Spread spectrum technologies use bandwidth more efficiently than narrowband by spreading signals across more frequencies. Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) encodes each bit as a sequence of chips, allowing higher data rates like 1 Mb/s with DBPSK and 2 Mb/s with DQPSK modulation. Complementary code keying (CCK) encodes blocks of bits as codes, enabling rates up to 11 Mb/s. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) uses subcarriers modulated with techniques like BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM to achieve rates from 9 Mb/s to 54 Mb/s. However, the wider channels of spread spectrum mean fewer non-overlapping channels are available and interference must be