This document discusses plagiarism and proper attribution of ideas and information from other sources. It defines plagiarism as using others' ideas or words without citing them properly. It provides five methods for using outside information ethically: quoting, paraphrasing, citing sources, listing references, and identifying original ideas. Quotes require attribution, while paraphrasing involves changing the words but citing the source of the idea. References provide full details of cited sources. Proper attribution protects writers and allows readers to verify information.

1. WHAT YOU MUST KNOW ABOUT USING IDEAS
THAT CAN BE FOUND ELSEWHERE
DEFENSIVE WRITING (Part 1)
IT’S OK TO COPY
Version 2 completed 05 Nov 2013

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
• If You Didn’t Copy
• What’s Plagiarism
• Defensive Writing
• Borrowed Ideas
Five Protections
• How to Quote
• How to
Paraphrase
• How to Cite
• How to Reference
• Original Ideas

3. INTRODUCTION
EVEN IF YOU DIDN’T COPY

4. It’s OK to Copy
But you must do it the right way
• The wrong way of copying is called
plagiarism
• Plagiarism is unacceptable
• Plagiarism is punishable

5. IT’S OK TO COPY WHEN...
You use the exact words and word
arrangement
–Enclose in quote marks
–Use a citation each time,
–Use a reference for each source

6. IT’S OK TO COPY WHEN (2)
You change the words and word
arrangement
–Don’t enclose in quote marks
–Use a citation each time,
–Use a reference for each source

7. Even if You Didn’t Copy
If an idea in your paper can be found
somewhere else (even if it came
from your own brain), your idea is a
copy.
• It is not original.
• No excuses, no exceptions.

8. Even if You Didn’t Copy
• This presentation will show you
how to protect yourself from any
possible punishment.
• This is called “defensive writing”
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9. NEXT
WHAT EXACTLY IS PLAGIARISM?

10. What Exactly is Plagiarism (1)
You use someone’s exact words and
word arrangement but
• Not enclosed in quote marks
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each
source

11. What Exactly is Plagiarism (2)
You changed the words and word
arrangement but
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each
source

12. What Exactly is Plagiarism (3)
You change the arrangement of words
but
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each
source

13. What Exactly is Plagiarism (4)
You changed all or some of the words
but
• Incorrect or no citation each time,
• Incorrect or no reference for each
source

14. It’s not only words
The term “ideas” refers to
• words, images, sounds
• or any combination thereof

15. It’s not only words
The term “ideas” also refers to the way
the words, images, sounds are
• arranged
• combined
• used
• produced

16. WRITER PROTECTION
HOW TO WRITE DEFENSIVELY
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17. Defensive Writing 1
• After your first complete
draft, Google your key ideas to see if
these can be found elsewhere.
• If not, no problem.
• If so, attribute.
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18. Defensive Writing 2
Attribution means to indicate
where an idea comes from by
using citations and references
in your writing.
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19. Defensive Writing 3
If you find ideas that are the
same as or similar to
yours, cite them to support
your ideas.
This can create stronger
arguments and more
convincing ideas.
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20. Defensive Writing 4
If you find ideas that are opposite
or contrary to yours, cite them
to balance your ideas.
This can add objectivity to – and
lessen bias in – your writing.
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21. Defensive Writing 5
If you find ideas that are
related to your ideas, cite
them to add details to your
writing.
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22. Defensive Writing 6
When you find ideas in
unrelated works, clearly
connect and cite them in your
writing.
This can introduce scope and
breadth to your work.
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23. Defensive Writing 7
Attribute correctly; use the
attribution style preferred by
your school, organization, or
publisher.
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24. DEFENSIVE WRITING
BORROWED & ORIGINAL IDEAS
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25. The Ethics of Borrowing
• When you borrow
something, you must first ask
permission
• If you borrow something, you
must return it.
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26. Borrowing Ideas
When it’s not possible ask permission
to borrow ideas for your paper but:
• You can say where it can be found
• You can say who owns it or
• You can say who created it.
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27. Borrowing Ideas
Say where published, when published,
and who published it.
• Transparency: That makes it easier
for others to find.
• Full disclosure: This shows that
you’re not hiding anything.
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28. Returning Borrowed Ideas
You can’t return ideas in researchbased writing but:
• When you use exact words and
structures, you can clearly indicate
that these are from someone else
• You can show the reader exactly how
to return to the source of your
borrowed ideas
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29. Mixing Ideas
When you mix your own ideas with
borrowed ideas, you can clearly
indicate which ideas belong to
someone and which ideas are
yours.
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30. Mixing Ideas
You can mix clearly & correctly by:
• paraphrasing
• quoting
• citation
• referencing
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31. Mixing Ideas
You can mix borrowed and original
ideas smoothly by:
• integrating sources and
• integrating sourced ideas
–Quotes
–Paraphrases
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32. Lending Ideas
When publishing your work, show
others how to use your ideas by:
• Including an example of how your
work can be cited in different ways
• Including an example of how your
work can be listed as a reference
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33. Lending Ideas
You can include examples for each
attribution style such as:
• APA
• Chicago
• Turabian
• MLA
• Harvard
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation
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34. FIVE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Image courtesy of (www.fullsailblog.com)

35. WHEN BORROWING EXACT WORDS & STRUCTURES
1. THE QUOTE

36. Definition: The Quote
A quote is the exact words and exact
arrangement of words taken from a
source
• Exact words
• Exact sentence structure

37. Rules: The Quote
• Exact words
• Exact sentence structure / arrangement of
words
• Should be enclosed in quote marks “…”
• Any removed words should be replaced by
three dots …
• A citation should be used each time
• A reference should show each source

