The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport, and propagation systems.
Noise pollution is a big issue among worldwide. It has various physical and psychological problems. Here i am giving presentation highlighting mental health problems due to noise pollution.
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport, and propagation systems.
Noise pollution is a big issue among worldwide. It has various physical and psychological problems. Here i am giving presentation highlighting mental health problems due to noise pollution.
Any sound that is undesirable or unwanted may be defined as noise. Noise is a result of human activity from road vehicles, air traffic and railways, work processes, and personal activities.
Farhat naz mphil ph environmental and occupational healthDrFarhat Naz
it contains bassic definition of noise vs sound, noise pollution, sources, factors affecting health whether human or animal, controlling measures of noise pollution, mitigation and legislation for noise pollution.
Noise pollution project For Environmenal Management (Causes, Controls and Fut...Sudeep Malik
Whether knowingly or unknowingly, everyone of us contribute to noise pollution, because most of our day-to-day activities generate some noise. Often neglected, noise pollution adversely affects the human being leading to irritation, loss of concentration, loss of hearing.
Socials awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.
Identify the sources of noise pollution. Once identified, the reason(s) for increased noise levels should be assessed, efforts shall be made to reduce the undesired noise levels from (unwanted) noise generating sources.
Presentation on Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is an invisible danger. It cannot be seen, but it is present nonetheless, both on land and under the sea. Noise pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well-being of humans and other organisms.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Any sound that is undesirable or unwanted may be defined as noise. Noise is a result of human activity from road vehicles, air traffic and railways, work processes, and personal activities.
Farhat naz mphil ph environmental and occupational healthDrFarhat Naz
it contains bassic definition of noise vs sound, noise pollution, sources, factors affecting health whether human or animal, controlling measures of noise pollution, mitigation and legislation for noise pollution.
Noise pollution project For Environmenal Management (Causes, Controls and Fut...Sudeep Malik
Whether knowingly or unknowingly, everyone of us contribute to noise pollution, because most of our day-to-day activities generate some noise. Often neglected, noise pollution adversely affects the human being leading to irritation, loss of concentration, loss of hearing.
Socials awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.
Identify the sources of noise pollution. Once identified, the reason(s) for increased noise levels should be assessed, efforts shall be made to reduce the undesired noise levels from (unwanted) noise generating sources.
Presentation on Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is an invisible danger. It cannot be seen, but it is present nonetheless, both on land and under the sea. Noise pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well-being of humans and other organisms.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Noise Control Stratagies in Reinforced Concrete BuildingsIJRES Journal
This study is aimed at bringing out the salient aspects of building noise control. An analysis has been carried out with respect to the noise transmission as well as the characteristics of noise inside buildings. The key issues on building noise control have been included and discussed. A comprehensive study on building noise and on acoustically divisible spaces has been made. It has been observed that a sound insulation of the order of 30 to 35 dB is possible in a given building. Further, the noise propagation parameters in an exhibition hall have been theoretically estimated. The data so obtained has been compared with actual SPL measurements and recorded. Variations in noise levels observed have been explained. Before the partition is made, the SPL drop is faster inside the building but after the partition the drop falls at the rate of 3dB for doubling the distance. The cost of the acoustically divisible partition wall is found to be very high, but the advantage of this partition seems to be creating acoustically divisible spaces where in one can conduct two programs simultaneously, without any disturbance to each other. Prior to the selection and design of control measures, noise sources must be identified and the noise produced must be carefully evaluated.
An overview of noise pollution and control is presented, w.r.t. sources, impacts on human life, and mitigation/ control measures. Mining is a hazardous profession, numerous health impact on the miners. Hearing Impairment is one of the major health problems phased on a day to day basis in both open cast (o/c) and underground (u/g) Mines worldwide. But o/c mine is key as it is highly mechanized these days. Thus, this presentation provides basic information w.r.t. noise pollution and control in mines.
Effects of Noise Pollution on Wild Animals.pptxhafiz muhammad
Our noisy world is harming wildlife. Traffic, construction, and other human activities create a cacophony that disrupts how animals use sound. Animals rely on sound for everything from finding mates to catching prey. This noise pollution makes it hard for them to hear each other, like yelling over a crowded room. Predators miss out on meals, while prey become more vulnerable. The constant din also stresses animals, weakening their immune systems and even affecting reproduction. In worst-case scenarios, animals may abandon their homes entirely to escape the racket. By keeping noise levels down, we can create a quieter world where wildlife can thrive.
This presentation on noise pollution covers the causes, effects, and facts related to noise and presents the ways to protect the environment from the harmful effects of noise in world and it also includes the statistics of Pakistan.
A sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance.
Noise pollution is the disturbing noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transportation systems, motor
vehicles engines and trains. Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.
Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleep, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one's quality of life.
Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.
Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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F03302045050
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 3 || Pages || 45-50 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 45
Analysis Of Industrial Noise In A Manufacturing Company
Engr A.C Uzorh
Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State
------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------
Noise pollution has always been a prevalent case in industrial environment, yet there has never been a cohesive
assertion on the actual effect of these noise exposures on factory workers. Many occupational studies have
allied exposure to noise in working environment to a number of physiological and psychological responses like
secretion of adrenaline and cortisol needed to adjust the body function. This research looks at noise pollution in
sawmills as well as the significant changes as a result of the noise pollution.Sound level meter was used to
determine the ambient noise levels in the sawmills. These measured noise levels were used to calculate workers
exposure dosage. The results of the study established that noise pollution was prevalent in these sawmills, and
has a significant effect on the blood pressure. However, these effects depends on some other uncaptured factors
since individual noise appraisal and societal appreciation of the activities generating the noise have also a
notable effect on whether the effect would be tending towards a decreae or increase. In conclusion, the noise
exposure dosage of these factory workers exceeds the permissible exposure limit as prescribed by the
occupational safety and health administration. In addition, prolonged exposure to high (fluctuating) noise levels
may be a possible influence on the blood pressure changes.
KEY WORD: noise pollution; permissible exposure limit; blood pressure.
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Date of Submission: 01 April 2014 Date of Acceptance: 15 March 2014
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I. INTRODUCTION
The increase in population in Nigeria has necessitated the growth of industries to meet with the ever
demand of the growing population. These technological progresses are aimed to gain velocity in production and
decrease the physical work burden of men but now have some negative effects by increasing health problems
while at the same time increasing production rate. However, with increased mechanisation there is an increase in
environmental pollution like noise which is detrimental to the health of the operators which services are paid for
by their employer. Exposures to noise levels found in sawmills are likely to be the most intense and sustained of
any experienced in daily living. In the sawmill industry people are generally subjected to noise of a varying
nature. High noise levels, particularly those of short duration such as impulse or impact noise, are present in
many Sawmill workshops and are capable of causing damage to health. Though noise pollution is a slow and
subtle killer, yet very little efforts have been made to ameliorate the same. It is, along with other types of
pollution has become a hazard to quality of life. Passchier-Vermeer (2000) reported noise exposue as a
constituents of a health risk, by stating a sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing
impairement, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decrease school
performance. But with a limited evidence on other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth
defects. Noise is an unwanted sound; its intensity („loudness‟) is measured in decibels (dB). The decibel scale is
logarithmic, so a three decibel increase in the sound level represents a doubling of the noise intensity.
Types of Noise
Steady Noise: It is a noise with negligibly small fluctuations of sound pressure level within the period
of observation.
Non-steady noise: is when sound pressure levels shift significantly during the period of observation.
This type of noise can be divided into intermittent noise and fluctuating noise.
Fluctuating noise: is a noise for which the level changes continuously and to a great extent during the
period of observation.
Intermittent noise: is noise for which the level drops to the level of the background noise several times during the
period of observation.
Tonal Noise: may be either continuous or fluctuating and is characterized by one or two single frequencies. This
type of noise is much more annoying.
Impulsive noise: consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each of duration less than one second.
2. Analysis Of Industrial Noise In A Manufacturing Company
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 46
Effects of Noise
According to Passchier-Vermeer 2000 traffic noise, industrial noise, in addition to neighbour noise also affects
environmental quality. Increasingly, people are exposed to noise during recreational activities such as pop concerts, motor
races, and arcade activities; often these types of exposures are undergone consciously or at least taken for granted (Passchier-
Vermeer 2000). Upham et al (2003) purported noise as a major cause to people feeling stressed and angry which may
interfere with conversations and leisure activities in the home, disrupt activities requiring concentration, and discourage
people from using outdoor spaces.
Other effects that make noise to be viewed as annoying are:
Occurrence of exposure – noise may be more annoying if it occurs often, even if each noise event is quieter.
Fear of accidents- concerns about air crashes may increase some people‟s sensitivity to aircraft noise.
Fear of the future- especially about future growth in air travel and potential increases in frequency of flights.
Lack of control – inability to alter or escape from the noise source may make it more annoying.
