The document summarizes key concepts in Zulu linguistics, including: 1. It discusses disciplines of language study like semantics, morphology, phonology, and syntax. Morphology focuses on word formation and syntax on sentence structure. 2. It provides examples of short and long form sentences in Zulu. 3. Zulu sentence structure can include subjects, verbs, objects, adverbs, and conjunctions. Sentences can be simple, compound, or complex.

1. IZINHLOBO ZEMISHO
COMPILED BY NJABULO TALIYANA

2. LET’S RECAP!
1. SALUTATION in Zulu
2. DISCIPLINES OF LANGUAGE STUDY
3. TENSES
4. SHORT AND LONG FORM

3. IMIKHAKHA EMINE YOLIMI (Disciplines of Language)
 1. SEMANTICS
 This is the study of meaning.
 Examples:
Give the semantics of a noun.
A noun is a naming word.
Give a sematcis of a verb and a sentsnce.
2. MORPHOLOGY
 This is they study of elements of the word. Focuses on how words are formed.
 Exmple:
 Isiqalo + isiqu = ibizo

4. MORPHOLOGY
 This is they study of elements of the word. Focuses on how words are formed.
 Exmple:
 Full norm PREFIX (Isiqalo) + STEM (isiqu) = NOUN (ibizo)
Umu + ntu = umuntu
 You can also separate the STEM (isiqu) into two parts (Umsuka + isigcino)
Prefix + root + caterogial morpheme
Umu + nt + u = umuntu

5. …
 3. PHONOLOGY
 This is the study of sounds
 Some words are written the same but pronounced differently in Zulu,
we distinguish their meaning using phonology.
 Example: Inyama ingaphekwa namhlanje (positive)
 Inyama ingaphekwa namhlanje (negative)
 4. SYNTAX
 How word are put together to form a sentence
 Example: kakhulu isiZulu mina ngisithanda
 Mina ngisithanda kakhulu isiZulu.

6. SHORT and LONG Form
 Indicate if the follonging sentences are in short or Long
form:
1. Umama upheka iphalishi
2. Usipho udla amasi
3. Abafundi bayabhala
4. Usizwe ufundisa isiZulu
5. Unjabulo uyalekelela.

7. The Zulu Sentence Structure
 What is a sentence?
 A word or a group of words expressing a complete idea, this can be a
statement, question, command, or an exclamation devoting either oositive or
negative actuality.
 Statement : Abafundi bayabhala (positive actuality)
 Abafundi ababhali (negative actuality)
 Question: Ingabe abafundi bayabhala?/ Abafundi bayabhala na? (positive)
 Ingabe abafundi ababhali? / Abafundi ababhali na? (negative)
 Command: Yekelani ukubhala (Positive actuality)
 Ningayeki ukubhala (Negative actuality)
 Exclamation: Hawu iphephe elilula kangaka! (Positive actuality)
 Hawu iphepha elingelula/elinzima kangaka! (Negative actuality)

8. Zulu sentence structure continues..
 A group of words that make up a sentence are classified into different parts of
speech, look at the examples below to see how some Zulu sentences are
structured.
 Examples: Umfana udlala ibhola
 Umfana – Noun (Subject of the sentence)
 Udlala- Verb
 Ibhola- Noun (Object)- to which an action is acted upon
 (WE can still change the above structure and start with the Object)
 Ibhola lidlalwa umfana
 Ibhola- Noun (object)
 Lidlalwa- verb
 Umfana - Noun

9. …
Umama uvuka njalo ekuseni
 Umama- Noun
 Uvuka- Verb
 Njalo – Adverb (of time)
 Ekuseni – Adv (of time)
Abafundi bajabulile ngoba bazophasa
 Abafundi – Noun
 Bajabulile – Verb
 Ngoba – Conjunction
 Bazophasa - Verb

10. Simple Sentence (umusho oqondile)
 Lona umusho onesilandiso esisodwa
 This sentence only express one idea.
 Example: U-Amanda ufunda incwadi. (Amanda reads a book)
 COMPOUND SENTENCE (Umusho ombaxa)
 This sentence consist of two independent sentences joined by a conjunction,
this means it has more than one idea.
 Example: Abafundi bazofeyila. Abafundi bayavilapha.
 Abafundi bazofeyila ngoba bayavulapha.

11. Complex sentence (umusho omagatshagatsha)
 This sentence consist of an independent clause and one or more
subordinate clauses, which are sometimes joined by a conjunction.
 (Kuba nomshwana ozimele, kanye nomunye/eminye engakwazi
ukuzimela, encika kulo ozimele ukuze wenze umqondo ophelele.
 Example:
 Ngizokwenza iziqu zeHonour uma ngiqeda iBachelor’s degree.
 Ngifike ekuseni umama esapheka.

12. Tree Diagram of Syntax
 Uthisha ushaya abafundi
 S

13. Uthanda izinkomo umfana
 S
NV VP
V N
uthanda Izinkomo umfana

14. Umbali uvuka njalo ekuseni kodwa akayi esikoleni
S
NP VP
N V Adv Adv C V Adv
Umbali Uvuka njalo ekuseni kodwa akayi esikoleni

15.  ASIBONGE!