38. WHEN BORROWING IDEAS
2. THE PARAPHRASE

39. Definition: The Paraphrase
A paraphrase is the exact idea taken
from a source, but using different
words, and different arrangement of
words
• Same idea
• Different words
• Different sentence structure

40. Rules: The Paraphrase
• Exact ideas, different words
• Different sentence structure /
arrangement of words
• No quote marks
• A citation should show the source of
each paraphrase

41. INDICATING CREATORS AND PUBLISHERS OF IDEAS
3. THE CITATION

42. Definition: The Citation
•
•
•
•
•
Open parenthesis (
Last name of author Smith
Comma ,
year of publication 2009
close parentheses )
Example: (Smith, 2009)
• Located in the text, near the quote or
paraphrase

43. Rules: The Citation
• Each borrowed idea should have a
citation
• Use author last name only in the citation
• The full stop is after the close
parenthesis.
There were times in the past when life
in Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous (Buruhanudeen, 1997).

44. Rules: The Citation
• If there is no author, use company or
organization name
(Albukhary Foundation, 1992)

45. Rules: The Citation
• If there is no company or
organization name, use Anon. which
means anonymous
(Anon., 1992)

46. Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates the author and
the date
(Anon., 1992)

47. Rules: The Citation
• Each citation should have a year
• If there is no year, use n.d. which means
no date
(Buruhanudeen, n. d.)
The reference is a complete version of the
citation.
Buruhanudeen, n. d. My Secret Life. AiU
Press, Malaysia. Online at
www.faris.com

48. Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates the author and
the date
(Anon., 1992)

49. Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates many authors of
one document.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)
• The last name is preceded by and.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)

50. Rules: The Citation
• If there are more than three
authors, use the first
author, followed by et. al. (Latin for
et alia = “and others”)
(Abu, et. al., 1992)

51. Rules: The Citation
• A comma shows that the names are in a
different order:
Martin Abu = Abu, Martin
• Use the complete last name and the first
letter of the first name.
(Abu, M., 1992)
• The full-stop means the first name is
shortened to one letter.

52. Rules: The Citation
• A comma separates many authors of
one document.
(Abu, M., and Montri, J. 1992)
(Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., 1992)
• The last name is preceded by and.
(Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., 1992)

53. Rules: The Citation
• If there are more than three authors, use the
first author, followed by et. al. (Latin for et
alia = “and others”)
(Buruhanudeen, F., et. al., 1992)
The reference is a complete version of the
citation: all authors are listed, no “et. al.”
Buruhanudeen, F., Cruz, B., Abu, M., and
Montri, J., (1992) My Secret Life. AiU
Press, Malaysia. Online at www.faris.com

54. INDICATING EXATCLY WHERE IDEAS CAN BE FOUND
4. THE REFERENCE LIST

55. The Reference List
• Complete citation: Author name,
year, title, publisher, city of publisher,
website
• Even better: DOI, live web link
• Located: at the end of the document

56. The Reference List
• Each citation has one reference; each
reference is related to a citation
• The list is arranged alphabetically
• The list is titled List of References or
References

57. ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS OF USING
QUOTES & CITATIONS

58. Quote & Citation #1
• The exact words are inside quote marks.
• The full-stop is after the citation.
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” (Buruhanudeen, M., 1997).

59. Quote & Citation #2
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initial is not used.
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” says Buruhanudeen (1997).

60. Quote & Citation #3
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initial is not used.
According to Buruhanudeen
(1997), “There were times in the past
when life in Malaysia was not only
difficult but also dangerous.”

61. ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS OF USING
QUOTES & CITATIONS (TWO AUTHORS)

62. Quote & Citation #1
• The exact words are inside quote marks.
• The full-stop is after the citation.
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” (Buruhanudeen, F., and
Ssemudu, I., 1997).

63. Quote & Citation #2
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initials are not used.
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” says Buruhanudeen and
Ssemudu (1997).

64. Quote & Citation #3
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• The first name initials are not used.
According to Buruhanudeen and Ssemudu
(1997), “There were times in the past
when life in Malaysia was not only
difficult but also dangerous.”

65. FOR MORE INFORMATION
Search using the following keywords
• citation, reference, __ style, cheatsheet
Add any of these
• filetype:pdf
• filetype:ppt
• filetype:doc

66. HOW TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY
5. ORIGINALITY OF IDEA

67. IDEAS (It’s not only words)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Words or arrangement of words
• Images or arrangement of images
• Sounds or arrangement of sounds
• Colors, patterns
• Objects, feelings

68. BORROWED IDEAS
A borrowed idea is not original. This includes:
• Any idea that did not come from your own
senses
• Any idea that can be found in any source, such
as the internet
• Any idea that you did not experience by
yourself

69. ORIGINAL IDEAS
An idea that comes from your own thinking
can be original. However, it is not original
when:
• Someone else thought of it before you did
• It can be found in any source
• It is based on ideas with sources that you
have forgotten
• Most of it is similar to someone else’s ideas

70. ORIGINAL IDEAS
An idea that comes from your own thinking can be
considered as original when:
• It is a new idea formed by combining the ideas of
others (synthesis)
• It is a new idea formed by changing the ideas of
others (modification)
• There is no proof that someone else thought of it
before you did
• Nothing exactly like it can be found in any source

71. DOCUMENTATION
All borrowed ideas should be cited and
referenced. This is called “attribution”
You must attribute ideas that you use in
your writing if they are:
•
•
•
•
Borrowed
Similar
Add related details
Opposing

72. Email comments or corrections to
mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com
“It’s OK to Copy” by Syed Muhammad Faris bin Syed Buruhanudeen and Jaime Alfredo
Cabrera, 03 July 2013, Albukhary International University, Alor Setar, Malaysia.
Version 2 completed 05 Nov 2013
END OF PRESENTATION