Noise effects on human health
Bronzaft (1996) suggested noise pollution as one of the major environmental problems, just like air and water
pollution. In one of his subsequent articles Bronzaft (2002) titled “quieter school: an enriched learning environment”,
highlighted noise as not only being hazardous to our children‟s mental abilities but to their overall well-being. In effect,
more people are complaining about the noise from traffic, automobiles, overhead airplanes and helicopters, leaf blowers,
pneumatic drills, neighbors who play their televisions and stereo
1. Hearing impacts
Ringing or buzzing noises in head or ears
Temporary hearing loss
Permanent hearing loss
Difficulty of communicating with others
2. Physical impacts
Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
Headaches
Tiredness
Dulling of the senses
Digestion problems by reducing gastric activities
3. Psychological impacts
Loss of concentration
Increase in stress level
Irritability or “edginess”
Sleep disturbances
4. Work impacts
Distraction from task resulting in more errors
Decrease in work efficiency and productivity
Increased employee absenteeism
Psychological health effects
A number of temporary physiological changes occur in human body as a direct result of noise
exposure. There is a rise in intra-cranial pressure, an increase in heart rate and an increase in sweating (Park and
park 1993). Potential psychological effects associated with noise include interference with speech
communication, sleep disturbance, learning effects, and work performance effects (Camp and McKnee, 2001)).
Noise induced hearing loss
It is generally accepted that the link between occupational noise and hearing loss is biological (i.e. there
is a clear mechanistic pathway between the physical properties of noise and damage to hearing system).
There are two types of noise-induced hearing loss:
(I).Temporary hearing loss
(ii).Permanent hearing loss
3. Analysis Of Industrial Noise In A Manufacturing Company
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47
Methodology
Study Group
A good number of sawmill workers aged between 20 - 70years who had spent a minimum of one (1)
year in the industry and whose activities are within 10-12 metres away from the noise source(s) were selected as
eligible study group after taking exclusion tests. A structured health and lifestyle questionnaire was used to elicit
information from the workers. The information elicited from the questionnaire was used for the basis of
selection of the eventual subjects. The subjects selected for control group were six volunteer students (male),
aged 25-32 years and were exposed to high (fluctuating) noise level, and later exposed to experimental
conditions, without production of noise. Procedure was explained to them and consent was taken. Some of the
exclusion criteria Includes:
(a) History of high blood pressure.
(b) Smoking.
(c) Evidence of respiratory tract infection including common cold.
The rationale for the long exclusion criteria was to minimize the influence of the many confounding
factors in the development of high blood pressure.
Study Area
This sawmill is located in Portharcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria and harbor a number of sawing
workshops under a scanty wooden erected building that has strategically positioned wooden pillar support. This
sawmill has a large number of workshops demarcated from each other by a wooden partition, with a poor
facility layout. Surrounding these sawmill workshops are wood market shops and residential building. Logs of
wood and sawed woods were parked in front of the workshops.
The following noisy equipments were identified during the noise measurement:
Power generating sets: these power generating sets were on a concrete basement with bolts and nuts.
Wood plaining, molding and sawing machines: These are heavy machines and were supported on a concrete
basement with bolts and nuts.
Circular sawing machines: some of the circular sawing machines are smaller in size, just like about 2m by
2m mainly for cutting planks into shapes and sizes, sawing and de-barking of logs; some of these machines
are moveable with the aid of tyre wheels. All the machines are locally fabricated with different sizes of
carbide teeth saw; some of these machines are powered by electricity while some are powered by the diesel
power sets.
Sharpening machines: used for sharpening saw blades and tool bits.
Socket machines
Band Saw machine: used for sawing and slicing woods in plain sheets.
Calculated permissible exposure limit (PEL), action limit (AL) time, and threshold limit values (TLVs) for a range of
sound levels.
Table 1.
Noise level (dBA) OSHA PEL (h)+ OSHA AL (h)+
87 32.00 16.00
88 10.50 5.25
89 9.20 4.60
90 8.00 4.00
91 7.00 3.50
92 6.10 3.05
93 5.30 2.65
94 4.50 2.25
95 4.00 2.00
96 3.50 1.75
97 3.00 1.50
98 2.60 1.30
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Sample Size Selection
Choosing an appropriate sample size is crucial to having
a study that will provide statistically significant results.
Research needs to be cost effective, so it is best to use as
small a sample as possible to reduce time and cost.
However, using too small a sample will not attest
statistical credibility. An appropriate sample size
estimate was used by the researcher in this study. The
following steps was taken in determining the appropriate
sample size:
Step 1:
Determining the confidence interval- the confidence
interval is how closely the results of the study need to
mirror real life.
