrometer, and model BUK Scientific UPG 210.
The lead content was calculated by using the straight line equation from the calibration curve plotted.
Soil pH was measured potentiometrically in 1MKCL with a soil / extractant ratio of 1:5 in three replicates per
sample. The organic carbon was determined by Tiurin method. It was oxidized to Carbon dioxide with
potassium dichromate in the presence of conc. Sulphuric acid. The unreacted potassium dichromate was titrated
with ammonium iron (ii) sulphate. Considering that the average content of carbon in soil organic matter was
equal to 58%, the conversion factor 1.724 was used to calculate the percentage of organic matter from the
content of organic carbon.
When the enrichment factor was calculated, Manganese was used as a reference element. Manganese is
one of the main components of the earths crust and its concentration in soil is connected mainly with the matrix.
When the enrichment factor was calculated Cref and Bref denoted Pb and Mn concentrations in the earth’s crust
of 10mg/kg and 1100mg/kg, respectively [26].
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4. Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead…
Fig. 4: Map of Kano State Showing the Sampling
Fig. 1: Map of Nigeria Showing the Study
Points
Areas
Fig. 5: Map of Zamfara State Showing the Study
Areas
Fig. 2: Map of Plateau State Showing the
Study Areas
Fig. 6: Map of Kogi State Showing the
Study Area
Fig. 2 Fig. Fig.3: Map of Enugu State Showing the
Study
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5. Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead…
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The studied areas include figures 1- 6. The pH of the soils (figure 7) tested ranged from 4.1 – 8.1,
indicating acidic, neutral and slightly alkaline. Humus content (figure 8) ranged from 0.6% - 4.6%. Lead (Pb)
distribution skewed towards high frequently of low concentrations (figure 9). It had a wide range of 6.8 – 47.8
mg/kg, the highest number of value being found in 47 – 5 / mg/kg range. Lead concentrations increased
considerably with increasing humus content and vice versa. An increase in pH also affected significantly lead
increase.
The enrichment factors for the soil samples ranged over 30.3 - 301.4, indicating extremely high
enrichment. The mean enrichment factor of 92.9 classified the soil as extremely high contaminated (figure 10).
There was no lead depletion in all soil samples assessed.
The enrichment factors obtained pointed to extremely high enrichment. The mean enrichment factor of
92.9 classified the soil as extremely high contaminated with lead. This poses serious debilitating consequences
on the agro – ecosystems, since lead has no known essential functions in plants. The accumulation of lead in
these study areas is essentially due to anthropogenic influence.
Most of the farmers make extensive use of fertilizers, cow dung’s and tannery sludge as soil
amendment materials. Accumulation of lead in soils takes place in the surface layers using organic matter[15],
which is composed of simple organic compounds and humus (i.e., large – molecular, dark – colored organic
bonds). Humus, like simple organic compounds, readily accumulates metals, including lead. The soils analyzed
showed a distinct increase in lead concentrations with increasing humus.
An increase in soil pH, on the other hand, results in an increase in enrichment factor. Thus, the increase
in pH affects greatly lead binding in soil and hinders its leaching. Humus content had a smaller effect on soil
enrichment and depletion than pH.
Nigeria is one of the countries in West Africa most exposed to desert dust because of its proximity to
the main emission source area and its location with regard to the dominant winds [27]. Studies have shown that
harmattan dust which deposits on vegetation and farmland contains varying degrees of metal concentrations
including lead [28]. Wastes such as lead acid battery containers, soldier, alloys, cable sheathing, pigments, rust
inhibitors, glazes and plastic stabilizers are known to contain high concentrations of lead [29].
According to the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), there were 14 tanning industries
around Challawa, one of the studied areas in Kano State by the year 2001, that discharge their liquid and solid
wastes into the immediate environment (consisting of land and water bodies). [30] stated that various chemicals
are used during the soaking, tanning and post tanning processing of hides and skins.
The main chemicals used include sodium sulphate and basic chromium sulphate including non – ionic
wetting agents, bactericides, soda ash, Cao, ammonium sulphide, ammonium chloride and enzymes. Others are
sodium bisulphate, sodium chlorite, NaCl, H2SO4, formic acid, sodium formate, sodium bicarbonate, vegetable
tanning, synthans, resins, polyurethane, dyes, fat emulsions, pigments, binders, waxes, lacquers and form
aldehyde. Various types of processes and finishing solvents and auxiliaries are used as well. It has been reported
that only about 20% of the large number of chemicals used in the tanning process is absorbed by leather, the rest
is released as waste [31].
Tanneries have been found to discharge not only Cr which is an inherent product of the tanning process
but also significant amounts of Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu, have been observed at the main waste disposal points
exceeding the toxic range in soils [30]. These anthropogenic activities contribute significantly to the elevated
level of lead in the studied areas.
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6. Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead…
Fig 8: Distribution Pattern for pH in Farming Soil Samples
9
8
Frequency
7
6
5
4
Series1
3
2
1
0
Concentration of Pb in Farming Soil Samples (mg/kg)
Fig. 7: Frequency Distribution Pattern for Concentration of Pb in Farming Soil Samples
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7. Manganese as a Reference Element for the Interpretation of Lead…
Fig. 9 : Frequency Distribution Pattern for Organic Matter Content of Farming Soil Samples
Enrichment Factor (EF) of Pb in farming Soil Samples
Figure 10: Frequency Distribution Pattern for Enrichment Factor of Pb in Farming Soil Samples, using
Mn as a Reference Element
CONCLUSION
The locations of the studied areas in the anthropogenically affected zones are characterized by lead
enrichment of all the tested soils, and in all cases well exceeding even 100% (EF > 2) against matrix. The
dynamics of humus content, pH, prevailing environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts account for
lead accumulation in the studied areas. This poses serious debilitating effects on the agro – ecosystems, since
lead has no known essential functions in plants metabolism.
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