AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
Research Paper Writing - Citation & Referencing Quicktips
1. CITATION & REFERENCING v3
What they don’t teach you about APA citations and references
By Jaime Alfredo Cabrera
29 March 2013
2. Pre-requisites
• This is lesson requires that you first:
– Complete your outline of original ideas
– Complete your first draft of original ideas
– Type (*) after any non-original idea in your
draft
– An APA Style Guide like those found here.
3. Goal of this Lesson
• This lesson will show you how to replace
the asterisk in the (*) with an APA-style
citation.
6. Patterns of In-text Citations
1. Blah blah blah (Sherap, 2011) blah blah blah.
– Use the surname only, not the first name, and not the
surname plus the first name initial
2. According to Sherap (2011) blah blah blah ….
– If there is no date, google how to do it or check your APA style guide.
Get the one from Ugyen here.
3. Blah blah Sherap (2011) says that blah blah …
• If there is no writer’s name, google how to do it or check your
APA style guide.
4. Blah blah blah “quote” (Sherap, 2011).
– Note: The citation is inside, not after the sentence.
7. Do not use the same pattern
• Show your reader that you can use different
patterns. (It’s less boring.)
• Alternate the four patterns in your paper:
– According to Sherap (2011)….
– Sherap (2011) says that…
– “quote” (Sherap, 2011). (the in-text citation is
inside the sentence.
9. Citing the Same Source Again
• It’s a bit boring to repeat the same citation
when you refer to one source many times in
your paper.
• You can use two strategies to solve this
problem:
– ibid
– loc. cit.
• First, google “difference ibid loc cit”
10. For repeating citations: Ibid
• Ibid. is used like this: (author, ibid.)
• This is used when the same in-text citation
appears in the paper repeatedly.
• The first time: (Sherap, 2011, p.2)
• The repeated citation: (Sherap, ibid).
• Meaning: same author, same source, same page.
• Next slide: what if other sources are between the
first citation and the repeat of that citation?
12. For repeating citations: loc cit
• It looks like this: (Sherap, loc. cit.)
• Use this when the citation is repeated, but
other sources are between the repetition.
• The first time: (Sherap, 2011)
• The second time: (Tsehten, 1923)
• The next time: (Sherap, loc. cit.).
– Meaning: same source (Sherap, not Tsehten).
14. SOURCES
• A source is anywhere you get an idea, except
from yourself.
• We call these ideas sourced ideas or borrowed
ideas. 4
• If the idea is from yourself, we call this original
ideas.
• When the idea is not original, you must cite a
source.
16. To support (agrees) original ideas
• ORIGINAL IDEA + CITATION:
Buddhism did not originate in Thailand (Wangmo,
1954).
• REFERENCE:
Wangmo, P., (1954). History of Buddhism. Random
House, USA.
17. To echo (says the same) original ideas
• Original idea + citation
• CITATION: Buddhism did not originate in
Thailand (Wangmo, 1954).
• REFERENCE: Wangmo, P., (1954). History of
Buddhism. Random House, USA.
18. To add details to original ideas
• Original idea + citation + details
• IF YOUR OWN WORDS
Buddhism did not originate in Thailand but in other
countries such as India and Pakistan (Wangmo,
1954).
• IF EXACT COPIED WORDS USE QUOTE MARKS:
Buddhism did not originate in Thailand but in “other
countries such as India and Pakistan” (Wangmo,
1954).
19. To disagree with original ideas
• Original idea + citation + details
• IF YOUR OWN WORDS:
Although Wangmo (1954) says that Buddhism
came from India and Pakistan, I have proof that
Buddhism originated in Mae Sot in Thailand.
• IF EXACT COPIED WORDS USE QUOTE MARKS:
Although Wangmo (1954) says that “Buddhism
came from India and Pakistan”, I have proof that
Buddhism originated in Mae Sot in Thailand.
20. Please check your APA Style Guide
• In-text Citation: APA citations are different,
depending on the type of source.
• Reference List: APA references are listed in
different ways according to the type of source.
• For example, books, interviews, lectures,
phone calls, newpapers, magazines,
dictionaries, and websites are listed in
different ways.