Step 2:
Decide what confidence level is needed (Z-Score) : A
Z-score is the number of standard deviations away from
the average the range includes. According to F.A.Oyawale 1999, the confidence coefficient equal to 0.95 would
imply that α = .05 and 1.96. for example a confidence level of 95 percent contains 3.92 standard
deviations, 1.96 0n each side so 1.96 is the Z-score.
Step 3:
Predicting the proportion the study will generate.: since we do not know P, the researcher used a conservative
estimate which of .5. this means that if we expect a significant effect on the group blood pressure of 50 percent
of the unknown population ( likewise expecting non-signicant effect on the blood pressure of 50 percent of the
unknown population), we then have to use 50 percent for the proportion.
Description of Noise Sources and Surroundings
The sawmill where the noise measurements were taken are situated inside a wood market, and harbor a number
of sawing workshops under a scanty wooden erected buildings that has a strategically positioned wooden pillar
support. These workshops were demarcated from each other by wooden partitions, and the workshops were
positioned opposite one another housing a number of noisy equipments that are poorly placed closed to each
other. The workshops were surrounded by heavy logs of wood, haulage trucks and are situated few meters away
from traffic roads and residential buildings.
Sound Level Meter Calibration
The accuracy of measurements taken with a sound level meter depends on the calibration accuracy. In other to
obtain accurate readings, the height above mean sea level of the site locations was known, together with the
calibration chart that came with the equipment manual so to adhere to allowable error limits of the equipment
calibration.
Conclusions:
How noise affects people depends on a complex mix of factors like: the nature of the noise, including its
volume, tone and predictability and also on the individual appreciation of the activities generating the noise.
Inferences drawn from the study has shown that:
1. Sawmill workers spend a minimum of eight hours a day in this noisy environment.
2. Noise levels measured in these sawmills exceed the permissible exposure limit.
3. The noisy equipments are poorly placed within sawmills facility.
4. The sawmill workers do not use ear protector gadget.
5. Workers raise‟s their voice very often when the machines are working in other to communicate with each
other
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Recommendations
In quite a few assessments, it has been established that productivity and efficiency can be affected by high noise
level and fewer mistakes are made when noise levels are reduced, although this is by no means always the case.
In sawmill environments; the prime cause of objections due to noise is always related to excessive sound levels
within the industrial premises. A systematic approach should be used to tackle the problem of excessive noise
levels in sawmills. In controlling the noise problems in the sawmill, note should be made of the three
distinguished noise control techniques:
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective control.
These noise control techniques can be applied at any point along the sound transmission chain by considering
the sound transfer chain systems which are classified into:
1. Source.
2. Transmission path.
3. Receiver.
One of the cardinal directives in planning for noise control in sawmills is to reduce the noise at its
source. The source of any sound excitation will normally be identified as the point of origin of the noise which
is believed to be objectionable. The problems of noise in sawmill environment usually concern a few people
who are normally located within a short distance of the noise generating process. For these personnel a limited
choice of procedures is available which would provide an improved acoustic environment. In minimizing noise
at source in sawmills an appropriate engineering control techniques should be applied such as:
Maintain and lubricate machines and equipment to eliminate rattles and squeaks.
Replace loose and worn parts of machines.
Acquire equipment with low noise levels; obtain noise data about machines and processes from their
vendors.
Mount vibrating machines on firm, solid foundations. Foundation bolts must be kept tight.
Conduct regular maintenance, including water lubrication of machines and cutting blades, and resin build-
up removal.
Adjust circular saw parameters (e.g. bite depth, blade angle, blade speed) in relation to the timber being
cut and the machinery used.
Consider use of low noise saw blades, e.g. frame saws.
In addition to engineering control technique, an appropriate administrative control should also be
administered wherever noise levels exceed the permissible exposure limit. The workers may be isolated from
high noise level fields for periods longer than is advisable by US federal regulations, by rotating workers to
maintain noise exposure dosage in an acceptable range and re-organizing work schedules to run within shifts.
Feasibly, only engineering and administrative solution can well be implemented in sawmill environment.
Personal protective equipment is a noise control technique at the receiver, this approach is only applied when all
other remedies are insufficient to reduce the noise exposure to within the permissible exposure limit, Personal
protective equipments include ear muffs, ear-canal caps and ear plugs are the most common but less dependable
methods of noise reduction. The key problems with the use of personal protective equipments are:
Workers may not use it because they would feel uncomfortable working with it.
Difficulty in communicating during work.
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supplement 1: Reviews in environmental health, pp 123-131.
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Fig 1.0 Industrial Machines that generates Noise in a Sawmill Factory
Fig 2.0 Factory Machines with high Noise Level